EMMPRA3/101/0/2019

Tutorial letter 101/0/2019

Electrical Machines III (Practical)

EMMPRA3 (Florida)

Year Module

Department of Electrical and Mining

Engineering

IMPORTANT INFORMATION:
This tutorial letter contains important information
about your module.
 CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 3
2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE............................................................... 3
2.1 Purpose ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
2.2 Outcomes ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS................................................................................... 4
3.1 Lecturer(s) .................................................................................................................................... 4
3.2 Department ................................................................................................................................... 4
3.3 University ...................................................................................................................................... 4
4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES ............................................................................................. 4
4.1 Prescribed books .......................................................................................................................... 4
4.2 Recommended books ................................................................................................................... 4
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)................................................................................................. 4
5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE ............................................................... 4
6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN ............................................................................................. 4
7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING .................................... 4
8 ASSESSMENT ............................................................................................................................. 5
8.1 Assessment plan .......................................................................................................................... 5
8.2 General assignment numbers ....................................................................................................... 5
8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers ........................................................................................................ 5
8.2.2 Due dates for assignments ........................................................................................................... 5
8.3 Submission of assignments .......................................................................................................... 6
8.4 Assignments ................................................................................................................................. 7
9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS ............................................................................................. 7
10 EXAMINATION ............................................................................................................................. 7
11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS .......................................................................................... 7
12 SOURCES CONSULTED ............................................................................................................. 7
13 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................. 7
14 ADDENDUM ................................................................................................................................. 7

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 EMMPRA3/101

1 INTRODUCTION
Dear Student
Welcome to the subject Electrical Machines III (Practical), (EMMPRA3) at UNISA. This
tutorial letter serves as a guideline to this subject. It provides you with general administrative
information as well as specific information about the subject. Read it carefully and keep it safe
for future reference. We trust that you will enjoy this course.

2 PURPOSE OF AND OUTCOMES FOR THE MODULE

2.1 Purpose
The purpose of this module is to enable students to develop competencies and skills in solving
problems in the theory of D.C. electrical machines and also, theory of single phase transformers
and induction machines. This module is recommended for students who want to specialize in
Power Engineering and it is core for the National Diploma in Electrical Engineering. Successful
completion of this module will allow students entry to Electrical Machines III modules at S4 level.

2.2 Outcomes (This the scope of what you have to know)

Module Outcome – DC Machines
 Demonstrate knowledge on the principals of construction, operation and testing of DC
machines.
 Understand and analyse the working of DC machines and calculate the electromotive
force (emf) induced in armature windings, power, efficiency, torque and speed of various
types of DC machines including:
 Shunt, series and compound wound motors and generators.
 Investigate the cause and effects of armature reaction and discuss methods to overcome
it.
Module Outcome – Single Phase Transformers
 Demonstrate knowledge on the principals of construction, operation and testing of single
phase transformers.
 Understand the principals of transformer action and analyse transformers in terms of
phasor and equivalent circuit diagrams and as an impedance matching device.
 Conduct investigations to establish the model, and transformer parameters, under no-
load and full-load conditions.
 Understand and calculate the emf. induced in windings, voltage regulation, power
transfers and efficiency from open and short circuit test.
Module Outcome - Three Phase Induction Machines
 Demonstrate knowledge on the principals of construction, operations and testing of
induction machines.
 Understand and analyse the working of induction machines in terms of:
o Emf. induced in rotor windings, power stages, efficiency, torque and speed of slip
ring and cage induction machines.

3
3 LECTURER(S) AND CONTACT DETAILS
3.1 Lab Technician
Mr. XP Yokwana
e-mail yokwaxp@unisa.ac.za
Cell: 0116709767
Contact Times : Tues & Thurs : 08h30 – 16h00

Staff members in the Department of Electrical & Mining Engineering are available to take
telephone calls, respond to emails and to consult with students (by appointment only), during
working day from 07:45 to 16:00. However, on an irregular, basis staff members may, for
example, be on leave or be required to attend to other university business.

3.2 Department
Department of Electrical and Mining Engineering: electrical&mining@unisa.ac.za

3.3 University

If you need to contact the University about matters not related to the content of this module,
please consult the publication My studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.
This brochure contains information on how to contact the University (e.g. to whom you can write
for different queries, important telephone and fax numbers, addresses and details of the times
certain facilities are open). Always have your student number at hand when you contact the
University.

4 MODULE-RELATED RESOURCES
4.1 Prescribed books
The same as for the theoretical part of the subject.
4.2 Recommended books
There are no recommended books for this module.
4.3 Electronic Reserves (e-Reserves)
There are no electronic reserves for this module.

5 STUDENT SUPPORT SERVICES FOR THE MODULE

Important information appears in your my Studies @ Unisa brochure.

6 MODULE-SPECIFIC STUDY PLAN

Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general time management and planning skills.

7 MODULE PRACTICAL WORK AND WORK-INTEGRATED LEARNING

This module covers the practical part.

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8 ASSESSMENT
8.1 Assessment plan
The assignments are as follows:
 Assignment 01: Registration Form for ELECTRICAL MACHINES III (Annexure
A)
 Assignment 02: Send in your portfolio is compulsory. You can also attend a
practical workshop.

Submission of both assignments is compulsory.

The final mark is based on all the assignment marks obtained and their contribution towards the
final mark are as shown in the table below:

ASSIGNMENT NUMBER CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS FINAL SUBJECT

MARK
01 (Compulsory) 10 %
02 (Compulsory) 90%
TOTALS = 100 %

Submission of Assignment 01 “allows” you to submit a practical assignment, assignment 02,

which is the examination for this subject.

Ensure that you understand this principle: Failure to submit Assignment 01 by the due date, will
result in you being barred from handing in a practical report (Assignment 02) and you will have
to re-register for this subject. If in doubt, contact your lecturer before the submission date!!!

8.2 General assignment numbers

Assignments are numbered consecutively per module, starting from 01.

8.2.1 Unique assignment numbers

Assignment 01: Annexure A-

Registration form (Compulsory)
Assignment 02: Practical report or
Portfolio (Compulsory)

8.2.2 Due dates for assignments

THE CUT-OFF SUBMISSION DATES FOR THE ASSIGNMENTS ARE :

Assignment 1 Annexure A- Registration 1 April 2017

form (Compulsory)

Assignment 2 –Practical report 30 September 2017

Portfolio (Compulsory)

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8.3 Submission of assignments
To complete a module both the theory and practical must be passed. You have the
following options available to do the practicals:

 You can attend the practicals arranged by UNISA. These are only available at certain
venues and you have to book a spot (by submitting assignment 01) as stipulated in
the tutorial letter, or
 You can complete the practicals at your workplace or another suitable training facility
on your own, with a suitable mentor that is ECSA registered. You need to submit a
practical report (or portfolio) (by submitting assignment 02) for assessment, with the
Mentor’s Form for each experiment.
 Assignment 01 must be submitted by all students, whether you want to attend a
workshop or not.
If you have submitted your registration form without a date being selected, please
contact Ms L Visser URGENTLY via e-mail lvisser@unisa.ac.za or 011 471 2854
with a date, if a date is not provided you will NOT be scheduled for a workshop.

NO EXCEPTIONS OR CHANGES WILL BE MADE

WITHOUT A VALID PROOF AS TO WHY YOU COULD
NOT ATTEND THE WORKSHOP, AS EXAMINATION
RULES APPLY!!
Please make sure to write your student number in the space provided on the form.
For detailed information and requirements as far as assignments are concerned, see the
brochure my Studies @ Unisa that you received with your study material.

Your e-mail address should also be provided in clear and neat handwriting, as
communication might be sent to from time to time.

Tutorial letter 301, with the workshop dates, will be uploaded onto myUnisa:
 Go to myUnisa.
 Log in with your student number and password.
 Select the module.
 Click on official study material
 Go to Tutorial letter 301.

To submit an assignment via myUnisa:

 Go to myUnisa.
 Log in with your student number and password.
 Select the module.
 Click on assignments in the menu on the left-hand side of the screen.
 Click on the assignment number you wish to submit.
 Follow the instructions.

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8.4 Assignments
Assignment 02: A practical assignment must be submitted, which is your practical report
or portfolio. For the policy see ANNEXURE C.
A practical workshop can be attended and the results obtained for the experiments as
prescribed for Machines II at the workshop centre can be used for your report that must
be submitted to Unisa for evaluation.
Your practical guide indicates the practical experiments which much be completed if you
do not attend a workshop. A mentor that is registered with ECSA must be chosen and the
mentor appointment form for the experiments mentored, must accompany assignment
02, when it is sent in. (See ANNEXURE B)

9 OTHER ASSESSMENT METHODS

None

10 EXAMINATION
Use your my Studies @ Unisa brochure for general examination guidelines and examination
preparation guidelines.

11 FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

The my Studies @ Unisa brochure contains an A-Z guide of the most relevant study
information.

12 SOURCES CONSULTED
None

13 CONCLUSION
Please ensure that you have all the tutorial letters and prescribed book available before starting
with your practicals and make sure you have been made aware of the dangers involved in the
experiments.

14 ADDENDUM

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 ANNEXURE C

POLICY FOR PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENTS

1 Background

1.1 The evaluation of practical work (experiments) was not accepted by ECSA in 2015 but
was accepted in April 2016 and our accreditation is now valid till 2019

1.2 The following requirements are required to be complied with in terms of our accreditation
criteria status.

2 General requirements

2.1 In order to receive a pass mark, the student need to receive a sub-minimum of 50% for
assignment 02.

2.2 All students must have their own practical guide and components.

3 Interaction with theoretical work and practical applications

3.1 You are advised to conduct the experiments only after the relevant theory has been
covered.

3.2 You are encouraged to perform the experiments at work.

3.3 Talk as much as you can about the subject during experiments and present the results to
your mentor for questioning and improvement of the report

4 Own Work

4.1 Practical experiments must be built and the relevant answers recorded on the
respective answer sheet for that experiment, by the student him/her-self. The results
noted must be used to compile the report. By merely submitting the answers is not
indicating the insight gained by doing the experiment.

4.2 Use standard symbols and notation, as used in the theoretical notes and practical guide,
in your report.

5 Evaluation Criteria

5.1 Where applicable, the construction of your practical assignment will be evaluated by
means of a rubric (See Annexure D) including the following criteria:
 neatness;
 correct layout of components;
 correct wiring techniques;
 correct operation of circuit;
 student's knowledge of the circuit; and
 insight into practical work

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5.2 The experiments will be evaluated individually according to a rubric and a memorandum
developed for that subject but in general will cover the same topics as per this letter. If
the weight of each experiment is not the same it must be indicated, else it will be
assumed that each experiment has the same weight.

5.3 For each experiment there must be a memorandum available for the mentors and
markers that must indicate what preparation work needs to be done by the student for the
experiment and the expected results, expected findings and conclusions.

5.4 Herewith attached is the generic rubric as required by ECSA..(See Annexure D)

5.5 The marked report will not be returned to the student but retained for ECSA evaluations.

6 Role of Mentor

6.1 Your mentor plays a very important role in the successful completion of your assignment.
The functions of your mentor are the following:

 Help you in a constructive manner and

 Verify that all the experiments performed is your own work (See Annexure B) (the
form attached).
 Confirm that the time spent on the experiments complies to the module
requirements.ie 30 Hours.

7 Appointment of Mentor

7.1 Your mentor should thus be appointed in order to fulfil the above mentioned task.

7.2 Your mentor must preferably be professionally registered with the Engineering Counsel
of South Africa (ECSA) for us to accredit his authorisation of your work. If the person
acting as your mentor is not registered with ECSA, then someone who is professionally
registered with ECSA, should also authorise your assignment. The mentor must supply
his particulars as requested on the authorisation form attached to each experiment/s, for
us to accept his authorisation

7.3 If you find that you are not able to find a suitable mentor or facility to do your
experiments, contact your lecturer. You can, with permission of the lecturer, submit
simulated results indicating name plate information (photo) of the equipment that you
could have used.

8 Submission of assignments

8.1 All practicals must be completed by submitting a report on all the prescribed experiments
as required by Unisa, at Unisa or under supervision of a mentor, or the experiments as
offered by an accredited facility that you registered to attend. All the reports will be
marked by Unisa.

8.2 The reports can be submitted by mail or on the electronic marking system to Unisa where
it is classified as a ‘portfolio’ (as compared to an ‘assignment’)

8.3 If not all the experiments are attempted the report will be returned for completion and no
marks will be granted.
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9 Time Management

9.1 Students must submit proof, as confirmed by their mentors, on the time spent on
performing the experiments. Normally 30 hours is required

9.2 The mentor must also indicate the time the student spent to conduct the experiment. At
least two thirds of the time must be spent with the equipment.

10 Safety

10.1 Students need to take every safety precaution (especially where the experiment involves
220-V and 380-V alternating current). UNISA cannot be held responsible for any damage
to equipment or harm to any person. In cases where the student is in doubt about any
safety aspect, contact Unisa for assistance.

10.2 It is the student’s duty to establish from the mentor the dangers involved in performing
the experiment. It must be recorded and the precautionary steps taken indicated.

10.3 When personal protective equipment (PPE) is prescribed for the work to be done it must
be used and indicated in your pictorial evidence.

10.4 If equipment has been damaged, the incident must be investigated by the mentor, a
report with recommendations to be attached with your report. The recommendations will
be used to update the safety guide for the experiment.

11 Preparation

11.1 For any student to start with a practical, a preparation report, that must include all the
safety aspects that will be adhered to, must be submitted and / or an entrance exam must
be completed.

11.2 To simulate the experiments beforehand is encouraged.

11.3 Entrance to the practical location must not be granted if preparation work has not been
done.

11.4 Determine the capacity of each component, and the supplies, and determine its loading
during the experiment. Ensure that it is used within it he operational limits unless it is
required in the experiment too exceed by caution.

12 Execution of the experiments

12.1 Ensure the experiment is executed as prescribed. The schematic and connection
diagrams must be included.in the report.

12.2 Results recorded

12.3 Each student has to record its own results although they may work in teams on an
experiment.

12.4 Declare the accuracy of the instruments and the stability of the reading.

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13 Graphs and Calculations:

13.1 The results must be plotted on a graph with proper scales and axis that is clearly
identified with the variables and the key focus point indicated.

13.2 Al practical graphs must be superimposed by a theoretical graphs and the deviation pints
explained.

13.3 For calculations use four (4) significant figures. This may help to explain your deviations.
Set your calculator to fix 3.

13.4 When calculations are requested show the formulas used and use the variables as
indicated as per the circuit diagram. If the results are impossible, like a transformer with
an efficiency of more than 100%, indicate the discrepancy and display your engineering
judgement.

14 Findings and Conclusions

14.1 Each experiment has an aim and the conclusion must indicate how the aim has been
achieved. Normally the student must gain insight that the theory that can be applied in
practise with in certain limitations. This insight must be confirming the classification of the
results in terms of the applicable formulas used.

14.2 All recorded results must be interpreted in terms of the applicable theories.

15 Deviations Explained

15.1 In experimental work many practical aspects are involved, like:

 Accuracy of the instruments
 Radiation noise
 Stability of the equipment e.g. (temperature rise)
 Memory of the system e.g. wear and tear, temperature after use, magnetic memory
 Sensitivity of the factors, especially when a small factor is used in division.
 All deviations must be identified and an explanation offered, the opinion of experts
may be used.
 At what point does the theoretical relationship end and possible reasons like,
saturation of cores, or the exceedance of the capacity of the equipment, start.

16 Layout and neatness

16.1 The layout of the report must reflect the clarity of your thoughts on the subject and must
be presented in a clear and logical fashion. Remarks on side-lines of guides as the report
is not acceptable.

16.2 Experimental work lay the foundation for future projects and research work reports.

17 References

17.1 The marker, who is not necessary your lecturer, must know what handbook you used.

17.2 The use of references is standard practise in all report writing and interviews with
knowledgably people are encouraged.
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17.3 When material is used from other sources it must be declared as to ensure that you do
not infringe on the copy rights of others and present it as your own work. If you are
employed all the intellectual property you develop rest with the company. (Read your
employment contract). Only if you have published your own work, you may use it as a
reference.

18 Declaration of own work

18.1 An important aspect is the evidence to be presented that it is the student’s own work.
This is in the form of:
 The Mentors certificate per experiment/s.
 A pictorial evidence of the student using the live equipment with the appropriate
safety precautions, safety signage and personal protective equipment (PPE).

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ANNEXURE D – Marking Rubric for Machines III

13
 ANNEXURE A – ASSIGNMENT 01

REGISTRATION FORM FOR ELECTRICAL MACHINES III PRACTICAL -

COMPLETION OF PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT OR ATTEND A
WORKSHOP
2017

PLEASE COMPLETE IN CLEAR BLOCK LETTERS & SEND IN AS A NORMAL

ASSIGNMENT

FROM: SURNAME/INITIALS

STUDENT NUMBER

POSTAL ADDRESS

POSTAL CODE

TEL NO (WORK)

TEL NO (HOME)

MOBILE

e-mail

Indicate preference with an X:

I want to attend the practical workshop

I want to do the practical assignment on my

own

The date, according to the workshop

schedule, on which I will attend the _____________________________
workshop?

ONCE A STUDENT IS ALLOCATED TO A SPECIFIC DATE, NO CHAGES WILL BE MADE.

SIGNATURE OF LEARNER ………………………………… DATE: …………………….

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EMMPRA3/101

15
 ANNEXURE B – MENTOR FORM

UNISA, Programme Group Engineering,

Mentor Appointment and certification as own work by the student.

Electrical Machines III - PRACTICAL

Student number: ................................................
Student name: ....................................................
Employer: ..........................................................

Particulars of mentor:
Name: ...........................................
Address: ........................................
.........................................
.........................................
.........................................
Employer: ...................................................................
Telephone number: .............................................. (W)
............................................... (H)
Qualifications: ......................................................................................
Capacity at work: .................................................................................
ECSA Registration no. (if registered): ………………....……………….
Experiment/s Number: …………………….. Time spent:………hrs by
student on experiment/s which includes preparation and report writing.
(A total of 30 hours is required for Machines II PRACTICAL)
Safety report: ….……………………………………………………………
…………………………………..……………………………………………
Signature: ………………………………….. Date: ……………..………..

SUBMIT THIS FORM WITH THE REPORT ON THE PRACTICAL

EXPERIMENTS’ SESSION

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Experiment 1: Star / Delta (Y/Δ) Starting of Three-phase Induction Motor

1. Aim: The aim of this laboratory work is to connect and start of an induction motor using a
Star / Delta (Y/D) method for starting.

2. Machine Nameplate Information:

Remarks

Voltage [V]

Current [A]

Power [kW]

Power Factor [ -]

Speed [rev/min]

Number of poles [-]

3.Star / Delta Starting of Cage-Rotor Induction Motor:

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 4.Report:

4.1. Explain why the starting current of the induction motors is reduced when using y/D
starter?

4.2. Is it possible to start a normally Y-connected induction motor by Y/D method? If not,
why?

4.3. At what rate the starting current is reduced when using Y/D method?

4.4. At what rate the starting torque is reduced when using Y/D method?

4.5. Why interlocking is used for the contactors?

4.6. Explain the operation of the Y/D starter from Fig.3.1.

4.7. Design an alternative method of starting of induction motors using Y/D principle for
starting current reduction. Draw and explain your solution.

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PreLab:
Single and Three-Phase Transformers

(100VA; 230/15.6V Per transformer)

The following manual consists of experiments which are aimed to further familiarize students with
the theory of single and three-phase transformers. The experiments require physical and practical
applications of this theory. Theory without application is after all only an idea or opinion.

How can you determine the turns ration of your single phase transformer? Follow these easy
steps:

We know that the turn ratio a, is:

When using three single phase transformers, combined to form a three phase transformer. You
need to determine which configuration you want:

Draw the following combinations:

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Experiment 2:

Purpose:
The purpose of the second experiment is to determine how transformers with different
configurations namely: star and delta connected transformers, react in respect to voltage and
current. Also practical application on how to wire three single phase transformers in different
configurations to create a three phase transformer with Y-Y and Y-Δ windings.

Preparation:
Draw wiring diagram for the following configurations :

1. Three Single-Phase transformers to create one Three-Phase transformer (Y-Y), with a Star
(Y) connected Load:

2. Three Single-Phase transformers to create one Three-Phase transformer (Y-Δ), with a Delta
(Δ) connected Load:

Note:
It is the duty of the teacher to verify that the learners are connecting the transformers correctly,
before connecting the mains supply. If you are not entirely sure of your connections do not switch
on. Test for short circuits

Method: (Y-Y)
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 Connect three single-phase transformers so that they represent one three-phase

transformer in the Y-Y configuration

 The secondary along with the load, are both connected I the same configuration this
means that: When the secondary is connected in star, the load must be connected in
star.

 Complete the following table by measuring the primary and secondary voltages and current.

Star/Star Connection

Primary Secondary

Supply to each transformer Supply to each lamp

Voltage Voltage Current Voltage Voltage Current

(Phase) (Line) (Phase) (Line)

Line 1

Line 2

Line 3

*Values May differ depending on student individual transformers

21
 Method: (Y-Δ)

 Connect three single-phase transformers so that they represent one three-phase

transformer in the Y-Δ configuration.

 The secondary along with the load, are both connected in the same configuration this
means that: When the secondary is connected in delta, the load must be connected in
delta.

 Complete the following table by measuring the primary and secondary voltages and current.

Star/Delta Connection

Primary Secondary

Supply to each transformer Supply to each lamp

Voltage Voltage Current Voltage Current Current

(Phase) (Line) (Phase) (Line)

Line 1

Line 2

Line 3

*Values May differ depending on student individual transformers

Conclusions:

1. In your own words describe what happens to the voltages and currents in each phase when
one compares the first star-star connection to the second star-delta :

2. Draw a graph with axis of secondary voltage against secondary current for both the Y-Y and
the Y-Δ on one figure.

3. Can you work out a mathematical model of the current and voltage changes with respect to
one another in the different configurations.

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Experiment 3:

OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS OF A THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER.

Contents :

1. Connection of 3 phase transformers.

2. Aim.
3. Open circuit test (Y-Δ) measurements
Calculations
4. Short circuit test (Y-Δ) measurements
Calculations
5. Calculations for efficiency
6. Voltage regulation

Connection of three phase transformer ( 2 watt meter method).

23
Aim
The aim of this experiment was to perform an open-circuit test and short circuit test
on a three-phase transformer. These tests are used to determine the parameters of
the equivalent circuit.

With these parameters we can calculate the power factor, voltage regulation and
efficiency of the transformer.

Method

The transformer was tested (both short and open circuit) in Star-Delta. Sketches show
connections that were followed in the experiment:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST.Y-Δ

Measurements are made on the low-voltage side and are converted to phase
quantities. The low-voltage windings are connected in Y and the high-voltage windings
in Δ. The test is done at rated low-voltage and frequency.

Circuit diagram

Parameters that can be calculated with open circuit test.

Фoc ;Im ;Ic ; X0 ;R0.

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Readings

V1 Ioc1 Ioc2 Ioc3 P1 P2 Voc Ioc CosΦoc P

(V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (W) (V) (A) - (W)

SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS

The three low voltage terminals are connected on short together(Δ). The high
voltage side is supplied with a voltage at rated frequency so that rated current
flows through both sides(Y). The transformer windings are connected according
to the nameplate specifications (Δ or Y).

Circuit diagram

Parameters that can be calculated are: Z(eq);R(eq);x(eq)- high voltage

: Z(eq);R(eq);x(eq)- low voltage.

25
Readings

V1 Isc1 Isc2 Isc3 P1 P2 Vsc Isc Cos Psc

(V) (A) (A) (A) (W) (W) (V) (A) - (W)

Report:

4.1. For the rated voltage Vrated = ……V and rated current Irated =……A calculate the
parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to the low and high voltage
sides of the transformer.

4.2. Draw the above two equivalent circuits and assign the calculated values on them.

4.3. Calculate the percent R and X for the rated full load current.

4.4. Calculate the efficiencies for (0.2;0.4;0.6;0.8;1.0;1.1) of full load current and for
power factor of 0.8 lagging. Plot the graph ŋ = f(I load) calculate the transformer’s :
copper losses, core losses and efficiencies for a load factor of (n = 0;
0.2;0.4;0.6;0.8;1.0;1.1) and plot the curves Pcopper = f(n), Pcore = f(n) and ŋ = f (n). Use
table 4.1

4.5. Calculate the full-load voltage regulation at power factor of 0.8 lagging using the
conventional and per unit methods.

Efficiency: Ŋ =

Calculations
 Open-circuit test (LV-Y; HV-Δ):
The transformer Parameters can be calculated from the following equations:

Low-voltage in Y Low-voltage in Δ

PΦ.oc = PΦ.oc =

VΦ.oc = V Φ.oc = V oc

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IΦ.oc = Ioc I Φ.oc =

Total Ph+e = Poc Total Ph+e = Poc

Rc = = Rc = =

cosΦ.oc = cosΦ.oc =

Im = Ioc.sinΦ.oc Im = .sinΦ.oc

Xm = Xm =

 Short-circuit test(HV-Y;LV-Δ):

The transformer Parameters can be calculated from the following equations:

HIGH-VOLTAGE IN Y HIGH-VOLTAGE IN Δ

PΦ.sc = PΦ.sc =

IΦ.sc = Isc IΦ.sc = Isc/

VΦ.sc= VΦ.sc = V.sc

Ze.HV = = Ze.HV = =

Re.HV = = Re.HV = =

Efficiency calculation:

Ŋ=

27
Conclusion

Write down your observation and conclusion

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