1.

Explain how could the integration of various management systems

enhance safe management and operation of ships and pollution
prevention.
By applying numerous safe practices on board ships, the International Protection
Management (ISM) Code assures the safety of life and ship at sea.
ISM code works with the motive of satisfying three important goals:
● Safety of people on board
● Safety of ship and cargo
● Safety of the marine environment
The shipping firm, the regulatory body, and the ship's crew all work together to
implement the ISM code on ships, and their combined efforts are crucial. To ensure a
secure working environment at sea, every seafarer should be aware of the key
components of the ISM code. The process for implementing the ISM code aboard ships
is most heavily reliant on plans and checklists. The safety of the ship and marine
environment is ensured by checklists for the proper starting and stopping of shipboard
machinery as well as plans to carry out various work activities on board ship. The tasks
that must be completed by each member of the ship's crew are precisely defined in
plans and checklists. Onboard ships, emergency response protocols are established.
Drills and other emergency training programs are used to instill in the crew of the ship
the emergency preparedness to respond to emergencies. On a ship, every task requires
collaboration. Effective team meetings and discussions greatly contribute to raising the
ship's security to a new level. As a result, the safety management system (SMS) makes
sure that all ships adhere to the safety laws and mandates as well as the codes,
standards, and recommendations made by the International Maritime Organization
(IMO), classification societies, and other relevant maritime organizations. Each firm
should, as necessary, designate a person or people ashore with direct access to the
highest level of management in order to assure the safe running of each ship and to
serve as a conduit between the company and individuals on board. To discuss and put
into practice new safe working procedures and update the ones already in place, each
ship has a safety committee and safety officer. The committee's chairman, the ship's
master, oversees the group's smooth operation. The appropriate personnel examine
and approve each change made to the papers. The SMS manual also lists all the
paperwork required for the ship's security. Ensure that the ISM code is correctly applied
on the ships by working closely with the shipping business. The business hires a safety
officer as well, and it is up to him to perform his job correctly by frequently disseminating
all the information required. Moreover, An organization can lessen its negative effects
on the environment and improve operational effectiveness by implementing an
Environmental Management System (EMS), which is a collection of procedures and
methods. A company can utilize an environmental management system to meet its
environmental goals by routinely monitoring, evaluating, and improving its
environmental performance (EMS). The idea is that by regularly reviewing and
evaluating the organization's environmental performance, possibilities for improvement
and implementation will become apparent. The EMS is suited to each organization's
unique aims and targets; it does not specify a level of environmental performance that
must be met.

2. Explain the various functional requirements of a Safety Management

System adapted on board aimed to effectively implement the ISM
objectives.
When it comes to implementing ISM code on ships, SMS is crucial. Since every
shipping organization was required to create an efficient safety management system for
the first time, it became widely known as the "International Safety Management Code"
and its implementation marked a turning point for the shipping industry. The Code's
goals are to guarantee maritime safety, prevent harm to people or death, and prevent
environmental damage, especially to the marine environment. It also aims to protect
property. The main prerequisite for implementing the ISM Code is, specifically, the
creation of a "Safety Management System," which has as its primary goals the
protection of people from harm and injury as well as the preservation of the environment
and of property. The International Safety Management (ISM) code's SMS section is
essential for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of ships at sea. It contains all the
important policies, practices, and procedures that must be followed. It is a requirement
for all commercial ships to set up safe ship management practices. The ISM code's
SMS section is one of its key components. As a result, the safety management system
(SMS) makes sure that every ship complies with the laws and guidelines that are
required to protect maritime safety as well as the codes, recommendations, and
requirements set forth by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), classification
societies, and other relevant maritime organizations.
Moreover, to ensure the safety of any ship, each safety management strategy should
meet a few fundamental functional requirements. As follows:
● Procedure and guidelines to act in an emergency situation.
● Safety and environmental protection policy.
● Procedure and guidelines for reporting accidents or any other form of non-
conformities.
● Clear information on the level of authority and lines of communication among
ship crew members, and between shore and shipboard personnel.
● Procedures and guidelines to ensure safe operations of ships and protection of
the marine environment in compliance with relevant international and flag state
legislations.
● Procedures for internal audits and management reviews.
With that in mind, a safety management system would, in brief, include information
about how a vessel would operate on a daily basis, what procedures would be followed
in case of an emergency, how drills and training are conducted, safety measures taken,
who is the designated person, etc. The owner of the vessel, the designated person, or
the individual chosen by the owner are primarily responsible for the safety management
plan. But since they are intimately familiar with the ship, the ship's captain and crew are
the greatest candidates to send an SMS. The safety management manual, which will be
referred to as such, must contain all of the written protocols established by each
vessel's SMS. Each boat must have a copy of the manual with it. Involve team members
from all departments to make safety a shared responsibility, according to the National
Safety Council, for a successful safety management program to "lower the risk of
workplace incidents, injuries, and fatalities through data-driven measurements and
improvements."
 3. Enumerate and explain briefly the procedures to ensure safety
operations of ships and personnel safety.
Every company should appoint a person or persons ashore with immediate access to
the top levels of management, as necessary, to assure the safe running of each ship
and to serve as a conduit between the company and personnel on board. The
designated person or persons should have the authority and responsibility to oversee
the safety and pollution prevention aspects of each ship's operation (which we will refer
to as monitoring task N°1). Although frequently overlooked, this duty of the designated
person is difficult to uphold. Managing the safety and pollution prevention components
of each ship's operation, as well as making sure that the appropriate resources and
shore-based support are deployed as needed, should be part of the designated person
or individuals' responsibilities and authorities.

The Company shall specify and record the obligations of the Master with respect to:
1. Implementing the safety and environmental protection policy of the Company;
2. Motivating the crew in the observation of that policy;
3. Issuing appropriate orders and instructions in a clear and simple manner;
4. Verifying that specified requirements are observed; and
5. Periodically reviewing the SMS and reporting its deficiencies to the shore based
management.
The Company needs to make sure that the SMS sent out while the ship is in operation
clearly emphasizes the Master's authority. The Company should specify in the SMS that
the master is in charge of making decisions regarding safety and pollution prevention
and that it is his or her responsibility to do so. However, there may be times when the
master needs to request assistance from the Company.
The Company should ensure that each ship is:
● Manned with qualified, certificated and medically fit seafarers in accordance with
national and international requirements; and
 ● Appropriately manned in order to encompass all aspects of maintaining safe
operations on board.
Procedures must be established by the business to guarantee that new hires and
employees taking on additional responsibilities for safety and environment are properly
trained in their roles. Before leaving port, any pertinent directions should be
documented, communicated, and verified. All employees who are involved in the
company's SMS should have a thorough awareness of all applicable laws, rules, norms,
and regulations, according to the company. The Company should design and maintain
procedures for identifying any training that could be needed in support of the SMS and
make sure that all affected personnel receive such training. The Company has to set up
processes so that the crew members of the ship can receive pertinent information via
SMS in a language or languages that they can use at work. When carrying out their
responsibilities relating to the SMS, the crew members of the ship should be able to
communicate clearly, according to the company. Lastly, the company needs to build
protocols for dealing with potential emergency onboard circumstances. The SMS should
include provisions for measures ensuring that the company's organization can respond
at any time to hazards, accidents, and emergency situations involving its ships.
Procedures for reporting non-conformities, accidents, and dangerous circumstances to
the company, investigating them, and using the results to enhance safety and prevent
pollution is included in the SMS.

4. Elaborate the relationship between the environmental management and

sustainability with relevance to the business of the operating ships.
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants has become a top priority
for the worldwide shipping industry due to the volume of international trade expanding
and the severity of the problem concerning to climate change and global warming.
Pressure to comply with stricter environmental standards and improve the efficiency and
sustainability of their operations is increasing in the maritime sector. Consequently,
shipping companies are spreading awareness of the use of green shipping practices
(GSP). A number of scholars have carried out studies on enhancing and
comprehending the environmental components of the shipping business in order to
address the environmental challenges of the industry. Almost no research existed
before 2005, according to a survey of the literature on environmental sustainability in
shipping, but that has changed in the previous ten years. The majority of these research
have focused on reducing shipping corporations' speed, fuel usage, or use of new
energy sources for environmental or financial reasons. Businesses have come to
understand the need of having an environmental management system (EMS) to provide
them a competitive edge over rivals. Because it is believed that operating an
ecologically friendly company requires a significant amount of investment, it is also seen
as a burden. For example, shipowners have long fought against environmental rules
due to concerns over rising costs and distorted market competition. The Environmental
Management System (EMS) is a formal structure with a system that integrates
procedures and processes for workforce training, monitoring, summarizing, and
presenting of specialized environmental information relevant to the organization and its
stakeholders. This environmental information documentation primarily focuses on
corporate internal problems. The design, pollution control, and waste minimization, staff
training, reporting to senior management, and goal-setting are some of the internal
issues. GSP is a method of environmental management used by shipping companies,
with a focus on reducing waste during operations and conserving resources when
processing and delivering goods. Meanwhile, the shipping industry is placing more
emphasis on sustainable practices due to rules governing transportation-related
emissions as well as growing consumer demand for sustainability. Sustainability in the
environment refers to being aware of the dangers posed by carbon emissions, the state
of the oceans, and other effects that you, as a person or organization, may affect. It
goes without saying that significant sustainability-related work is needed if the shipping
industry is to be promoted as sustainable. In order for freight to move through seaports
efficiently, intermodal terminals and hinterland activities are crucial. Because of the
flexibility of the transport chains, supply chains that are engaged are more sturdy when
there are various paths for transport modes available. Multimodal transport chains can
also improve the environmental sustainability of the overall transport. Interorganizational
cooperation is frequently necessary to effectively realize the goal of improving
sustainability, whether viewed from the perspective of a single company or as a larger
cluster. Overall, the main purpose of both environmental management and sustainability
is to produce a much safer option for the company in compliance with nature and be
more environment friendly without compromising the business.
5. Explain how the standardization enhances the efficiency of the
organization.
Standardization's history is not yet fully documented, just like its current application.
Continually changing it. The conventional history of standards in business is riddled with
inconsistencies. It starts in antiquity with the development of weights and measures,
then skips forward several thousand years to the industrial revolution, which got
underway in the late 1700s. To ensure that all steps involved in producing a good or
providing a service are carried out in accordance with predetermined standards,
standardization is a framework of agreements that a sector's or organization's relevant
stakeholders must adhere to the rules. By maintaining a certain level of quality
throughout the process, standardization ensures that any conclusions drawn are
consistent with those of all other comparable items in the same class. Standardization is
accomplished by establishing widely agreed rules for how a service or product is
developed or managed, as well as for how a company is run or how specific necessary
procedures are governed. The objective of standardization is to impose a degree of
uniformity or consistency to specific practices or operations within the chosen context.
All organizations strive to increase output and efficiency while lowering mistakes and
mishaps, but small businesses working on tighter budgets and with fewer employees
should place a specific emphasis on this. Since standardization establishes
expectations, formalizes procedures, and fosters accountability, it can be a useful
strategy for boosting productivity and efficiency. Since standardization can limit options
for innovation and individual decision-making, not all employees may be in favor of it.
The creation of routine procedures that managers and employees may follow to perform
duties and obligations is one of the primary functions of standardization in the
workplace. It is less likely that someone will overlook or skip a step when processes like
taking phone calls, closing the store for the evening, or completing sales transactions
are standardized. This keeps work moving so that productivity and efficiency are
maintained because employees won't have to pause and think how to perform tasks
that have been allocated. Additionally, it promotes uniformity to maintain consistency in
finished goods and services. Standardization can be human-centered, for as by giving
employees a written conversation to utilize while speaking with clients on the phone. In
order to maintain a high level of quality, production standards, manufacturing output,
and brand recognition, businesses use standardization techniques. Additionally, it is
possible to define process standardization as the enhancement of operational
performance, cost savings due to fewer processing errors, efficiency of communication,
exploitation of specialist knowledge, and provision of flexibility without compromising
organizational controls. Standardization is advantageous to an organization, by
definition. Staff replies to these attempts aren't always successful though. In order to
achieve effective standardization, it is necessary to handle both tasks and processes
and strike a balance between them. The duties that staff members perform must take
into account the real-world situations in which they are placed and involve the
coworkers. Similar to how businesses create policies and practices as a result of
regulatory supervision, ethical and best practices, and decisions made using evidence-
based approaches. Processes and tasks are not given up in favor of the other.