Safety Culture

SAFETY CULTURE
(Budaya Keselamatan)
MK Prinsip Keselamatan
Magister K3 FKM UI
Mufti Wirawan, S.Psi, M.KKK

muftiwirawan@ui.ac.id
2021
Daftar Isi
Safety Culture: Concept

• Culture & Climate
Safety Culture & Safety Performance
Safety Culture Model
11/06/2021 muftiwirawan@ui.ac.id 2
What is Safety?
“Safety is freedom from unacceptable risk”
Keselamatan adalah terbebas dari risiko yang tidak dapat

diterima
(Hollnagel, 2015)
Why Safety?
#229 If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not

construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and
kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.
Why Safety?
Selamat & Sehat adalah HAK INDIVIDU
• Anugerah Tuhan YME

• Ada aturan Hukum / Legal – Internasional & Nasional
• Sebuah Keuntungan
World Bulan K3
Safe Day Nasional
Perkembangan Safety
Hale, A.R. and Hovden, J. (1998). Management and culture: The third age of safety – A review of approaches to organisational aspects of safety, health and
environment. In Hollnagel, Erik (2011) Understanding Accidents, or How (Not) to Learn from the Past
Era Teknikal
Revolusi Technical Paradigma

Industri Failure linier
• 1769 • Safeguard • Domino Teori
• Peralatan & • Root Cause
Mesin Analysis
Hollnagel, Erik (2011) Understanding Accidents, or How (Not) to Learn from the Past
Era Faktor Manusia
Perkembangan Human Failure Paradigma

IPTEK • Human Error complex-linier
• Namun banyak • Safety Behavior • Multi-Factor
kecelakaan besar Causation
terjadi • Swiss-Cheese
Model
Era Sistem Manajemen
Perkembangan Perspektif Paradigma non-

Industri Organisasi linier
• Human Science • Human Error is • Safety-II
• Complex Organisation Consequences • Integration
• System Thinking • Safety Management - • Human
Culture • Technology
• Organisation
National Culture Corporate Culture
Organisational Culture
Safety Culture Global Culture
Local Culture
Pop Culture
Culture – WHAT?
The way of life, especially the general customs

and beliefs, of a particular group of people at
a particular time.
-Cambridge dictionary-
Budaya adalah keseluruhan sistem gagasan, dan

tindakan hasil karya manusia dalam rangka
kehidupan masyarakat yang dimiliki manusia dengan
belajar
-Prof. Koentjaraningrat-
Culture – WHAT?
American anthropologists Kroeber and Kluckhohn

(1963) found more than 160 different definitions of the word
the word ‘culture’ stems from the latin COLERE,

which means to grow or to process
(Eriksen 1998)
Socio-Behavior Science (Oxford Language)
the scientific study of the way

the human mind works and how
it influences behaviour, or the influence of
a particular person's character on their behaviour
the study of
the relationships between people living in groups,
especially in industrial societies
the study of
the human race, its culture and society,
and its physical development
Layer of Culture
Adapted from Rousseau (1990)
Antonsen, Stian. 2009. Safety Culture: Theory,Method and Improvement. Ashgate Publishing Limited
Organisational Culture
(Edgar Henry Schein)

,
Iceberg Model of Workplace Dynamics
(Stanley Herman, 1978)
European Union Agency for Railways.2020. Introduction to the European Railway Safety Culture Model. Safety Culture Series #1.
Source: https://sandylearningblog.fles.wordpress.com. More information in French, W.L. and Bell, C.H., 1978. Organisational Development: Behavioural Science Interventions for Organisational Improvement.
Organisational Cultures Model
Westrum, R. (2004). A Typology of Organisational Culture. Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13(Suppl II):ii22–ii27. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2003.009522
Safety Culture
Istilah “Safety Culture” pertama kali muncul dari

laporan kecelakaan Chernobyl oleh International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (1986)
Safety Series No.75 INSAG-4

International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group
Safety Culture & Organisational Culture
Culture
Organisations with positive safety culture

Organisational
Culture are characterized by communication
founded on mutual trust, by shared
perceptions of the importance of safety,
and by confidence in the efficacy measures
Safety Culture
(UK Health & Safety Commision, 1993)
Safety Culture & Organisational Culture
Antonsen, Stian. 2009. Safety Culture: Theory,Method and Improvement. Ashgate Publishing Limited
Culture can be simply defined as the attitudes, values and beliefs that
underpin “the way we do things here”. A positive HSE culture is
largely sustained by trust, credibility and behaviour of senior leaders.
Trust is extremely fragile; once lost it can be hard to recover.
Achieving and sustaining a positive HSE culture is not a discreet event,
but a journey. Organisations should never let their guard down. Healthy
safety cultures result in high reliability organisations which are
characterised by their “chronic sense of unease”. Organisations must
ensure that senior management are committed to a journey of continuous
improvement. 2
ii ©OGP
2
Culture & Climate
Snapshot of selected aspects of organizational

safety at a particular point in time
(Mearns, Whittaker & Flin, 2003)
‘The safety culture of an organisation is the

product of individual and group values,
attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and
patterns of behaviour that determine the
commitment to, and the style and proficiency of,
an organisation’s health and safety
management’
(ACSNI: HSC, 1993)
ICSI “Safety Culture” working group (2017). Safety Culture: from Understanding to Action. Issue 2018-01 of the Cahiers de la Sécurité Industrielle collection, Institut pour une Culture de
Sécurité Industrielle (ICSI), Toulouse, France.
The ICSI “Safety Culture” working group (2017). Safety Culture: from Understanding to Action. Issue 2018-01 of the Cahiers de la Sécurité Industrielle collection, Institut pour une Culture
de Sécurité Industrielle (ICSI), Toulouse, France.
Safety Culture Concept
Health and Safety Executive (HSE). (2005). A Review of Safety Culture and Safety Climate Literature for the Development of the Safety Culture Inspection Toolkit, Research Report 367
Safety Culture Model : Reciprocal
Cooper, M.D. (2000). Toward a Model of Safety Culture. Safety Science. 36(2000): 111 – 136.
(Total Safety Culture – Scott Geller, 2001)
(Ardern J. WorkSafe, Creating a Safety Culture, 2012)
Safety Culture Model : Maturity Level
Kick-Off Point
Hudson, Patrick. (1999). Safety Culture - Theory and Practice. "The Human Factor in System Reliability -Is Human Performance Predictable?", published in RTO MP-032.
Safety Culture Model : Maturity Level
Foster, Patrick & Hoult, Stuart. 2013. The Safety Journey: Using a Safety Maturity Model for Safety Planning and Assurance in the UK Coal
Mining Industry. Minerals 2013, 3, 59-72; doi:10.3390/min3010059
Safety Culture Model : Just Culture
James Reason (1997)
Safety Culture Model : European Railway
European Union Agency for Railways.2020. Introduction to the European Railway Safety Culture Model. Safety Culture Series #1.
Safety Culture Model : FAA
https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Safety_Culture_in_ATM
Safety Culture Model : IAEA
Safety Culture or Culture of Safety
Safety Culture Culture of Safety
Safety
culture Management
Safety Behavior
Strategy Safety-
system System
Safety Strategy
Technology
technology
International Nuclear Safety Advisory (INSAG). 1991. Safety Culture Series No. 75-INSAG-4. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency
Measuring Culture
Culture surveys
Ethnography
Interviews and focus groups
Major accident analyses
Safety Culture: Issue & Discussion
Safety Culture vs
• "We already have an SMS, why do we
Safety Management need Safety Culture too?"
System
• Climate or Culture?
Survey Method
• What is done vs What is actually happend
Organisational • “Managing Culturally” rather than

Strategy “Managing Culture”
Managing Culturally
• Reduce the emphasis on ‘managing’ culture; instead

focus on controlling risks at the source.
• Differentiate between safety culture/ climate and
behavioural change.
• Build and develop the evidence base. Develop methods
for capturingthe knowledge that has arisen through
experience with organizational culture as it affects health
and safety, and make it available for peer review.
(Blewett, 2011, p. 2)
Safety Culture simply as doing the right
thing, even when no one is watching.
A Safety Culture is something that is strived for but rarely attained, the
process is more important than the product
(James Reason, 2007)
From Aerosafetyworld, July 2007. www.flightsafety.org

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Mufti Wirawan, S.Psi, M.KKK

Safety Culture: Concept

Safety Culture & Safety Performance

Safety Culture Model

“Safety is freedom from unacceptable risk”

Keselamatan adalah terbebas dari risiko yang tidak dapat

#229 If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not

Selamat & Sehat adalah HAK INDIVIDU

• Anugerah Tuhan YME

Revolusi Technical Paradigma

Perkembangan Human Failure Paradigma

Perkembangan Perspektif Paradigma non-

Safety Culture Global Culture

The way of life, especially the general customs

Budaya adalah keseluruhan sistem gagasan, dan

American anthropologists Kroeber and Kluckhohn

the word ‘culture’ stems from the latin COLERE,

the scientific study of the way

(Edgar Henry Schein)

Istilah “Safety Culture” pertama kali muncul dari

Safety Series No.75 INSAG-4

Organisations with positive safety culture

Snapshot of selected aspects of organizational

‘The safety culture of an organisation is the

(Total Safety Culture – Scott Geller, 2001)

(Ardern J. WorkSafe, Creating a Safety Culture, 2012)

James Reason (1997)

Safety Culture Culture of Safety

Interviews and focus groups

Major accident analyses

Organisational • “Managing Culturally” rather than

• Reduce the emphasis on ‘managing’ culture; instead

(James Reason, 2007)

From Aerosafetyworld, July 2007. www.flightsafety.org

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