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DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT WSN/IOT SMART PARKING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

USING MICROCONTROLLER

ABDULWAHHAB ESSA HAMZAH

A project thesis submitted in

fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
Degree of Master of Electrical: Communication Engineering

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FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTROINC ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

JUNE 2018
 iii

DEDICATION

For my beloved father, mother, brothers, sisters, family

For my better friends Ahmmed Thanoon, Hamzah Hadi

,Almamon Wahed and Salam Qusay

For my beloved IRAQ

For my beloved supervisor Dr. LUKMAN HANIF BIM MUHAMMAD AUDAH

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 iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, praise and thanksgiving to Allah for the blessing of mind and health and
“Tofiqi me” to complete this thesis. In spite of the fact that my name is printed on the
cover of this thesis, the word”I” does not appear within its chapters. I do this to pay tribute
to the myriad contributions of my supervisors and mentors, and the support of my family
and friends. To my supervisor DR. LUKMAN HANIF BIN MUHAMMED AUDAH: Thank
you for your constant guidance and endless patience towards the completion of this thesis.

TA
Without your insights and encouragement, this thesis would not have been completed. To

T
P
my parents: I owe you for your love, affection and sacrifice. Thank you for giving me the
freedom and opportunity to pursue my studies, and forgive me for not being there, when

M N
I AH
U N
you needed me the most. To My sisters: Thank you for the encouragement, to my
T A
T U N
Brothers: Thank you for things which you don’t even know K Uhave done for me - I can
you

A K A A Nand sisters: You are always happy with my

ST
even write another thesis. To my brothers

P E R P
every success, U
thanks a lot for your moral supports. To UTHM University and the staffs
of Faculty of electrical and electronic engineering: Thanks for providing me with an
excellent research environment and the necessary resources to undertake this research.

Last but not least, I would like to thank a person who contributes to complete my final
thesis report directly or indirectly. I would like to acknowledge him/her helps, which was
necessary to complete this.
 v

ABSTRACT

With the rapid proliferation of vehicle availability and usage in recent years, finding a vacant car
parking space is becoming more and more difficult, resulting in a number of practical conflicts.
Parking problems are becoming ubiquitous and ever growing at an alarming rate in every major
city. Lot of research and development is being done all over the world to implement better and
smarter parking management mechanisms. Widespread use of wireless technologies paired with

A
the recent advances in wireless applications for parking, manifests that digital data dissemination

T
PT
could be the key to solve emerging parking problems. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

H
technology has attracted increased attention and is rapidly emerging due to their enormous

A M I NA
N
application potential in diverse fields. This buoyant field is expected to provide an efficient and

K U T U
on wireless sensor network technology whichN T U N
cost-effective solution to the effluent car parking problems. This thesis proposes a Smart Parking

T K A A provides advanced features like remote parking

A the alarm when parking the car at the wrong place and
monitoring by usingU
ER P S
save theP
Android application,
energy of light system can open at the night when any human come inside the garage
only. The thesis describes the overall system architecture of smart parking from hardware to
software implementation in the view point of sensor networks. We implemented a full-fledged
prototype system for parking management to realize the design functionalities and features
mentioned. Our preliminary test results show that the performance of this WSN and internet of
thing IOT based system can effectively satisfy the needs and requirements of existing parking
hassles thereby minimizing the time consumed to find vacant parking lot, real-time information
rendering.
 vi

ABSTRAK

Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini,terdapat peningkatan yang pesat dalam penyediaan Dan
penggunaan kenderaan diseluruh dunia terutama dibandar bandar utama,ini menyebabkan
kesukaran Untuk mencari ruang kosong untuk tempat letak kereta. Ianya menjadi semakin rumit
terutamanya dibandar bandar utama. Banyak penyelidikan Dan pembangunan sedang dijalankan
di seluruh dunia Untuk melaksanakan Pengurusan tempat letak kereta supaya lebih teratur.
Penggunaan Teknologi tanpa wayar juga akan digabungkan dengan teknologi terkini ditempat
tempat meletak kereta. Teknologi tersebut membuktikan Data digital boleh menyelesaikan
masaalah yg berkaitan dengan tempat letak kereta. Ciri-ciri keselamatan juga akan dilaksanakan

TTA
melalui sistem prototaip Untuk kesan yang lebih baik. Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar ini mampu

P
menarik perhatian ramai kerana potensi penggunaan aplikasi canggih ini. Dengan adanya

M I NA
Teknologi ini kemungkinan dapat diselesaikan dengan lebih efisien Dan menjadikan tempat letakH
T U N ASerta
KU
kereta yang lebih canggih dengan penggunaan Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar

N T U N
AA
menyediakan ciri-ciri canggih seperti pemantauan ditempat letak kereta dengan menggunakan

U S T A K
P penjimatan tenaga cahaya Dan hanya digunakan diwaktu malam
aplikasi Android.Sistem Penggera akan berbunyi sekiranya kereta diletakkan ditempat yang
salah,iniPER
bagi menggalakkan
sahaja Dan jika terdapat sesuatu objek yg masuk ditempat tersebut secara automatik cahaya akan
menyala. Dari sudut Teknologi Rangkaian Sensor Tanpa Wayar ini Keseluruhannya
mengambarkan seni bina sistem keselamatan tempat letak kereta yang canggih dengan ciri- ciri
keselamatan. Banyak penyelidikan Dan pembangunan sedang dijalankan di seluruh dunia Untuk
melaksanakan Pengurusan tempat letak kereta supaya lebih teratur. Penggunaan Teknologi tanpa
wayar juga akan digabungkan dengan teknologi terkini ditempat tempat meletak kereta.
Teknologi tersebut membuktikan Data digital bole menyelesaikan masaalah yang berkaitan
dengan tempat meletak kereta. Keputusan ujian awal menunjukan potensi Rangkaian Sensor
Tanpa Wayar Dan Internet ini sangat berkesan dan memenuhi keperluan tempat letak kereta yang
sedia Ada dengan meminimumkan Masa yang digunakan Untuk mencari tempat letak kereta
dimasa yang tepat.
 vii

CONTENTS

TITLE i
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF FIGURES x

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1

TA
1

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1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1
1.2 PROBLEMS STSTEMENT 3
1.3 OBJECTIVES
MINAH 4
1.4
TUN A
PROJECT SCOPE 4
1.5
TUNKU
PROJECT ACHIEVEMENT 5

AKAAN
ST
1.6 THESIS OUTLINE 5

P ER
CHAPTER
2 PULITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 6

2.1 INTRODUCTION 6
2.2 HISTORY OF CAR PARKS 7
2.2.1 BEFORE WORLD WAR II 8
2.2.2 AFTER WORLD WAR II 10
2.3 TYPE OF PARKING 11
2.4 STAHEHOLDERS 12
2.4.1 LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 12
2.4.2 PARKING CONSUMERS 15
2.5 RELATED WORK 16
2.5.1 SMART PARKING SYSTEM BASED 16
ON INTERNET OF THINGS
2.5.2 CAR PARKING SYSTEM ANDROID 17
APPROACH
 viii

2.5.3 SMART PARKINGSYSTEM OF 18

INTERNET OF THINGS
2.5.4 ANDROID BASED SMART PARKING 19
SYSTEM USING SLOT ALLOCATION
& RESERVATIONS
2.5.5 SMART PARKING SYSTEM USING 20
ANDROID APPLICATION
2.5.6 SMART PARKING SYSTEM BASED 20
ON IOT PROTOCOLS AND
EMERGING ENABLING
TECHNOLOGIES
2.6 PROPOSED SYSTEM SMART 21
PARKING
2.7 CHAPTER SUMMARY 22
CHAPTER METHODOLOGY
3
3.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 23
3.1 PROCESS FLOW OF RESEARCH 23
METHODOLOGY

A
3.2 INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT) 25

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3.3 WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 26

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(WSNs)
3.4 27
H
MICROCONTROLLER
3.4.1
AMINA
ARDUINO BOARD 28
3.4.2
TUN 32
KU
SETTING UP THE ARDUINO BOARD
3.4.3
N TUN TYPE OF ARDUINO 34

AKAA
3.4.3.1 THE ARDUINO UNO 34

ERPUST 3.4.3.2 THE ARDUINO DUE 35

P 3.4.3.3
3.4.3.4
THE ARDUINO MEGA
THE ARDUINO LEONARDO
36
36
3.4.3.5 THE ARDUINO SHIELDS 37
3.4.3.6 THE GSM SHIELD 38
3.4.3.7 THE ETHERNET SHIELD 39
3.4.3.8 THE PROTO SHIELDS 39
3.4.4 SOFTWARE 40
3.4.5 ADVANTAGES AND DIS 44
ADVANTAGES OF ARDUINO
3.5 HARDWARE TOOLS 44
3.5.1 SERVO MOTORS 44
3.5.2 IR SENSOR 45
3.5.3 THE LIGHT EMITTING DIODE ( LED ) 46
3.5.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD) 47
3.5.5 BUZZER 48
3.5.6 NRF24L01 MODULE 49
3.5.7 MOTION SENSOR (PIR SENSOR) 50
3.5.8 LIGHT DEPENDNT RESISTORS 51
(LDRs)
3.5.9 CYTRON ESP8266 WiFi SHIELD 52
 ix

3.5.10 ARDUINO NANO 52

3.5.11 ARDUINO MEGA 53
3.5.12 MALE/FEMALE CABLE 55
3.6 DESIGN SYSTEM 55
3.6.1 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 55
3.6.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE FOR 56
INPUT AND OUTPUT
3.7 FLOW CHART 57
3.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY 63
CHAPTER RESULTE AND ANALYSIS
4
4.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 64
4.1 INTRODUCTION 64
4.2 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 65
4.2.1 ARCHITECTURE COMPONENTS 66
DESCRIPTION
4.2.2 IOT DESIGN 66
4.2.2.1 66

A
HARDWARE SETUP

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4..2.2.2 68

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HARDWARE CONNECTIONS

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4.2.3 IMPLEMENTATION 71
4.2.3.1 73
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PART A IMPLEMENTATION
4.2.3.2
A M N
I A
PART B IMPLEMENTATION 76
4.2.3.3
TUN 78
KU
PART C IMPLEMENTATION

TU
4.2.3.4
N N MAIN PART IMPLEMENTATION 80

AKAA
4.3 SOFTWARE PLATFORMS AND 84

ERPUST TOOLS
P 4.3.1
4.3.2
ARDUINO84
87
ANDROID STUDIO
4.3.2.1 START ACTIVITY 88
IMPLEMENTATION
4.3.2.2 OkHttpHandler CLASS 88
IMPLEMENTATION
4.3.2.3 START MAINACTIVITY 89
IMPLEMENTATION
4.3.3 ANDROID SDK 90
4.3.4 RETROFIT 90
4.4 USER INTERFACE AND DESING 91
4.5 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE 92
OF THIS PROJECT
4.6 CHAPTER SUMMERY 92
CHAPTER CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
5
5.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 93
5.1 CONCLUSION 93
5.2 FUTURE WORK 94
REFFERENCES 95
APPENDIXES 99
 x

1 APPENDIX ONE RECEIVER (Main 100

Arduino mega)
2 APPENDIX TWO TRANSMITTER 110
PART A (Arduino Nano)
3 APPENDIX TREE TRANSMITTER 112
PART B (Arduino Nano)
4 APPENDIX FOUR TRANSMITTER 111
PART C (Arduino Nano)
5 APPENDIX FIVE CODE OF ANDROID 155
APP
PAPER

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 xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Downtown Parking in New York 9

Figure 2.2 Street-side parking in Detroit 10
Figure 2.3 Overall Smart Parking System Architecture 21
Figure 3.4 Flowchart of process flow for research methodology 24
Figure 3.5 Knowledge Hierarchy” in the context of IoT 26
Figure 3.6 An Arduino Uno is quite small 28
Figure 3.7 The USB and power connectors 29
Figure 3.8 The microcontroller 30
Figure 3.9 The power and analog sockets 30
Figure 3.10 The digital input/output pins 30

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Figure 3.11 The onboard LEDs 31

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Figure 3.12 The RESET button 31
Figure 3.13
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Basic Arduino board ( Duemilanove and Uno) 32
Figure 3.14 Leonardo Board
TUN A33
Figure 3.15 An Arduino Uno
TUNKU 34
Figure 3.16 An Arduino Due A
A K AN
T
35
3.17P
Figure R An S
U
P E Arduino Mega
Figure 3.18 An Arduino Leonardo
36
37
Figure 3.19 Wi-Fi Shield 38
Figure 3.20 XBee module 38
Figure 3.21 GSM Shield 38
Figure 3.22 Ethernet Shield 39
Figure 3.23 The Proto Shields 39
Figure 3.24 How to Select Serial Board 40
Figure 3.25 Program Structure 41
Figure 3.26 Arduino IDE 42
Figure 3.27 Arduino Reference 42
Figure 3.28 Arduino Sketch Structure 43
Figure 3.29 Servo motors 45
Figure 3.30 IR Model 46
Figure 3.31 Light Emitting Diode ( LED ) 47
 xii

Figure 3.32 Liquid Crystal Display ( LCD) 48

Figure 3.33 buzzer 49
Figure 3.34 NRF24L01 Module 50
Figure 3.35 PIR sensor 51
Figure 3.36 Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) 51
Figure 3.37 Wi-Fi Shield 52
Figure 3.38 Arduino Nano 53
Figure 3.39 Arduino Mega 54
Figure 3.40 Male/Female Cable 55
Figure 3.41 Block Diagram of Hardware implementation 56
Figure 3.42 Block Diagram of Devices Input and Output 57
Figure 3.43 Flow Chart Part A 58
Figure 3.44 Flow Chart Part B 59

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Figure 3.45 Flow Chart Part C 60

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Figure 3.46 Main Flow Chart 61
Figure 3.47 Flow Chart Buzzer
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Figure 3.48 Flow Chart Input for White LED
TUN A63
T UNKU
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Figure 3.49 Cloud Based IOT Architecture 65

T A K A A
RPU S
Figure 3.50 Hardware setup 67

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Figure 3.51 Hardware setup (all the four parts) 72
Figure 3.52 Sample of CAR The Project 72
Figure 3.53 Arduino Nano micro-controller and NRF24L01 Module 73
Figure 3.54 Part A 3 Infrared and Entrance gate and servo 73
Figure 3.55 Real Test of Part "A" 74
Figure 3.56 Real Test of APP 75
Figure 3.57 Hardware setup for part A 75
Figure 3.58 NRF24L01 Module Part B 76
Figure 3.59 Part B 3 Infrared 76
Figure 3.60 Real Test of Part "B" 77
Figure 3.61 Hardware setup for part B 77
Figure 3.62 Arduino Nano micro-controller and NRF24L01 Module 78
Figure 3.63 Part C 3 Infrared and Exit gate and servo 78
Figure 3.64 Real Test of Part "C" 79
Figure 3.65 Hardware setup for part C 80
 xiii

Figure 3.66 Arduino Mega connect to Cytron Wifi shield 81

Figure 3.67 Real Test of Lighting System 82
Figure 3.68 Real Test of Alarm 82
Figure 3.69 Hardware setup for Lighting System 83
Figure 3.70 Real Test of LCD 84
Figure 3.71 Arduino IDE logo 84
Figure 3.72 Arduino IDE 85
Figure 3.73 AT Commend 86
Figure 3.74 Android Studio Interface 87
Figure 3.75 Start Activity Code 88
Figure 3.76 OkHttpHandler Class Code 89
Figure 3.77 Main Activity Code 90
Figure 4.78 User Interface and Design 91

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 xiv

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE 3.1 Features types of Arduino 34

TABLE 4.2 Components Description 66
TABLE 4.3 Pins of Connecting Devices 68
TABLE 4.4 AT Command 86

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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PTA
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

P U S T A K A AN T U N KU T U N A MINAH

P E R
Currently, most of the existing car parks do not have a systematic system. Most
of them are manually managed and a little inefficient. The problem that always occurs
at the car park is time being wasted in searching for the available parking spaces [1].
Users will keep on circling the parking area until they found a vacant parking slot. This
problem usually occurs in urban areas, where number of vehicles is higher as compared
to the availability of parking spaces [2]. These ineffective conditions happened because
of the lack of implementation in technologies which are available in the market today.
Nowadays many local car parks are built inside shopping mall or multipurpose building
to provide parking lot to car driver. Car park inside a building is become popular in
many shopping centrals because it is user friendly and can prevent car from exposing
to the sunlight [3]. This type of car park normally has a parking guidance system that
primarily based on the use of message signs to give drivers information regarding
parking availability inside the car park. The availability of parking lot inside car park

1
normally is obtained from the sensors that count the number of cars entering and exiting
or, in other cases, by comparing the tickets issued at machines. This information of
parking lot availability inside car park is generally expressed in terms of full or empty
on display board at the entry of car park. The actual number of parking availability
inside car park is rarely given. Every day, hundreds of cars enter the car park and
looking for empty parking slot inside car park. Therefore, it is difficult to find out an
empty parking slot. Inside most local car park, car drivers still need to find out empty
parking slot themselves. They will definitely waste a slot time for searching an empty
parking slots if they do not know where they are, especially when there are only a few
of empty parking slot available at each row of parking slot. Therefore, it is important to
have an effective empty parking slot tracking system to display empty parking available
at each row of parking slot and guide car driver to there. The development of this project
prototype can act as way-finder to guide car driver inside the car park to parking slot
available inside car park and guides car driver to go there. It is an Arduino

TA
microcontroller based project. It uses the infrared sensor to detect the vacancy of each

T
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parking slot at a level of car park, sending signal wireless to microcontroller to process
and display total of available parking slot on 16x2 LCD displays [4]. At the same time,
MINAH
T U N A
it also displays the locations of the empty parking spaces inside the application on the

T U N
smart phones. Living in a modern, advanced country in which K U everyone has car
almost

A K A in A Nan empty parking spot. Searching for a

R isP U T
Sand often frustrating activity for many people in cities around
and vehicles is quite hard especially finding

P E
parking space a routine
the world. There are two factors that are important in human’s daily life which is time
and cost.

Thus, all company that own a big building or even the small one must provide
a sufficient parking for visitors. In the driver’s perspective, Smart Parking System helps
to reduce the time consumption as the travel time is reduced because of the information
provided. Based on the information provided, the drivers can avoid searching a vacant
parking space that is actually fully occupied.

This project is developed based on the research in existing parking system at the
crowded parking area such as shopping complex or mall. Knowing that some parking
areas are hard to find an available parking lots, this project is purposely build to solve
the problem. This project focus on finding the best way to guide drivers and vehicle’s
users to get a free parking lot in short of time. Smart Parking System can inform the

2
drivers which parking zones are available and the number of free parking space so that
they can make good decision about where they wish to park, and thus find the free
parking conveniently.

1.2 PROBLEMS STSTEMENT

Nowadays most of the car parks require user’s initiative to search for empty
space to park their car. This will cause problems when it is too many cars and it makes
them wasting their time and energy [5]. One of the factors that contribute to this
problem is because of lack of information that given at parking lot. So, one system has
to be design to solve this parking problem which will include the information interface
criteria.
Nowadays, Parking Information and Guidance (PGI) system have been put
into practice in Europe, United State, Japan and China [6]. Number of cars on the road
is increasing while parking spaces are becoming increasingly scarce. Usually during

TA
school break or holiday, the numbers of cars that use the parking space in the shopping

T
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complex become higher compared to during working day. This will make the parking

I
space become full and the driver need to drive slowly in order for them to check for the
M NAH
free space parking in the shopping complex. This is time consuming and people A
T U N will

T U N KU
AN
become more impatient. Besides that, there are also problems of the parking space
which are located far fromA
S T theK A
U
entering zone or the building or destination. This

PE
situation RP
makes the drivers to choose the nearest parking space as they do not want to
walk far.
As the fuel price is keep increase nowadays, users will try their best to save their
vehicle energy. At the peak hour, they need to wait for a long time at the entrance gate
before they can find the empty parking space. So the users will waste their time and
energy to find a free space.
Last but not least, the major issue of the parking system is the insufficient parking
spaces provided for the user. This may cause by the improper planning by developers
of the places.
Besides that, the convenient system did not equip with helpful information. When the
parking bay is on its peak hour, the user will search the parking space at the same area
again and again before they found it, only if they are lucky. Sometimes, the car park
management did not put a notice that the area was full and no more space for parking.

3
1.3 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this research project are as follows: -
1- To design an automatic parking system that provides information of empty parking
spaces in the indoor parking area and design Lighting System at night and save the
energy for in lighting system by using Motion Sensor (PIR sensor) and Light Dependent
Resistors (LDRs) when any one moving inside the garage at night the lighting system
will ON.
2- To develop a prototype of smart parking system using Arduino micro controller
sensors and Android mobile application.
3-To evaluate the performance of developed prototype to provide information and
facilitate the users to the location of empty parking spaces and calculate the distance
from the location of car parking to user.

1.4 PROJECT SCOPE

TTA
To find the practical results required, this thesis will focus on the following:

P H
1- The smart parking system consist of Arduino microcontroller, infrared sensors, servo

A MINA
N
motor and LCD display as the main components. Arduino is use as the main

K U T U
N TU N
microcontroller for the project. The microcontroller will be program as a counter use to

T A K A A
count the number of cars entering and exit an indoor parking space. This system uses
infrared sensorsP
R toU S
PE detect cars that enter or leave the parking space. Besides that, there
are two automatic gates at the entrance and at the exit way that will be controlled by
the Arduino microcontroller.

2- Communication between this stratification is done using the NRF24L01 Module to

send data to the main controller to control the data and show the empty places inside
the parking lot so that the drivers know the empty places quickly on the android app by
using IOT to achieve the best efficiency and performance of the proposed system[6].

3- The final implemented system can be used as an initial model (prototype) for future

development and marketing.

4
1.5 PROJECT ACHIEVEMENT
This project has produce the following list of achievements:
1. Design and implementation of smart parking system by using WSN/IOT The
system is capable to show number of the empty and busy places in this system and
display on LCD and show the location of empty and busy places by using android
application.
2. A technical paper which will be submitted to a IEEE indexed journal

1.6 THESIS OUTLINE

The remainder of this thesis is organized as follows:

-In chapter 2, we explore literature review, which explains about Project History and
the previously related work that has been done.
-In chapter 3, The software and hardware tools are explained in this chapter

A
Furthermore, the flowchart and block diagram explanation is included in this chapter.

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-In chapter 4, The result and the analysis of the project have been discussed practically.

H
-In chapter 5, The final chapter in concludes the overall conclusion of the project and

AMINA
N
future recommendations that can be done to improve this project. The final part of the

KU TU
U
thesis is included with the references list and appendix .
T N
T A K A AN
E R P U S
P

5
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

T
PTA U S
2.0 CHAPTER OVERVIEW
P T A K A AN T U N KU T U N A MINAH

E R
P will explain what an history of parking beside the parking types; moreover,
This chapter
we have explained the basis of the idea of the work of this research project. At last, we
have reviewed the related works of our study in addition We worked to clarify the
difference and what could be added to the improvement it.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Thanks to the phenomenal growth of Internet users worldwide over the past
decade, e-commerce has grown exponentially. E-commerce has changed the way
businesses operate and has influenced the overall business model. “New competitors
such as Internet retailers are creating a void in the revenue model and are known to

6
revolutionize competition. As example, at the branch of hotel, we can notice the huge
effect of this event on the site of booking.com (the online retailer).” Due to the high
commission of commercial agents in 2010, they accounted for only $ 5.4 billion, which
is a 'leak' in the hospitality industry (Starkov, 2010) [7]. “With the growth of urban
areas caused by economic development and urbanization, car ownership has increased
dramatically and it is increasingly hard to find place for parking in overcrowded areas.
Many studies have clearly shown that parking time for conventional cars is around 95%
(Shoup, 2005). As a result, today's parking system is, of course, an important part of
the system of transportation. In overcrowded areas such cities, we can notice a high
demand (the number of cars requiring parking) and a low offer (parking), so parking
must be regulated and economically viable. Here, garage operators and municipalities
receive revenue from regulated and public access parking spaces. Business park activity
is known as a relatively traditional and relatively 'young' business, as evidenced by the
fact that the scientific literature on commercial parking is very limited. Due to the

TA
relatively young and traditional commercial parking activity, existing operators may be

T
P
inclined to enter the 'park brokers'. Currently, relatively small merchant brokers such
Yellow Brick and Park-Line are gaining market share in the Dutch car park through
MINAH
T U N
websites and smartphone apps. With phenomenal growth in e-commerce and an even A
T U N K
more accurate online buying broker, it is believed that existing Umarket participants
fleet

T A K A AN new players in the parking market [7].”

S
are very important to their strategy for these

PERPU
2.2 HISTORY OF CAR PARKS

The old cars, like the showcase of the rich, lived in the old coach or stables, which was
a miniature copy of the main house of the car stand, “no design considerations. Over
time, the cars developed in their own form, as did the rich at the time: for their expensive
car washes and wax stores, there was usually a low loader and a live mechanic overhead
two. Or next to it is sometimes the air pump in the front.”
“As the suburbs of the middle class bought their own cars, their little homes
developed wooden or brick garages - separated from the houses, to avoid the dangers
that could be new family love machines. The garage of this modest owner can still be
built to fit into the parents' buildings. Soon, when Frank Lloyd Wright fell in love with
the car, the new car became more fashionable, bringing not only the modernity of the

7
building, but also his own Oak Park home in the form of an integrated garage. Provides
mobility and is a gas station [8]. Before and after the First World War and the Second
World War, the history of public parking in the United States must be understood more
clearly.”

2.2.1 BEFORE WORLD WAR II

Between the First World War and the Second World War, car parks were an important
part of the urban landscape. Developed countries, such “as the United States, have
registered parking spaces and reduced by one third to half the number of places on the
streets. On the other hand, the increase in mass production technology and technology
has further increased the number of cars used worldwide, so that on-road parking can
only meet a small part of the total urban parking. At that time, people began to ban or
restrict street parking and Increase Street parking to decongest motor vehicle parking

A
during peak hours of the day [8].”

T
PT
As early as 1917, the first noted commercial car park in the United States was

H
established by Max Goldberg in Detroit, Michigan, although some attribute this to

A MINA
N
Herman R. Schmitt in Dusquense Pennsylvania in 1914 (Jackle, John and Sculle, 2004).

K U T U
land owners so as to finance propertyA N N
TU in the United States where
During this period, parking lots were usually vacant lands converted for such use by

T A K A taxes, especially
companies suchP asUtheS
P E R Ford Motor Company ensured that the motor car was made
available to the general masses. As time went on and traffic increased, landowners
viewed “their real estate sector as a very profitable business with almost no debt.
Landlords have found that parking requires almost no remediation, maintenance or on-
site operation. It has also been found that in certain areas, hourly or daily rental parking
is more advantageous than renting a square meter in a building every month or every
year. The early parking lot was very profitable and easy to manage, and the owners
started to dismantle unsuccessful buildings and put more parking space. Parking has
played a key role in defining urban landscapes.”
As the use of motorcars continued to increase in the urban centers, the
government began developing car parks between road lanes and by the sides of the
roads in places such as New York. This solution only solved the problem for the
moment, but the increasing car use soon simply overwhelmed the solution .

8
 T
PTA
were designated byU
P
Figure 2.1: Downtown Parking in New York [8]

S TA K A A N
streets, with other cities following their lead. T U N K U
As early as 1922, New York and Philadelphia banned parking T U
on N
their
A
major
Also in the 1920s, “No Parking” areas
MINAH

parking
E R
Prelated law in Columbus, Ohio State in the United States, in August 1923,
distinctive painted lines and curbs giving way to the first stipulated

where requirements were composed which prescribed that off-street parking spaces be
provided in connection with multiple-family dwellings. This period also saw the
emergence of “Traffic engineering” as a profession, and with it came off-street
parking’s first appearance in zoning.

Figure 2.2 below, probably from the 1930s, shows a new parking system in
Detroit: the lane of cars against the curb to the right is parked, but those cars in the lane
next to it must have the driver at the wheel.

9
 T
PTA Figure 2.2: Street-side parking in Detroit [8]

meters. In recent years, US A

P U S T cityK A
center
N T U
1935, and in the 1950s, nearly 3,000 cities worldwide
A
N K
(around U
the
T U N
The introduction of parking meters in Oklahoma City was more efficient A in
world) used parking
car parks are generally more accessible than
MINAH

P
European E R
and Asian cities, but the problem has not disappeared. In fact, not only
drivers, traders, owners, commercial convoys, taxis and public transit have sufficient
parking needs and responsibilities [8]. By 1925 in the United States, 20% of commuters
drove to work in a private automobile. This increasing statistics of the motorcar led
inventors into relentless works on mechanical solutions to ease the congestion of car
parks. The United States Conference of Cities declared parking, “the most widely
discussed and relevant issue in cities today”, and the House of Tomorrow featured a
two-car garage.

2.2.2 AFTER WORLD WAR II

With the growing demand for rapid economic growth and stability after the World War,
it is clear that much has changed. “The parking used previously was not enough to
accommodate the large number of cars of city dwellers. A 1981 transit survey estimated

10
that if both people used a car, each car in a city would require two 250 square meters
of parking per location. This means that 50 acres of parking will be needed per 10,000
people, which will increase the demand for urban land or road space by 15 to 25% [9].”
By 1946 over 90% of Americans were traveling by car. Downtown parking was
in such demand that it was estimated 30% of traffic during shopping hours was devoted
to the quest for a parking space. The gradual revelation of these facts made the
government in its planning to begin passing into legislation the expansion of the roles
of the car and the parking lot rather than restraining them. In response to the increasing
demand, more land and municipal funds were devoted to parking. “Until 1948, parking
was the central theme of the central business district of the city and was the subject of
numerous publications. In 1951, an association of national parks was created in the
United States, where nearly 200 cities approved the minimum parking space in the sub
district, which increased by more than 275% in six years. A special feature of a parking
garage is the ramp system or the vertical circulation. Three large ramp systems are

TA
already used at this stage: spiral, continuous and backward, as well as modified split

T
P
plans.”

MINAH
T U N A
KU
2.3 TYPE OF PARKING

N T U N
TA K A A
In the Netherlands there are 3 kinds of general parking facilities as shown on

E R P U S
P
the survey of van Dijken
- Parking on garages.
done in 2002:

- parking next and on the road.

- Parking’s surface unpaved and paved(off-street parking).
(“Looking at the 'Parkeren of Nekeland' research from Spark Parkeren (2014),
we found that there were about 8 million road parks and about 2 million road parks in
the Netherlands. These parking spaces are free and ruled by the government or
developed by trading fleet operators. Different public parking spaces are currently free
of charge and available to all park users, but are increasingly subject to price controls
by local authorities and commercial fleet operators. Currently, street parking in the
Netherlands costs an average of € 2.73 per hour and the cost of parking in the street is
€ 2.64. Currently around 1.3 million 10 million public parking spaces are ruled by
commercial park operators or governments in Netherlands. Of the 1.3 million protected

11
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PTA PUSTAKAAN TUNKU TUN AMINAH

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