Chemistry Reviewer Finals ionic compounds) is equal to the atom’s

1st Semester 2nd Quarter subscript in the chemical formula.

o 1 mole of NaCl
Lesson 5: The Relationship of Percent Composition and ▪ 6.022 x 1023 Na+ ions
Chemical Formula ▪ 6.022 x 1023 Cl- ions
Module // PPT o 1 mole of CO2
MOLE AND AVOGADRO’S NUMBER ▪ 6.022 x 1023 C atoms
▪ 2 (6.022 x 1023) O atoms
❖ MOLE ❖ ATOMIC MASS
o Symbol: mol o Mass of an atom depends mainly on the
o Refers to the quantity of particles of a number of protons and neutrons inside
substance (atoms, ions, molecules, or the nucleus
formula units) that is equal to ▪ Mass of electron is very small
Avogadro’s number. o Mass of subatomic particles can be
o Number of particles present in exactly expressed in atomic mass unit (amu)
12 grams of Carbon-12 o Mass of proton and neutron is
The mole is used as a mass comparison approximately 1 amu
for any element in the periodic table. ▪ CF: 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g
What is a Mole? ❖ MOLECULAR MASS
Matter is composed of atoms, molecules, and o Sum of all the masses of the atoms in a
ions. molecule of a substance
These is an extremely large number of ❖ FORMULA MASS
them in a small sample of a substance o Used in place of molecular mass for
so counting these particles is not ionic compounds
practical. ▪ There are no molecules in ionic
Chemists also use a unit that is a specified compounds
number of particles, most often atoms or ▪ Formulas indicate the ratio of
molecules. the number of cations and
A mole (mol) of a substance is 6.022 × 1023 anions
representative particles of that substance ❖ MOLAR MASS
The number of representative particles in a o Mass of one mole of an element or
mole and is called Avogadro’s number, 6.022 × compound
1023 Molar mass is the generic term for the
❖ AVOGADRO’S NUMBER (NA) mass of one mole of any substance
o A constant used to quantify the number (expressed in grams/mol) The same as:
of particles of an element (atoms, ions) o Numerically equal to the:
or compound (molecules, formula units) ▪ atomic mass of an element
o MOLECULE the atomic mass
▪ Particle unit of a covalent expressed in grams is
compound also the molar mass of
o FORMULA UNIT the substance.
▪ Particle unit of an ionic ▪ molecular mass of a covalent
compound compound
o Named in honor of the Italian scientist, ▪ formula mass of an ionic
Amedeo Avogadro compound
o Has a value of 6.022141 x 1023 obtained as the sum of
▪ Rounded off to 6.022 x 1023 the product of the
❖ In one mole of a compound, the number of atomic masses and the
moles of an atom (or its corresponding ion for number of atoms of
 every element that
comprise the
compound.
Molar mass is just a much broader term
than these other specific masses.
o expressed in grams per mole (g/mol)
o obtained as the sum of the product of
the atomic masses and the number of
atoms of every element that comprise
the compound
Atomic Mass examples
Carbon- 12.01 g/mol
Sulfur- 32.06 g/mol
Calcium- 40.08 g/mol
Periodic Table: https://ptable.com/?lang=en#Properties
Amount of matter can be expressed in 3 different ways:
o Grams
o Number of particles
o Moles (Standard Unit that is used in chemistry
to express the amount of a chemical
compound.)
Conversion can be done using dimensional analysis
o Goal is to cancel out units other than the
desired units through the use of fixed
relationships.
(Check PPT and Recent Problem set activities for solving
in Calculating Molar Mass for Compounds)
❖ PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS
o Law o definite proportion (Joseph
Proust)
▪ Elements in a compound are
present in definite or the same
proportion by mass
The percent composition by mass of a
compound represents the percent that
each element in a compound
contributes to the total mass of the
compound.
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
%𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
How do I calculate percentage composition?
Formula:
𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍
%𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 ×
= 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
(Check PPT and Recent Problem set activities for solving
in Percentage Composition)
CHEMICAL FORMULA
It is used to express the composition of
molecules and ionic compounds in
terms of chemical symbols.
It indicates the elements present in a
compound and the relative number of
atoms of each.
SUBSCRIPT
Number placed to the lower right of a
chemical symbol to indicate the
number of atoms of the elements in the
compounds.
CO2, H2O, C6H12O6
❖ EMPIRICAL FORMULA
o Formula that shows the smallest whole
number ratio of atoms of the elements
in a compound
It shows the ratio of the elements in
smallest whole number values.
(simpliest/lowest form of the term basta
parang ganun nanga)
❖ MOLECULAR FORMULA
o Formula that specifies both the relative
and the actual number of atoms in a
molecule
Shows the component elements of the
substance together with the actual
number of the atoms of each elements
present in the substance.
(Actual Number)
(Check PPT and Recent Problem set activities for solving
in Empirical Formula from Percent Composition,
Molecular Formula From Percent Composition, and etc.)
Yt to watch: concept of moles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=13i3xbuaCqI
Lesson 6: The Use of Chemical Formulas to Represent elements or compounds that
Chemical reactions enter into a chemical reaction.
o Products: right-hand side
CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS elements or compounds
❖ CHEMICAL REACTION produced by a chemical
o Process wherein matter undergoes reaction.
chemical change Coefficient
o Involves a number of reactants that will is a number before the symbol or
yield certain products formula of a substance
Also involves energy shows how many molecules there are
o Can be represented by using a chemical ex: 3H2O (si 3 ung Coefficent naten)
equation Subscript
❖ New substances are always produced during a is the number of atoms of the element
chemical reaction found in the substance
o Represented using a chemical equation shows how many atoms of an element
is the process by which a chemical change take are in a molecule ex: H2O (si 2 naman
place. ung subscript naten)
a change where a new substance is formed
CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE Symbols used in writing equations:
Combustion Symbol Meaning
Rust Yield, react to give,
Digestion produce
Photosynthesis Reversible reaction
Batteries
Fermentation + Separates different
reactants and products
Washing
s Denotes solid state
Baking
l Denotes liquid state
❖ CHEMICAL EQUATION
g Denotes gaseous state
o Shows the identity of the reactants and
Aqueous solution (i.e. the
products and the relative amounts of aq substance is dissolved in
these substances consumed or water)
produced in a chemical reaction Heat is supplied in the
is the shorthand way of expressing reaction
chemical reaction using numbers, Catalyst Use of catalyst
symbols and formula.
All chemical equations have reactants
and products ❖ WORD EQUATION
o Statements that give information about
We express a chemical equation as follows: a chemical reaction
Reactants → Products Statements that indicate the reactants
and products in a chemical reaction.
The arrow is equivalent to an “ = ” math. When Ex. Iron (s) + chlorine (g) → iron
we describe the equation we use the word (III) chloride (s)
“yields” or “produces” instead of equals This is read as: “Solid iron and
Example: C + O2 → CO2 chlorine gas react (combine) to
This reads “carbon plus oxygen react to yield carbon produce solid iron (III) chloride”
dioxide” TRANSLATING WORD EQUATIONS TO SKELETON
o Reactants: left-hand side EQUATIONS
 A skeleton equation uses chemical formulas
rather than words to identify the reactants and
products of a chemical reaction
The word equation:
Iron (s) + chlorine (g) → iron (III)
chloride (s)
The skeleton equation
Fe(s) + Cl2 (g) → FeCl3 (s)
A skeleton equation is not yet “balanced” by
FACTORS AFFECTING RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
coefficients!
o The process reactants undergo to
produce or yield products
Word equations tell the following information:
1. the reactants (substances undergoing the
reaction)
2. the products (new substances formed in the
reaction)
3. the physical state of the reactants and products
4. the energy or process involved
5. the number of atoms of each element
6. the number of moles (i.e. coefficients) reacting
for each substance
Example 1:
WE: The combination of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas
will yield two moles of gaseous hydrochloric acid.
CE: H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) → 2HCl (g)
Example 2:
BASIC TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
WE: The combination of two moles of nitrogen gas and
five moles of oxygen gas will produce two moles of solid
dinitrogen pentoxide.
CE: 2N2 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 2N2O5 (s)
Example 3:
▪ Evolution of gas (formation of
bubbles)
▪ Evolution or absorption of heat
(warming, cooling, formation of
sparks or flame)
▪ Formation of a precipitate (an
insoluble solid)
▪ Change in odor
❖ TEMPERATURE
o An increase in temperature will cause
the particles of the reactants to move
faster
o With high temperature, the rate of
reaction will be greater
❖ CONCENTRATION
o High reactant concentration results to
higher chance of collision
o An increase in collision will increase the
rate of reaction
❖ SURFACE AREA
o With greater contact among reactants,
a higher rate of reaction will occur
❖ CATALYST
o When a catalyst is added in a chemical
reaction, it reduces the amount of
energy required to break and form
bonds.
❖ SYNTHESIS / COMBINATION REACTIONS
❖ The Get Together
o Two or more reactants combine to form
a single product / more complex
substance

WE: The decomposition of 2 moles of water during A + B → AB

electrolysis will produce 2 moles of hydrogen gas and 1 A. Combination of a metal and a nonmetal,
mole of oxygen gas. forming an ionic compound
CE: 2H2O electrolysis 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS B. Combination of nonmetals, forming a covalent
❖ The products of a chemical reaction are always compound
different from the reactants N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
o A chemical reaction is always
accompanied by a chemical change C. Addition of two compounds
evidenced as any of the following: SO3(g) + H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(aq)
▪ Change in color
 o For this type of reaction, a more active
free metal can replace a less active one
in a compound
▪ Activity series

Metals Nonmetals
Lithium Fluorine
Potassium Chlorine
Calcium Bromine
Sodium Iodine
Magnesium
Aluminum
❖ ANALYSIS / DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS
Zinc
❖ The Break Up
Chromium
o Reverse of synthesis reactions
Iron
o Involves only one reactant dissociating
Nickel
into two or more products
Tin
o Products may be constituent elements
Lead
of the reactant or simpler compounds Hydrogen
derived from the reactant Copper
A more complex substance (the Mercury
reactant) breaks down into two or more Silver
simple parts (products). Synthesis and Platinum
decomposition reactions are opposites Gold
Decomposition of a compound
produces two or more elements and/or
compounds Activity Series for metals
The products are always simpler than Highest Activity Cr
the reactant. Li Fe
Gases are often produced (H2 , N2 , O2 , Rb Ni
CO2 , etc.) in the decomposition of K Sn
covalent compounds. Ba Pb
Ionic compounds may be decomposed Ca H
into pure elements by using electricity Na Cu
(electrolysis). This is how pure metals Mg Hg
are obtained from salts. Al Ag
Mn Pt
AB → A + B Zn Au
2CuCl2(s) → 2Cu(s) + Cl2(g) Continuation to Cr Lowest Activity

2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

How do we know which reactions will occur and which
❖ SINGLE REPLACEMENT / SUBSTITUTION ones will not?
REACTIONS
❖ The Cheater We look at the “activity series”
o One element of a compound is replaced Elements with higher activities replace elements with
by a different element. lower activities during a single-replacement reaction,
AB + X → AX + B but not vice-versa.

AB + Y → YB + A Recall Recorded discussion for a detailed explanation

Where X is a non-metal; Y is a metal

 Al (g) + HCl (aq) → AlCl3 (aq) + H2 (g)

1. Write the number of each element on both

sides of the equation.

REACTANT ELEMENT PRODUCT

1 Al 1
1 Cl 3
1 H 2

2. Get some factors that can be used as multipliers

to change the number of atoms used.
❖ DOUBLE REPLACEMENT / METATHESIS
REACTION
These factors will be written as coefficients
❖ The Swap
o Two ionic compounds exchange cations
Usually, the proper factor is obtained through
and anions with each other
the trial-and-error method.
Parts of two aqueous ionic compounds
switch places to form two new
Balancing by Inspection
compounds.
Subscripts are multiplied to the coefficients to
There are two reactants and two
get the number of atoms used.
products.

AX + BY → AY + BX ONLY COEFFICIENTS can be changed,

AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s)
6NaCl + Al2(SO4)3 →3Na2SO4 + 2AlCl3
Types of Chemical Reaction From yt video (hayperlenk
pi)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TX6BYceUSL0
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
A balanced equation is a chemical equation in which
mass is conserved and there are equal numbers of
atoms of each element on both sides of the equation.
subscripts are NEVER changed
Make sure that all coefficients are in the lowest
possible ratio
2Al (g) + 6HCl (aq) → 2AlCl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g)
Check PPT for a more detailed Review in Steps to/
Balancing Equations and information Obtained from the
Balanced Equation
Ano keri pa? HAAHAHAHAH kaya moyan
Lesson 7: Gases

Conservation of Mass CONTENTS:

The photograph represents a principle
• Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
first demonstrated by the French
• Gases
chemist Antoine Lavoisier in 1774.
o Pressure of a gas
This principle is called conservation of
• The Gas Laws
mass, and it states that during a
o Boyle’s Law
chemical reaction, matter is not created
o Charles’ Law
or destroyed.
o Avogadro’s Law
All the atoms present at the start of the
• Ideal Gas Equation
reaction are present at the end.
CONTENT STANDARDS:
In balancing chemical equations, follow these
guidelines: • The behavior and properties of gases at the
molecular level
Given:
 • The mathematical relationship between Can be expressed as: P1V1=P2V2
pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas
where:
LEARNING COMPETENCIES: P1 = original pressure
V1 = original volume
• Explain the gas laws in terms of the Kinetic P2 = new pressure
Molecular Theory of gases
V2 = new volume
• Define pressure and give the common units of
pressure ❖ Based on the KMT…
• Express the gas laws in equation form o If the same amount of gas at the same
• Use the gas laws to determine pressure, temperature is confined in a smaller
volume, or temperature of a gas under certain container, the gas molecules become
conditions of change crowded and collide more frequently
• Use the idea gas equation to calculate pressure, against the wall of the containing
volume, temperature, or number of moles of a vessel, causing an increased pressure.
gas o Gas molecules are constantly moving in
all directions creating impacts on the
INTRODUCTION: PROPERTIES OF GASES
sides of the container.
❖ Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) o PRESSURE
o Physical theory that explains the ▪ Impact force per unit area
behaviour of gases ▪ SI unit: pascal (Pa)
• Pressure is usually
PROPERTY KMT
expressed in
Low Density Molecules are far apart
atmosphere (atm).
and occupy large space; 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
therefore volume has ▪ 𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 =
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
value ▪ Other units / conversion factors
Diffuse Easily Negligible forces / Units of Pressure:
between molecules,
random motion in all At Standard Atmospheric Pressure (SAP)
directions
101,325 pascals (Pa)
No Definite Shape and Particle moves randomly 101.325 kilopascals (kPa)
Volume in all directions 1 atm = 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi)
Exerts Pressure Molecules collide with 76 centimeters of mercury (cmHg)
the walls of the container
760 millimiters of mercury (mm Hg)
Compressible Large distance between
760 torr
molecules and with
attractive and repulsive
forces between Atmospheric Pressure
molecules, maybe The gas molecules in the atmosphere
squeezed / compressed are pulled toward Earth due to gravity,
to become closer to each exerting pressure
other Barometer
measures atmospheric pressure

BOYLE’S LAW
Check ppt or recorded discussion for a detailed review
Pressure- Volume Relationship for solving and converting.

❖ The volume of a gas varies inversely with its CHARLES’ LAW

pressure when the temperature is held constant Volume-Temperature Relationship
o Named after Robert Boyle
 𝑷𝟏𝑽𝟏 𝑷𝟐𝑽𝟐
❖ The volume of a gas is directly proportional to Can be expressed as: =
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
its temperature when the pressure is held
constant Where:
o The volume of the gas increases
P1 = initial pressure P2 = final pressure
because the gas particles acquire
kinetic energy V1 = initial volume V2 = final volume
▪ Increases collision between the
T1 = initial temperature T2 = final temperature
particles and the walls of the
container
❖ Named after Jacques Charles
𝑽𝟐
can be expressed as: 𝑽𝟏 = or V1 T2 =V2 2
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
Where: T
V1 = initial volume
T1 = initial temperature
V2 = final volume
T2 = final temperature

**CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE SCALES

K = °C + 273 °F = 1.8*°C + 32
°C = K – 273 °C = (°F – 32) / 1.8
Check ppt or recorded discussion for a detailed review
for solving.
Check ppt or recorded discussion for a detailed review
for solving.
AVOGADRO’S LAW
AMONTONS’ LAW / GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW
Volume- No. of moles
Pressure- Temperature Relationship
❖ An increase in the temperature of a gas will also ❖ Equal volumes of gases at the same
increase its pressure, while a decrease in the temperature and pressure contain the same
temperature of a gas will also decrease its number of molecules regardless of their
pressure as the volume is held constant chemical nature and physical properties.
o Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac o Amedeo Avogadro
o Guillaume Amontons ❖ One mole of any gas consists of 6.02 x 1023
𝑷 𝑷𝟐
Can be expressed as: 𝟏 molecules
𝑻𝟏 = 𝑻𝟐 Or P1T2=P2T1 o AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
Where:
P1 = initial pressure o Number of molecules of any gas
P2 = final pressure present in a volume of 22.4 L (molar
T1 = initial temperature volume)
T2 = final temperature o One mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4
L at STP.
Check ppt or recorded discussion for a detailed review 𝑽𝟐
Can be expressed as: 𝑽𝟏 = or V1 n2 =V2 1
for solving. 𝒏𝟏
n 𝒏
Where: 𝟐
COMBINED GAS LAW V1 = initial volume
Pressure- Volume -Temperature V2 = final volume
❖ Applied when the gaseous system cannot hold n1 = initial number of moles
one variable constant n2 = final number of moles
❖ Combination of Boyle’s, Charles’, and
Amontons’ Laws
Check ppt or recorded discussion for a detailed review o One mole of nitrogen and three moles of
for solving. hydrogen react to form two moles of ammonia
• Coefficients of a balanced equation tell
IDEAL GAS LAW the relative number of moles of
Pressure - Volume – No of moles Ideal Gas Constant - reactants and products in a chemical
Temperature) reaction.
❖ Avogadro’s Law + Combined Gas Law 3. MASS
can be expressed as: PV = nRT o A balanced chemical equation must obey the
law of conservation of mass.
Where: o The mass of 1 mole of nitrogen (28 g) plus the
P = pressure expressed in atm mass of 3 moles of hydrogen (6.0 g) is equal to
V = volume expressed in L the mass of 2 moles of ammonia (34.0 g).
n = moles 4. VOLUME
T = temperature expressed in K o One mole of any gas at STP occupies a volume
𝟎.𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟏 𝐋∗𝐚𝐭𝐦
R = ideal gas constant; of 22.4 L.
𝐦𝐨𝐥∗𝑲
o 22.4 L of nitrogen reacts with 67.2 L (3 x 22.4 L)
of hydrogen to form 44.8 L (2 x 22.4 L) of
❖ IDEAL GAS
ammonia.
o One in which all collisions between
atoms and molecules are perfectly
CALCULATIONS WITH BALANCED EQUATIONS
elastic and there are no intermolecular
I – Mole-to-Mole Conversion
forces
❖ If the number of moles of one substance is
Check ppt or recorded discussion for a detailed review
given in the problem, the number of moles of
for solving.
any of the other substances in the reaction can
be determined by using a mole conversion
Notes in Problem Solving:
factor based on the coefficients in the balanced
1. Analyze the problem.
equation.
2. Determine the given.
II – Moles-to-Grams Conversion
3. Apply the formula
❖ GRAM
4. Temperature must be in Kelvin for al gas laws!
o Most convenient unit for measuring
quantities of reactants or products in
Lesson 8: The Quantitative Relationship of Reactants
the laboratory
and Products in a Chemical Reaction
o To convert from grams to moles or
moles to grams, use the molar mass of
INTRODUCTION the given compound.
❖ A balanced chemical equation tells different III – Mass-to-Mass Calculation
kinds of information about the various STEPS:
substances that make up a reaction. 1. Change the mass in grams of the given
substance to moles using its molar mass.
For Example: 2. Calculate the number of moles of the other
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3 substance using the mole relationship.
3. The moles of the unknown substance can be
The following information can be derived from the changed to grams using its molar mass.
equation above:
1. PARTICLES Check ppt, recorded discussion, problem sets activity for
a detailed review for solving.
o One molecule of nitrogen reacts with three
molecules of hydrogen to produce two moles
of ammonia. EXCESS AND LIMITING REACTANTS
2. MOLES
 ❖ When reactants are mixed in exactly the mass
ratio determined from the balanced equation,
the mixture is said to be stoichiometric.
❖ LIMITING REACTANT (LR)
o Reactant that produces the least
amount of product
❖ EXCESS REACTANT (ER)
o Reactant that gives the greater amount
of product
❖ When quantities of more than one reactant are
given, it is necessary to determine which is the
LR and the ER.
o Steps:
▪ Convert the amount of each
reactant to the number of
moles of the product by using
the balanced equation.
▪ The limiting reactant produces
the smallest amount of product.
❖ PERCENT YIELD
o The actual yield in grams or moles
divided by the theoretical yield in grams
or moles multiplied by 100.
o ACTUAL YIELD
▪ Measured amount of product
obtained in any reaction
o THEORETICAL YIELD
▪ Calculated amount of product
that will be obtained if all of the
reactants are converted to
products
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅
% 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒚𝒊𝒆𝒍𝒅

Check ppt or recorded discussion for a detailed review

for solving.

Good luck sa finals everyone!!

Ps: pangit mo ampere…