Biomolecules of

Microorganism
BY FADILAH NOR LAILI L, M.BIOTECH
Microorganism
• Bacteria prokaryotic

• Khamir / yeast

• Mold
eukaryotic
• Microalgae

• Protozoa

• Virus (non cellular microorganism)

The first technology to discover the
presence of Bacteria (1684)
Bacteria and Archaea
 Unicellular organisms.
 The cells are described as prokaryotic because they lack a nucleus.
 They exist in four major shapes: bacillus (rod shape), coccus (spherical shape), spirilla
(spiral shape), and vibrio (curved shape).
 Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall
 They divide by binary fission; and they may possess flagella for motility.

• Archaea or Archaebacteria differ from true bacteria in their

cell wall structure and lack peptidoglycans.
• They are prokaryotic cells with avidity to extreme
environmental conditions
 Fungi
 Fungi (mushroom, molds, and yeasts) are eukaryotic cells (with a true nucleus).
 Most fungi are multicellular and their cell wall is composed of chitin.
 They obtain nutrients by absorbing organic material from their environment
(decomposers), through symbiotic relationships with plants (symbionts), or harmful
relationships with a host (parasites).
 They form characteristic filamentous tubes called hyphae that help absorb material. The
collection of hyphae is called mycelium.
 Fungi reproduce by releasing spores.
Protozoa

 Protozoa are single cell eukaryotes

(unicellular).
 They have a nucleus, complex
organelles, and similar to animal, to
obtain nourishment by absorption or
ingestion through specialized structures.
 Live freely in water, some live in animal
host
 Protozoa have been traditionally divided
based on their mode of locomotion:
flagellates, ciliates, amoeboids, and
sporozoans are non-motile.

Algae
 Algae are unicellular or multicellular eukaryotes
that obtain nourishment by photosynthesis.
 They live in water, damp soil, and rocks
 Produce oxygen and carbohydrates used by other
organisms.
 Categorized on the basis of pigmentation
Viruses and Multicellular Animal
Parasites
 Viruses are noncellular entities that consist
of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA)
surrounded by a protein coat.
 Although viruses are classified as
microorganisms, they are not considered
living organisms.
 Viruses cannot reproduce outside a host cell
and cannot metabolize on their own.
❑ Parasite is a group of eukaryotic organisms
consisting of the flatworms and roundworms,
which are collectively referred to as the
helminths.
❑ Although they are not microorganisms by
definition, since they are large enough to be
easily seen with the naked eye, they live a
part of their life cycle in microscopic form.
❑ Since the parasitic helminths are of clinical
importance, they are often discussed along
with the other groups of microbes.
Biomolecules of Microorganism

•Primary metabolites are considered essential to microorganisms for proper

growth.

•Secondary metabolites do not play a role in growth, development, and

reproduction, and are formed during the end or near the stationary phase of
growth.
These metabolites can be used in industrial microbiology to obtain amino acids,
develop vaccines and antibiotics, and isolate chemicals necessary for organic
synthesis.
Primary Metabolites

The primary metabolite is typically a key component in maintaining normal physiological

processes
Primary metabolites are typically formed during the growth phase as a result of energy
metabolism, and are essential for proper growth.
Examples of primary metabolites include alcohols such as ethanol, lactic acid, and certain amino
acids.
Alcohol is used for processes involving fermentation which produce products like beer and
wine.
Amino acids– including L-glutamate and L-lysine, which are commonly used as supplements–
are isolated via the mass production of a specific bacterial species, Corynebacteria glutamicum.
Citric acid, produced by Aspergillus niger, is one of the most widely used ingredients in food
production. It is commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as well.
defined as small organic molecules
produced
Secondaryby an organism that are not
Metabolites
essential for their growth, development
and reproduction.
Secondary metabolites are typically
organic compounds produced through the
modification of primary metabolite
synthases.
Many of the identified secondary
metabolites have a role in ecological
function, including defense mechanism, by
Secondary Metabolites

Microbial secondary metabolites, like antibiotics, pigments, growth

hormones, antitumor agents, and others, are not essential for the growth
and development of microorganism, but they have shown a great potential
for human and animal health
Antibiotics
Antibiotics can be classified as polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and aminoglycosides
Their applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry
Thank you