FLUID MECHANICS

BY DR. VLADIMIR KULISH

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INTRODUCTION

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PREPARED & PRESENTED BY

VLADIMIR KULISH

@ School of General Engineering

Office room: N/A

Email: kulishv@asme-member.org

Tel & WeChat: +(420)773 066 379

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SCHEDULE AY 2021 / 2022 – SEM II
Lecture 1: Introduction & Fundamental Concepts 04.03
Lecture 2: Flow Governing Equations 11.03
Lecture 3: Dimensional Analysis & Similarity 18.03
Lecture 4: Fluid Statics 25.03
Problem solving session 1 01.04
Lecture 5: Fluid kinematics 08.04
Lecture 6: Elementary fluid dynamics 15.04
Problem solving session 2 22.04
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SCHEDULE AY 2021 / 2022 – SEM II

Lecture 7: Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation 29.04

Problem solving session 3 06.05
Lecture 8: Approximate solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation 13.05
Lecture 9: Approximate solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation 20.05
Lecture 10: Approximate solutions of the Navier-Stokes equation 27.05
Lecture 11: The phenomenon of turbulence 03.06
Problem solving session 4 10.06
Course overview & summary 17.06
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LECTURES & TUTORIALS
Lectures Vladimir Kulish: Friday 15:50 – 17:25, classroom D218.
Lectures provide the explanation of basic principles and subject methodology.

Tutorials Vladimir Kulish: Friday 15:50 – 17:25, classroom D218.

Exercises support practical acquiring of themes presented at lectures, or self-studied.
Examples of problems and their solutions will be provided.

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EXAMINATION & CREDITS
Assessment It is necessary to achieve the course credit before sitting the exam. Obtaining
the course-unit credit is based on the attendance at problem solving sessions
(tutorials) and homework results (grades).

Examination The final examination paper consists of 2 problems (each problem = 25 marks)
and 10 short questions (each question = 5 marks) from the theory (lectures).

Grades
A ⇒ 100 − 91 points
B ⇒  90 − 81 points
C ⇒  80 − 71 points
D ⇒  70 − 60 points

F ⇒  less than 60 points
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CHAPTER I:

FUNDAMENTAL
CONCEPTS

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A GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF FORCES

All forces, acting upon an object, can

be divided into two major classes,
namely:

• Body forces – those forces that

act on the entire volume of an
object (e.g., gravitational forces,
electromagnetic forces, etc.)

• Surface forces – those forces that

act on the surface of an object
(e.g., friction forces, most of
contact forces)
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DEFINITION OF STRESS

It is not possible to define a fluid without

introducing the concept of stress. Hence, the
definition of stress follows.

Any force, applied to a surface (surface force),

can be decomposed into two parts, namely:

• Normal force, that is the force component

perpendicular to a surface. This force, divided
by the area of the surface, is average normal
stress over the area.

• Shear force, that is the force component

tangent to a surface. This force, divided by
the area of the surface, is average shear
stress over the area.

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DEFINITION OF A FLUID

A fluid is a substance, which deforms continuously when subjected to a

shear stress, no matter how small that shear stress may be. 11
FLUIDS = LIQUIDS & GASES

Liquids have a definite volume,

but no definite shape.

Gases have neither definite

volume nor definite shape (they
occupy all the volume available to
them).

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 MECHANICS

STATICS KINEMATICS DYNAMICS

FLUID MOVES, FLUID MOVES,

NO MOTION IS INVOLVED;
BUT REASONS OF MOTION AND REASONS OF MOTION
FLUID IS AT REST
ARE DISREGARDED ARE CONSIDERED

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CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS

The concept of continuum is a kind of idealisation

of the continuous description of matter where the
properties of the matter are considered as
continuous functions of space variables. Although
any matter is composed of several molecules, the
concept of continuum assumes a continuous
distribution of mass within the matter or system
with no empty space, instead of the actual
conglomeration of separate molecules.

Describing a fluid flow quantitatively makes it

necessary to assume that flow variables (pressure,
velocity etc.) and fluid properties vary continuously
from one point to another. Mathematical
description of flow on this basis has proved to be
reliable and treatment of fluid medium as a
continuum has firmly become established.

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CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS (CONT’D)
One of the factors considered important in
determining the validity of continuum model is
molecular density. It is the distance between the
molecules which is characterised by mean free path
(λ). It is calculated by finding statistical average distance
the molecules travel between two successive collisions.
If the mean free path is very small as compared with
some characteristic length in the flow domain (i.e., the
molecular density is very high) then the gas can be
treated as a continuous medium. If the mean free path
is large in comparison to some characteristic length,
the gas cannot be considered continuous and it should
be analysed by the molecular theory.

A dimensionless parameter known as Knudsen number

Kn = λ /L

where λ is the mean free path and L is the

characteristic length. It describes the degree of
departure from continuum.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

In continuum approach, fluid properties

such as density, viscosity, thermal
conductivity, temperature, etc. can be
expressed as continuous functions of space
and time.

In this course, two physical properties of

fluids are most important. These are
density, defined as
m
ρ = lim
V→0 V

where m is mass and V is volume; and

viscosity.

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VISCOSITY

Viscosity is a fluid property whose

effect is understood when the fluid
is in motion.

In a flow of fluid, when the fluid

elements move with different
velocities, each element will feel
some resistance due to fluid friction
within the elements.

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VISCOSITY (CONT’D)

Consider a flow (see Figure), in which all

fluid particles are moving in the same
direction in such a way that the fluid
layers move parallel with different
velocities.

The upper layer, which is moving faster,

tries to draw the lower slowly moving
layer along with it by means of a force F
along the direction of flow on this layer.
Similarly, the lower layer tries to retard
the upper one, according to Newton's
third law, with an equal and opposite
force F on it.

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NEWTON’S LAW OF VISCOSITY
The relationship between the shear
stress and the velocity field was given
by Sir Isaac Newton.

Newton’s law of viscosity postulates

a direct proportionality between the
shear stress, τ, and the corresponding
rate of shear deformation, ∇v, that is,

τ = − μ ∇v

where the proportionality constant, μ,

is called dynamic viscosity [Pa· s].
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SIR ISAAC NEWTON
(25.12.1642 – 20.03.1727)
Isolated during the Great Plague of London, Newton
engaged in the groundbreaking discoveries that marked his
"year of wonders.”

When the Great Plague of London ravaged through the

British city beginning in 1665, the 23-year-old scientist
retreated to his family farm of Woolsthorpe Manor, some
60 miles northwest of Cambridge. Along with being located
a safe distance from the carriers of the horrific disease that
was wiping out the population of the city, Woolsthorpe
provided the sort of quiet, serene environment that
allowed a mind like Newton's to journey, uninterrupted, to
the farthest reaches of the imagination. This period is now
known as annus mirabilis – the "year of wonders.”

The deadly plague abated by spring 1667, paving the way for
Newton to return to Cambridge and demonstrate that the
unexpected changes to his lifestyle during those dark days
of England would, in turn, change the rest of the world
forever.

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NEWTONIAN VS. NON-NEWTONIAN
FLUIDS
Common fluids (e.g., water, air, mercury)
obey Newton's law of viscosity and are
known as Newtonian fluids.

Other classes of fluids (e.g., paints,

different polymer solutions, blood) do
not obey Newton's law of viscosity and
are known as non-Newtonian fluids. In
non-newtonian fluids viscosity itself may
be a function of deformation rate.

The non-Newtonian fluids are further

classified as pseudo-plastic, dilatant and
Bingham plastic (see Figure).

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NO-SLIP CONDITION OF VISCOUS
FLUIDS

It has been established through experimental

observations that the relative velocity between
the solid surface and the adjacent fluid particles
is zero whenever a viscous fluid flows over a
solid surface. This is known as no-slip condition.

This behaviour of no-slip at the solid surface is

not the same as the wetting of surfaces by the
fluids. For example, mercury flowing in a
stationary glass tube will not wet the surface, but
will have zero velocity at the wall of the tube.

The wetting property results from surface

tension, whereas the no-slip condition is a
consequence of fluid viscosity.

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IDEAL FLUIDS

Consider a hypothetical fluid having a zero

viscosity ( μ = 0 ). Such a fluid is called an
ideal fluid and the resulting motion is called
as ideal or inviscid flow. In an ideal flow,
there is no existence of shear force because
of vanishing viscosity.

All the fluids in reality have viscosity (μ > 0)

and hence they are termed as real fluids and
their motion is known as viscous flow.

Under certain situations of very high velocity

flow of viscous fluids, an accurate analysis of
flow field away from a solid surface can be
made from the ideal flow theory.

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