UNIT 15 W. H.

AUDEN: THE UNKNOWN CITIZEN

Structure

15.0 Aims and Objectives

15.1 Introduction to British War Poetry of the 20th century
15.2 Auden: his life and works
15.3 The Poem: The Unknown Citizen
15.4 Analysis
15.5 Auden, the modernist poet
15.6 Summing up
15.7 Unit end questions
15.8 Glossary
15.9 References
15.10 Further Reading

15.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This Unit aims at giving you an understanding of:
War poetry in 20th century English literature
Themes and analysis of the poem The Unknown Citizen and

15.1 Introduction to War Poetry in English Literature of the 20th

Century
Auden wrote poetry during the War years and is regarded as one of the outstanding War poets of
his time. In Block 1, Unit 3, on Modern Poetry, we had referred to War Poetry.
-
captures themes that carry across generations. It also seeks to create new
language, which later generations use as a framework for understanding war history. Notable
among them were W. H. Auden, Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, Siegfried Sassoon, Herbert
1

What is war poetry? It is a literary genre which originated during the First World War, when
hundreds of both soldiers and civilians who had experienced the brutality and vengeful fury of
the War started to write poetry to express their emotions - tragic, bitter and at times ironic on the
basis of their real experience.
War poetry is not just a World War phenomenon of the 20th century. It had been written from the
very early times of the Greeks but what is new is the establishment of War poetry as a literary
genre. The 20th century witnessed many wars - the Spanish Civil war (1936-39), the First World
War and the Second World War(1914-18 and 1939-45), the Cambodian War (1968-75) besides
the intermittent wars in Eastern Europe. Soldiers and civilians with their respective experiences
of active and distant involvement in the war and belonging to different nationalities contributed
to War poetry which became some of the defining texts of twentieth century Europe.
We describe World War II as a Global War as many countries were involved in it. World War II
took place between 1939 and 1945. It was between Germany, Italy and Japan (known as the Axis
Powers) on one hand and the Allies comprising the U.S., France, Britain and the U.S.S.R, on the
other side. As mentioned above, this period also witnessed the Spanish war and other Eastern

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European wars. So almost every poet who wrote on this theme, expressed his own experience of
War.
- ife:
identity, innocence, guilt, loyalty, courage, compassion, humanity, duty, desire, death. Its
response to these questions, and its relation of immediate personal experience to moments of
2
national and international crisis, give war poetry an extra-liter The significance
of war poetry lies in its ability to rouse both historical consciousness and political consciousness
as it speaks for the individual and for the nation.

Check your progress 1

1. What is War poetry? What were the causes that contributed to the rise of the genre?

Source: www.grograph.org.uk

15.2 AUDEN: HIS LIFE AND WORKS

Auden was born in England in 1907 and later migrated to the United States in 1939. Hence it is
best to describe him as an Anglo-American poet. He came from an educated professional family,
with his father being a medical officer and his mother a nurse. The family was devoutly Anglo-
Catholic.
In the pantheon of great poets of the 20th century, Auden cannot be compared with T. S. Eliot or
W.B. Yeats who wrote masterpieces such as The Wasteland, The Love Song of J. Alfred
Prufrock, Sailing to Byzantium or The Second Coming . But Auden enjoys the status of a
Stephen Spender, Cecil Lewis and others a generation of English
poets from the 1930s, who found themselves engulfed in the soaring menace of Second World
.3 Auden and his Oxford
contemporary poet Stephen Spender introduced new themes that have become a part of
Modernist poetry of the 20th century. The next Unit in this block will be on Stephen Spender.
his own short poem, Epitaph on a
Tyrant:
Perfection, of a kind, was what he was after,
And the poetry he invented was easy to understand;
He knew human folly like the back of his hand,
And was greatly interested in armies and fleets;

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When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,
And when he cried the little children died in the streets.
These lines highlight his invention of new themes, his insistence on perfection, his simple and
elegant style, shorn of pedantry and numerous classical and biblical references that we associate
with the poems of Eliot and Yeats. W.H. Auden was a poet of general ideas, which were mostly
political in nature. He was interested in matters concerning war and had empathy for the
suffering of ordinary masses. This could be because of his interest in Karl Marx and Sigmund
Freud.

Activity: Identify the words and the lines from the above poem that fits with the salient features

15.3 THE POEM: THE UNKNOWN CITIZEN

To JS/07 M 378
This Marble Monument
Is Erected by the State)
He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be
One against whom there was no official complaint,
And all the reports on his conduct agree
That, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint,
For in everything he did he served the Greater Community.
Except for the War till the day he retired
He worked in a factory and never got fired,
But satisfied his employers, Fudge Motors Inc.
Yet he wasn't a scab or odd in his views,
For his Union reports that he paid his dues,
(Our report on his Union shows it was sound)
And our Social Psychology workers found
That he was popular with his mates and liked a drink.
The Press are convinced that he bought a paper every day
And that his reactions to advertisements were normal in every way.
Policies taken out in his name prove that he was fully insured,
And his Health-card shows he was once in hospital but left it cured.
Both Producers Research and High-Grade Living declare
He was fully sensible to the advantages of the Instalment Plan
And had everything necessary to the Modern Man,
A phonograph, a radio, a car and a frigidaire.
Our researchers into Public Opinion are content
That he held the proper opinions for the time of year;
When there was peace, he was for peace: when there was war, he went.
He was married and added five children to the population,
Which our Eugenist says was the right number for a parent of his generation.
And our teachers report that he never interfered with their education.
Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:
Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.

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15.4 ANALYSIS
The poem in 32 lines is simple, direct and uncomplicated. It is easily comprehensible as the
theme relates to our times where the discordance between the State and the people is a quotidian
experience. The poem is in the form of a satirical elegy, where two literary genres -

An elegy is a song or poem expressing sorrow or lamentation especially for one who is dead. A
satire is a literary form in which human or individual vices, follies and shortcomings are
criticized by means of ridicule, derision, burlesque, irony, parody, caricature, or other methods,
though at times with an intent not so much to mock but to inspire social reform. In a satirical
elegy, the elegy is used to make it perform a task directly opposed to its intended purpose.
In The Unknown Citizen im
conform to the rules laid down by the government/society to ensure its smooth running. The
Unknown Citizen never deviates from those norms and therefore Government has no complaints
to make against him - holding him as a model of disciplined citizen, but in reality, a man's life is
so much more than mere compliance to set rules. Such life negates all exercise of human powers,
emotions, desires and wants.
Who is the speaker? From the language and content of the poem it is possible to surmise the
speaker to be a spokesman of the government, a bureaucrat who addresses the elegy to an
individual referring to him not by his name but by alphabets and numbers - JS/07 M378. This
form of address by the heard but unseen voice of the speaker sets the tone of the poem. It is
impersonal, officious, lacking in sensitivity and empathy. The speaker represents the faceless,
indifferent and ruthless bureaucrat of the State or the Government who exerts his authority on the
nameless citizens masquerading as a concerned, caring, and benevolent power. The individual
(JS/07M378) is denuded of his individuality in such a way that he can only be recognized by the
various government agencies that keep track of his life to make sure that he is a pliant and
willing subject, totally subservient and obedient to the powers above him.

The nameless and faceless individual is shown as a model citizen who is willing to abnegate his
individuality to conform to the ideals set out by the State /government to hold on to its
authoritarian power. This, in essence is the everlasting conflict between the people and the
Government. When the latter establishes a totalitarian regime, the gap between the masses and
the Superpower structures widens. Influenced by Marxian ideology, Auden in his works
highlights contemporary issues overlaid by totalitarian governments. He looks at the voiceless
and faceless citizen as a cog in the wheel of the State machinery who does everything that is
expected of any obedient citizen and therefore is rightly addressed as the Unknown Citizen.

Except for the War till the day he retired

He worked in a factory and never got fired,
But satisfied his employers, Fudge Motors Inc.

For his Union reports that he paid his dues

How does the speaker describe him?

One against whom there was no official complaint,
And all the reports on his conduct agree
That, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint.
The faceless citizen does not suffer from any social tension and psychological abnormality. He
follows all the norms that the society has laid down - is friendly, enjoys a drink in company, is a
regular reader of a

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without critical questioning, pays his insurance policies and follows investment plans and
follows whatever the State decides, in times of Peace and War. He is one among the multitudes
of people to live a fault-less life as the State desires.
But the two end lines reveal the mechanical, dour, stagnant life where he remains emotionally
sterilized and paralyzed, transposed almost into a robot.
Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:
Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.
The Unknown Citizen has submerged his thinking mind and feeling heart to the norms that
society and the state have decreed as those of an ideal citizen. His intellect and his emotions
have been dwarfed by the macro-power of the State. The poem ends on the cryptic note that had
he been unhappy, had he rebelled against his slavery to the State, we would have heard a
different story far from the elegy spoken in praise of the unknown citizen for not leading an

The Unknown Citizen describes the average citizen (the aam admi) the common man who leads
a life deemed utopian by the State and which, in reality is a dystopian life as he abdicates his
thinking and feeling faculties to remain impassive and phlegmatic as required by the State. The
standadarization prescribed by the state saps human desire for freedom to think, feel, express, act
and live without ticking the right boxes . That is why Auden reasons that for the modern man
living in the war-torn 20th century, freedom and happiness are absurdities. All that matters is to
be a conformist and remain a conformist. The State will erect a monument to one who did the
right things as desired by the State. This monument is at the beginning of the poem dedicated to
an unknown citizen, a faceless, emotionless, mindless man.

Check your progress 2

1. What is a Satire and what is an Elegy?

2. Why does Auden fuse the two to write a satirical elegy?
3. Analyse the last two lines of the poem:
Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:
Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.

15.5 AUDEN THE MODERNIST POET

Modernism are present in his poems. But some of the salient characteristics can be seen in his

1. The idea that Love is fleeting

2. Theme of horror in modern life
3. Theme of death
4. Theme of bureaucracy and totalitarianism; - the last three (2-4) can be subsumed under a
single theme the theme of suffering.

and totalitarianism, , he is also known for his love poems.

For discussion let us look at one poem, t

inspiring and how it is equally ephemeral like life itself as both are affected by the vicissitudes of
time. In many of his love poems we find an undercurrent of sorrow. Love is sweet, but it exists

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alongside suffering and death that reveal an irrefutable finality when life ceases to exist. In
Funeral Blues, he writes:

Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone,

Prevent the dog from barking with a juicy bone,
Silence the pianos and with muffled drum
Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come.

The poem is in four stanzas and each one of them present a study in grief. The poem resonates
with the readers as it speaks about the cruel finality of death, though it does not stop the world
from moving on. If a most loved person ceases to exist, all the shared experiences with him/her
also come to an end. But Auden is disturbed to see how one has to endure a tragic crisis in the
midst of others who go about their mundane routines.

But when a celebrated person like Yeats died in 1939, the year that saw the beginning of World
War II, the whole world seemed to be consonant with the sad event and mourned his death. Yeats
even after his death continues to live through his poems. Yeats is almost like an avant-garde poet
who could foresee the horrors of war and which came true during the Second World War. In the

Auden affirms the power of art and culture to

transcend death. The enduring quality of art is in contrast to the transitoriness or the impermanence
of life. A poet like Yeats never dies as he continues to be alive in his poems that affirm the basic
dignity of the individual soul:

With the farming of a verse

Make a vineyard of the curse,
Sing of human unsuccess
In a rapture of distress;
In the deserts of the heart
Let the healing fountain start,
In the prison of his days
Teach the free man how to praise.

fleeting, the poignant loss experienced in Funeral Blues

impulses is in a paradoxical way countered by the sustainable quality
is meaningful and relevant not only during the period he wrote, but to all times. Life is
temporary; art is eternal.

All other themes listed above are seen in

in the 20th century, during and after the two World Wars. The World Wars were the result of the
rise
freedoms, led their countries into war, and resorted to barbaric acts of
poems mirror the horrors of life in a world where humanity was dead. In a few of his poems he
wonders what the role of poetry can be in the face of such nightmares, and why he should honour
the death of one man when so many were being killed on the battlefield, on the streets, and in gas

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 his Modernism.
He speaks of authoritarians and their mad quest for domination not only in their nations, but all

of the masses on the pretext of racial superiority, his ruthless dominance over the bureaucracy to

government of the Second Spanish Republic and the resulting mental, physical, psychological and
spiritual scars of the heinous wars that bludgeon the human spirit,
may free the
human spirit from the shackles of dictators and authoritarians. Auden does not shy away from the
theme of death. The State and its bureaucracy can do everything to destroy the human spirit, but

optimism dormant in the human heart.

1. Modern poetry is written in simple language, the language of every day speech
2. Modern poetry is highly intellectual; it is written from the mind of the poet and it addresses
the mind of the reader, like the poems of T. S. Eliot.
3. Modern poetry is pessimistic as a result of the miserable condition of people in many parts of
the world, but there is always an infusion of hope at the end.
4. Modern poetry is suggestive; the poem may suggest different meanings to different readers.
5. Modern poetry is cosmopolitan. It appeals to readers everywhere and at every time because it
deals with the problems of humanity.
6. Interest in politics and the political problems of the age and the problems of the average man
and the lower classes.
7. Experimentation is one of the important characteristic features of modern poetry. Poets try to
break new grounds, i. e. to find new forms, new language and new methods of expression.
8. Irregularity of form. Modern poetry is mostly written in written without metre and rhyme scheme,
in free verse and prose (the prose poem). The most peculiar quality of the modern poetry is the

this respect also. He has experimented with free verse, blank verse, the ballad metre etc.
10. Modern poetry addresses the modern man of sensibility who lives a state of spiritual and
intellectual scepticism. Individualism is a key element in Modernist literature where the individual
is given more focus than society. Auden, like Eliot before him is a sensitive poet who writes of the
world in which he lives, and reflects many of the characteristics of that world. Auden has come to
be one of the most outstanding poets of our time.In conclusion, we find Auden concerned with
war, its cruelty and the aftermath of wars that result in social, political and economic upheavals.
He argues that most of the ills of the contemporary society are a consequence of the inhumanity
embedded in Wars. Modern age is marked by violence and war. That had always been from the
very early times to modern ages. Auden is a social poet, a war poet and a Modern poet.

'The Unknown Citizen' fits easily into the trends of modern literature and highlights
the problems that people face. The citizen remains unknown even though he serves the community
because we are not shown who he really is as an individual which elucidates that individuality is
reduced and diminished for the sake of worldly business. The poet says that statistics cannot sum
up an individual and physical facts are inadequate to evaluate human happiness. Therefore, the

dangers of losing the sense of individuality.4

15.6 SUMMING UP
A study of this Unit would help you in understanding

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*War poetry written in the 20th century by English poets
satirical elegy The Unknown Citizen
* An analysis that highlights the blending of the two genres satire and elegy

*Auden as a Modernist poet.

15.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the r
2. What is the significance of the title The Unknown Citizen?
3. Write a note on Auden as a Modernist poet.

15. 8 GLOSSARY
Intermittent: Occurring at irregular intervals
Anglo-Catholic: Anglo-Catholicism, movement that emphasizes the Catholic rather than the
Protestant, which sought to renew Catholic thought and practice in the Church of England
Shorn of: removed from
Pedantry: Excessive concern with minor or trivial details
Discordance: Lack of agreement or consistency
Quotidian: occurring daily
Derision: contemptuous ridicule or mockery
Burlesque: an absurd or comically exaggerated imitation of something
Irony: the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite
Parody: a humorously exaggerated imitation of a style or a writer
Caricature: exaggeration by means of often ludicrous distortion of parts or characteristics of a
person
Officious: assertive of authority in a domineering and intrusive way
Masquerading: pretending
Denuded: stripped off
Abnegate: renounce or reject
Macro-power: Great or excessive power
Cryptic: having or seeming to have a hidden or ambiguous meaning
Utopian: modelled on or aiming for a state in which everything is perfect; idealistic
Dystopian: modelled on or aiming for a state in which there is great suffering or injustice
Impassive: not feeling or showing emotion
Phlegmatic: having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition
Absurdities: the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable.
Vicissitudes: a change of circumstances or fortune, typically one that is unwelcome or
unpleasant.
Avant-garde: new and experimental ideas and methods in art, music and literature

15.9 REFERENCES
1. Modern Poetry, Block I Unit 3
. What is War Poetry? An Introduction.
3. Encyclopedia Britannica.com
4.The Unknown Citizen by W H Auden, www.gdctangmarg.com

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15.10 FURTHER READING
1. Smith, Stan, ed. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to W. H. Auden.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Davenport-Hines, Richard (1995). Auden. London: Heinemann.
3. Auden, W. H. (1934). Greene, Graham (ed.). The Old School: Essays by Divers Hands.
London: Jonathan Cape.
4. ."Poems. Auden's first published collection of poems, published by Stephen
Spender". The British Library. 2021.
5. Hoggart, Richard (1951). Auden: An Introductory Essay. London: Chatto & Windus.
6. Beach, Joseph Warren (1957). The Making of the Auden Canon. Minneapolis: University
of Minnesota Press.

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