Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis
- Used for growth/healing/asexual - Used for sexual reproduction
reproduction - 2 nuclear divisions
- 1 nuclear division - 8 phases
- 5 phases - Daughter cell not identical to
- Daughter cell identical to parent parent cell
cell

MITOSIS
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

MEIOSIS
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis produces body cells. Also responsible for growth and repair.
- Makes identical cells
- Identical cells are needed to replace what were damaged.
- Cells do not divide all the time.
- Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth.
- A cell has an organelle called nucleus that holds the DNA (genetic information).
- Chromosome are made out of DNA and protein.
- In the nuclei are 46 chromosomes.
- Centromere is a part of chromosome where sister chromatids are held together.
- Chromatids are strands of replicated chromosome.

Mitosis Stages of Division

IPMAT
Interphase (longest part) – happens before mitosis
This is when the cell grows and copies its DNA before moving into mitosis. During
mitosis, chromosomes will align, separate, and move into new daughter cells.
The interphase is the period when the cell is in a non-dividing state and this can be in
different stages:
- the first gap (G1) between the last mitosis and;
- the S phase (phase of DNA synthesis) and the second gap
- (G2) between the completion of the S phase and the next mitosis (M).
- The nucleolus and the nuclear envelope are distinct and the chromosomes are in
the form of threadlike chromatid.
Prophase (before)
- Beginning phase, nucleus is still there
- Chromosomes are thickening and visible (therefore condensing)
Pro-metaphase
- The duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell wall will be
separated into the two identical daughter cells.
Metaphase (middle)
- Chromosomes line up in in the middle of the cell.
- Nucleus has been disassembled.
Anaphase (away)
- Moving to opposite sides of the cell from the middle (towards the pole).
- They are not moving by themselves (has spindles – fibers that help the
chromosomes move to the end).
Telophase (two)
- Chromosomes are at the complete opposite ends.
- New nuclei are forming on each side to form new cells.
- Nuclei are starting to surround the chromosomes on both sides.
Cytokinesis (final)
 Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

- Final separation into two cells by splitting the cytoplasm.

- Which completes after the PMAT.

Meiosis Stages of Division

Meiosis
- Genetic variety
- Doesn’t make body cells but sex cells (gametes).
- Egg and sperm cells have 23 chromosomes.
- Why differ in number? So if the egg and sperm collide, it will then be equal to 46
chromosomes.
- It is also called reduction-division.
- Starting cell is 46 chromosomes ends with 23 chromosomes (sperm and egg).
- Before division, interphase happens (growth, DNA replication, cell functions).
- Because of independent assortment and crossing over, there will be variety.
Example:
In a male, the 4 sperm cells that are produced each time, they are all different from each other.
- Also different from the starting cell.
- Starting cell have 46 chromosomes.
- Ending cells have 23 chromosomes.
- They are not identical to the original and not identical to each other (variety).
One thing to remember:
- Sometimes, chromosomes don’t separate correctly. This is called nondisjunction.
- When a cell can receive too many or too few chromosomes in the separation.
- This contributes to genetic disorders.
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis

MEIOSIS I
Prophase I (before)
- Chromosomes condense and thicken.
- Line up with their homologous (same size and contains the same type of genes
in the same locations) pair.
- Crossing over
- Transfer genetic information and exchange between each other.
- Recombinant chromosomes (variety of genes)
Metaphase I (middle)
- Chromosomes in the middle of the cell.
- Chromosomes will be in pair in the middle of the cell.
Anaphase I (away)
- Chromosomes will be pulled away by the spindle fibers.
Telophase I (two)
- Two newly formed nuclei.
- Ends meiosis I with two new cells.

MEIOSIS II
Prophase II
- Spindles are starting to form
- No crossing over
Metaphase II (middle)
- Chromosome line up in the middle (single form)
- Not in pairs like metaphase I
Anaphase II (away)
- Chromatids will be pulled away by the spindle fibers.
Telophase II
- Nuclei reforming
- Two cells are dividing
- Four cells forming

Cytokinesis
- Completely split the cytoplasm
Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis