11.1 Transformation 11.2 Translation’ 113 Reflection 114 Rotation 115 Isometry 11.6 Congruence 11.7 Properties of Quadrilaterals Solid Geometry I 12.1. Properties of Prisms, Pyramids, Cylinders, Cones and Spheres 122 Nets of Geometric Solids 123 Surface Area Summing Up Checklist a Summauive Exercises eee a Enrichment Activity Circles sce 10.1 Parts of a Circle 4S : 102 Understand and Use the Concept of eure 19 CCireumference to Solve Problems 49. Statisties 103 Are ofa Circle ‘s4_ 13.1 Concept of Data 104 Area ofa Circle 60 132 Concept of Frequency 10.5 Area of a Sector of a Circle 64 13.3 Representation and Interpretation Sunning Up 0 of Data Cheeks n Summing Up Summative Bxercises n Checklist Enrichment dctviyy n Summative Exercises Enrichment Activity Answers Glossary References Index uatHewarics FORM 2CHAPTEI Coordinates ning argets 6 Understand and use the concept of coordinates. Understand and use the concept of scales for the coordinate axes. vs Understand and use the concept Of distance between two points in a Cartesian plane. «Understand and use the concept ‘of midpoint. That is older than you or me ‘ “suadnih i Docare lal FE Fgeack piatioscgiboectao cd sate Waster of all during his time ongn ie 2 Coordinate Vertex Hi Cactssansplre a Conon The so-called x-axts and y-axis axis Parallel Gave rise fo coordinate geometry Horizontal sscoordnate Vertical coordinate His famous phrase “Cognito ergo sum” ac MN Meaning “I think, Uberefore Fam” eitcat =. Made Mathematics richer for all of us. WaTHEWATICS FORM 2EE cortinares sop Coordinates are used to locate the position of place on + Pl points and state the coordinates of he ois gen cance fom teas and axis. casily located with reference to coordinates. In + Plot poinis and state the cstances ofthe Mathematics, points ae plated on square grids and the got fom hans andra ven coordinates of the points ean be ascertaine ‘potcina a SeIntes OF ie po cant ageantarned * Slat the coordinates of points in & Cartesian plane. the surface of the earth. In map reading, pl To identify the x-axis, axis and the origin in a Cartesian plane The position of a point in space can be ascertained by reference to a coordinate system, There are many coordinate systems and the simplest is the Cartesian coordinate system which is named after a French mathematician, Rene Descartes. In the Cartesian coordinate system, the horizontal line i called the x-axis, and the vertical line is called the y-axis, The intersection point of the x-axis and the y-axis is called the origin, Handy Info The j-coordiate of points onthe axis is 2210 andthe »-coorinalé of points onthe nani is zero. For example, (2,0) kes on <== ‘he sax and (0,3) hes onthe axis. In he Cartesian plane, each point canbe specied by an ordered pair of numbers (x, 8) where « isthe distance ofthe point from the y-axis and fis the estance ofthe pont rom the axis i) «8 called the coordinate of the point (, 2). 1) hi called he coordinate ofthe point (6) li} The coordinates ofthe origin are (0,0), © Example 1 State the 1-coordinate and y-coordinate of the following points in the Cartesian plane: a) (2,3) by (6,4) 9 0,5) 4d) (8,0) “Bow rion a) For the point (2, fis 2 and the y-coordinate is 3 b) For the point (6, 4), the x-coordinate is 6 and the y-coordinate is 4 ©) For the point (0, 5), the x-coordinate is 0 and the y-coordinate is 4) For the point (8, 0), the x-coordinate is 8 and the »-coordinate is 0. =e WATHEMATICS FORM 2EXERCISE EAD Momence 1, For the Cartesian plane on the right, copy and label the a) axis b) )eaxis ©) origin, 2. State the x-coordinate and y-coordinate of the following points: a) (3,5) by (7, 0) 9) 6,9) ) (0,4) e) (10,8) ) (12, 15) 3. State which statement is correct and which statement is incorrect. = a) The x-Coordinate of the point (3, 9) is 3, b) The 1-coordinate of the point (7, 4) is 7p ©) (0, 0) is the origin. 4) (12, 0) lies om the y-axis. ©) (0, 1) lies on the y-axis £) For the point (5, 9), the x-coordinate is 5 and the »-coordinate is 9. To plot points and state the coordinates of the points given distances from the y-axis and x-axis The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0). The direction to the right of the origin on the x-axis is positive and the direction to the left of the origin on the x-axis is negative. The direction above the origin on the y-axis is positive, and the direction below the origin on the y-axis is negative. For the diagram on the left, point 4 is a units from the y-axis and db units from the x-axis and its coordinates are (a, b) © Example 2 Plot the following points in a Cartesian plane. Then, state their coordinates. a) Ais 2 units to the right of the y-axis and lies on the x-axis. ) Bis S units to the right of the y-axis and 4 units above the x-axis, ©) Clies on the y-axis and is 3 units above the x-axis, a) The coordinates of A are (2, 0). b) The coordinates of B are (5, 4) ©) The coordinates of Care (0, 3). EXERCISE FEAT) 1. Plot the following points in a Cartesian plane: ) point A is 3 units to the right of the y-axis and 2 units above the x-axis. b) point / fies on the y-axis and is 4 units above the x-axis. ©) Mis 1 unit to the right of the y-axis and lies on the x-axis a WaTHEMATICS FORM 22, State the coordinates of the following points: a) It is 2 units to the right of the y-axis and 4 units above the x-axis. 1) It is 6 units to the right of the y-axis and 6 units above the x-axis. ©) Its 15 units to the right of the y-axis and lies on the x-axis. 4) It's 9 units to the right of the y-axis and 2 units above the x-axis, 3. State the coordinates of the point P. 4. State the coordinates of the points Q, R and S. OS units To plot points and state the distances of the points from the y-axis and x-axis given coordinates of the points 4, Form groups of si. tutte Ta 2. Imveach group, form two sub-groups A and B with three members in each ‘aight sub-group. 3. You can either use your classroom, canteen, school field, basketball court or badminton court for this activity. 4. Slartng from a corner ofthe room (Fld or cour), draw squares with sides 1 m using a piece of chalk ‘oF flour (f you use a fed for this activity). You can use a measuring tape and a metre rule to mark the distances, 5. Mark the comer ofthe room you have started from as the origin (0, 0). Then, mark the distances away from the orginal 1 m intervals. Your markings will look like the square» atid on the right 6. Members of Group A may ask members of Group B to do the folowing i) Place an exercise book onthe point (2,4) il) Place a chair on the point (0,3) |i) Place a botte on the point (1, 1). |) Ptace a bag onthe point (3,2) oop | M1 Place apenibox onthe pint, 5) 7. With the help ofthe teacher, ifnecessary, members of group A check the location ofthe different items on the grid. fan item is placed correctly, two marks willbe awarded butifan item is placed at the wrong location, two marks will be deducted. Total the marks for Group B 8. Then, members of Group & will ask members of Group A to place another five tems on the grid. Total the marks for Group A 9. The group with more marks will be dectared the winner. SE WATHEWATICS FORW 2© Example 3 Plot the following points in a Cartesian plane. a) P(0,4) b) 92,5) COLTON a) Plot point P which lies on the y-axis and is 4 units above the x-axis. }b) Plot point Q which is 2 units to the right of the y-axis and 5 units above the x-axis, ©) Plot point R which is 3 units to the right of the y-axis and lies on the wranis. © Example 4 State the distance of the following points from the x-axis and y-axis. a) 3,8) b) (5,0) Cutie EXERCISE hg.» 1. Hisham was at these places at the following times: a) (1,2) at 0800 Bb) (3, 0) at 1200 ©) (5, 1)at 1430 d) (4, 3) at 1845 The diagram below shows the coordinates of the places Hisham went to, OT ea4s Name the places Hisham went to at 0800, 1200, 1430 and 1845 respectively. ©) RG,0) ©) 0,3) a) For the point (3, 8), itis 3 units to the right of the y-axis and 8 units above the x-axis. b) For the point (5, 0), itis 5 units to the right of the y-axis and lies on the x-axis, ©) For the point (0, 3), it lies on the y-axis and is 3 units above the axis, 2. Plot the following points in a Cartesian plane: a) 4(0,0) b) BG,4) 9 C(L,8) d) DWO.9) ©) £ (12,3) 3. Find the distance of each of the following points from the x-axis and y-axis: a) (0,4) b) 3.9) © (,11) 4) 413) ©) (16,0) 4. Which statement is correct and which statement is incorrect? a) The point (2, 4) is 2 units to the right of the y-axis 1b) The point (3, 0) lies on the y-axis ©) The point (1, 5) is 5 units above the x-axis, a waTHEWATICS FORM 2To state the coordinates of points in a Cartesian plane The Cartesian plane [Quadrant | x-coordinates | coordinates | Example is divided into four ~ quadrants by the 1 Postive Positive | 43.2) xaxis and y~ax u Negative Positive (4,3) These four quadrants are denoted by the |_t Negative Negative €(-2,-3) Roman numerals 1, v Positive Negative DQ, 4) 1, 11 and 1V. 7 cent vatart co ‘Rene Descartes contributed extensively to the fel of geometry, His book, Geomety, was published in 1697. He combined algebra and geometry to develop analytic geometry. a el State the coordinates of the following points: a) P bo OR 4a) The x-coordinate of P is 2 because it is 2 units to the right of the y-axis. The y-coordinate of P is 4 because it is 4 units above the x-axis. ‘The coordinates of P are (2,4), b) The x-coordinate of Q is ~2 because it is 2 units to the left of the y-axis The y-coordinate of Q is 2 because it is 2 units above the x-axis, The coordinates of Q are (—2, 2) ©) The x-coordinate of R is 3 because it is 3 units to the right of the y-axis. The y-coordinate of R is ~1 because it is | unit below the x-axis. The coordinates of R are (3, ~1). 4) The x-coordinate of $ is ~3 because it is 3 units to the left of the y-axis. ‘The »-coordinate of 5 is ~1 because itis 1 unit below the x-axis. ‘The coordinates of S are (—3, 1). MATHEMATICS FORW 2EXERCISE IEMs 1. P (3, 5), Q (2, 4), R(-3, 8), 8 (A, 0) | 3, State the coordinates of the following points and T(—2, —9) are points in the Cartesian | ~~ in the Cartesian plane given below: plane. Which of the points given above are aS WT gv wr a) 8 uiits above the x-axis? b) on the x-axis? ©) 2 units to the left of the ) 4.units above the x-axis? 2. 42,0), BG, ~2), C (0, ~2), D (7, 6) and E (6, 0) are points in the Cartesian plane. Which of the points given above a) lie on the ra b) lie on the y-axis xg Scales for the Coordinate Axes * Mark values on both axes, is? + Sito the scales used + Mat the values on bo axes with To mark the values on both axes by feference tothe scales given. extending the sequence of given + Slate the coorintes ofa given point with : th felerence tothe scales given, values on the axes * Plot points with reference to the scales given. + Pose and solve problems involving coordinates. Example 6 Extend the values on the x-axis and y-axis in the Cartesian plane, { t ‘The values on the x-axis and y-axis must form @ number sequence like 0,1, 2, .. or, 5,10, = WATHEMATICS FORM 2To state the scales used in given coordinate axes The seale on a coordinate axis is usually written in the form of a ratio. A ratio of 1 : 3 means that ‘one unit on the coordinate axis represents three units, In the diagram, the scale forthe a 1: 2and the scale forthe y-axis is a) Scales for the axes are the same © Example 7 State the scales for the x-axis and the y-axis. Couey ‘The seale for the x-axis is 1: 4. The scale for the y-axis is 1 : 4 b) Scales for the axes are different DRGNENG< CC CSCC™~™CTCTCC J Form groups of four. Plot the points 4 (4,8) # (8, 8), C (8, 4) and D (4, 4) ina Cartesian plane using the scale 1 : 1 on both the r-axis and y-axis, What isthe shape of ABCD? | 3 Plot the same points 4, 8, C and D in another Cartesian plane using the scale 1 : 1 on the x-axis but J) Sms: Zontbes-ase Wht icshap of an Deo hak Ae pam Seg? shoe? =e WATHEMATICS FORM 24, The Cartesian pianes below show the figures obtained in Slep 2 and Step 3 Scale » Scale » ravst:1 4 i a axis 1:1 sevstit 87 avis 1:2 12345678 Oy 2sase7e 5. Try to plot ACD ina Cartesian plane with scale of 1 :2 on the x-axis and 1 : 4 on the y-axis Does it ook lke the figure in Step 2 or Step 32 6. What conclusions can you draw? © Example 8 Plot the points # (—4, ~12), (4, -6), (6, 24) and S (—2, 18) in a) a Cartesian plane with a scale of I : 1 on the x-axis and a scale of I : 6 on the b) a Cartesian plane with a scale of I : 2 on the x-axis and a scale of I : 3 on the ) i a) Scale b) Scale axis 11 wanis 1:2 saris 1:6 peas 1:3 1. Copy and extend the 3 a) 4(12, 5) values on the x-axis 15 b) B(—6, 30) and y-axis, and plot the 10 ©) C(=15, 20) following points: 5 d) D(-3, 25) astttes — &) £@,-25) eS MATHEMATICS FoRM 22, State the scales given for each of the following coordinate axes. 2) r ) ‘ ‘ i. 2 : st es Seats * ‘ 8 ») ‘ #) a wt " ; 7 To mark the values on both axes with reference to the scales given A scale of m: 1 on a coordinate axis means m units on the axis represent 7 units. Example: (i) A scale of 4 : 1 on the x-axis means 4 units on the x-axis represent 1 unit (ii) A scale of 2:3 on the y-axis means 2 units on the y © Example 9 Mark the values in each of the Cartesian planes below with reference to the scales given ‘The scale on the x-axis is 2:1 ‘The scale on the xanis is 1:4 The scale on the y-axis is 1:3 ‘The seale on the y-axis is 2: 5 = MATHEMATICS FoRU 2a) The seale 2: 1 on the x-axis means 2 units b) The scale 2: 5 on the y-axis means 2 units on the x-axis represent 1 unit. oon the y-axis represent 5 units. To state the coordinates of a given point with reference to the scales given 4. The sketch map on the right shows the area rikn) where Selva Ives. The units on the x-axis aed axis ee in klometes. * 2. Study the sketch map carefully and then answer 34 the following questions: = a) What are the scales used forthe -axis 3p, and y-axis? = ) State the coordinates for: 24 i) the school 2 i) Sea's house 2 il) the petro station 8 iv) the post office 8 \) Parit Bru “4 vi) Tit Indah 2 0 | 8 : so) Pesubwanronwee ae | rustertees FA rier cocont tees [TT] artigo WaTHEMaTICS FORM 2The scale for the x-axis is 1 : 3 and the scale for the y-axis is 1: 5. Mark the values on the axes and state the coordinates of points 4, B, Cand D. Coordinates for A are (6, —10), Bare (—6, 5), C are (3, 10) and Dare (~9, ~15) EXERCISE | 2172)) 1. Copy and mark the values on the axes with | 2. For the Cartesian plane below, state the reference to the scales given, coordinates for points i ayP )O OR ws a) 4 | The scale for the x-axis is 1: $ ‘The scale for the y-axis is 1 : 12 Copy and mark the values on the axes according to the scales given and state the coordinates for yk bb OM dy b) 4 The scales for the axis and y-axis are 1: 8and 2: 5 respectively. ‘The scale for the x-axis is 1: 3 The scale for the y-axis is 3:5 MATHEMATICS FORM 2To plot points, given the coordinates and the scales © Example 11 Plot the points F (3, 4), F (6, ~4), G (—9, —8) and #1 (—3, 12) given the scales for the x-axis and y-axis are 1 : 3 and 1 : 4 respectively ad d Tessas Sones Tn the x-axis represents 3 unt. The scale 1:4on the y-axis means 1 uniton the y-axis represents 4 units. © Example 12 ‘The scales for the x-axis and y-axis are 2 : 5 and 1 : 6 respectively. Mark the values on the axes of a Cartesian plane and plot the points P (10, 6), Q (10, ~18), (—5, ~12) and S(=10, 18). (Bowmen) The scale 2 : $ on the x-axis means that 2 units represent 5 units The scale 1 : 6 on the y-axis means that 1 unit represents 6 units To pose and solve problems involving coordinates 41. Form groups of four, 2, Plot the points 4 (1, 2), B (6,2), C (5,6), D(1,6 ) in @ Cartesian plane with the scale 1: 1 on both the coordinate axes. What is the shape of ABCD? 3. Plt the same points 4 (1, 2), 8 (5,2), C(5, 6), (1, 6) in a Cartesian plane with the scale 1 : 1 on the 1-axis and the scale 1:2 on the j-axis. What is the shape of ABCD? a MATHEMATICS FORM 24, The two Cartesian planes below show the plotting of points 4, 8, C, D in Step 2 and Step 3. eto c 5 a ara Seale Scale 1 axis 1:1 axis 11 a saris: . wavs 1:2 tea. 5 Tits Diagram 1 Diagram i (i) What is the shape of 48CD in Diagram I? (i) What is the shape of 48CD in Diagram II? (ii) Why do they have diferent shapes (the points 4. 8, C and D are the same)? Give reasons. '5. Now, plot the points P(2, 4), Q(4, 4), (4, 12), $ (2,12) with: (i) scale 1: 1 on both the coordinate axes. (i) scale 1 1 on the r-axis and scale 1 : 4 on the y-axis. What is the shape of /RS in part (i) and (i) above? ‘Are their shapes the same? Explain with reasons. Using diferent scales onthe) enottinate axes, pose other problems involving fours ike @ parallelogram, a rhombus or an ‘equilateral tangle, © Example 13 The points A (~4, 2), B (4,2), (4, ~2) and D are vertices of a rectangle. Find the coordinates of D. “(SouuTiON) Plot the points 4 (4, 2), B (4,2), C4, —2) ina Cartesian plane. Join 4 to B and B to C. i me Mark the point D in the Cartesian plane such that | oe A AB = DC and BC = AD."Y- Opposite sides of rectangle ae equal. ma WaTHEMATICS FORM 2 ‘The coordinates of D are (~4, —2).© Example 14 Name the shape formed by the points D (0, 3), £ (2, 0), F (0, ~3) and G (=2, 0). = soution Properties of a rhombus: i) All sides are equal. ii) Opposite sides are parallel. i) Opposite angles are equal. Iy)_iagonals bisect each other at 90°, Plot the points in a Cartesian plane. All sides of the quadrilateral are equal and opposite sides are parallel Opposite angles are equal (measure with a protractor) and the diagonals bisect each other at 90°. Therefore, DEFG is.a thombus, EXERCISE | 1. Plot the following points in a Cartesian plane with reference to the scales given. a) A (2,6), B(—4, 12) and C(10, 9). b) D(~S, 6), E(—15, ~24) and F (20, 30). The scale for the x-axis is 1 : 2 The scale for the x-axis is 1:5. ‘The seale for the y-axis is 1 : 3. The scale for the y-axis is 1 : 6. 3. Three of the four vertices of a parallelogram are (~4, State the coordinates of the fourth vertex. 4. A (-1, 2), B (4,2), C (4, —3) and D form a square. Find the coordinates of D. 2, 2) and (3, 2). Distance Between Two Points in a Cartesian Plane + Fin the distance between two points with ‘commen ordinates or common Eee) cee 1. rk in gaps of res ele han 2. Plot the points 4 (2, 4) and & (6, 4) in a Cartesian plane. distance between two points. How many units is point & from 4? 3. Plot the points C (—2, 5) and D (—2, 8) in a Cartesian plane. How many units is point D from C? 4. Plot the points £ ( 1, 1) and F (4, 5) in a Cartesian plane. Discuss how you can find the distance between points £ and F:To find the distance between two points : a) Points with common y-coordinates Given the y-coordinates of two points are the same, the distance between the two points is the difference between their x-coordinates, Example: Find the distance between the points 4 (2, 3) and B (7, 3). AB = 7-2 units, Plot the points 4 and B in a Cartesian plane and note that 4B is parallel to the x-axis. b) Points with common x-coordinates iven the x-coordinates of two points are the same, the distance between the two points is the difference between their y-coordinates. Example: Find the distance between points M (5, 2) and N (5, 7) MN = 7-2 units. Plot the points M and NV in a Cartesian plane and note that MIV is parallel to the pans, © Example 15 Find the distance between: a) Q (1, 2) and R (4, 2) b) S(~2, -2) and T(—2, 3) Difference between the coordinates (the larger value | minus the smaller value). Diflerence between the 1, Find the distance between the following pairs of points: a) A(~2, 7)and B(-2,0) —b) C (4,8) and D (2, 8) ©) E(O, 4) and F(0, ~3) d) G(—4, 9) and H(-12,9) ¢) J(-2,6)and K(—2,-7) ) £(9,6) and M(2, 6) 2. ‘State whether the straight line joining the following pairs of points is parallel to the x-axis or y-axis, Find the distance between them, a) PQ, 6), 0 (2,8) b) T(-2,7),U(-2,10) —-@) A(-5, -6), B(-9, -6) @) R49, ~3), 50, ~4) ©) 105). W025) ) C(4,0), D146) WATHEWATICS FORM 2To find the aistance petween two points using rytnagoras” Monga Insight 2 Animation theorem Q 1. Fotm groups of two. eee, 2. Plot the points 4 (2, 5) and # ( 5, 9) in a Cartesian plane, 3. Draw the right-angled triangle 4 withthe right angle « atc 4, Find the difference between the x-coordinates of i and B. reaper Find the difference between the -coordinates of « and 2. PR’ = PQ" + OR Find the distance between 4 and 8. { Hint: Use Pythagoras’ theorem | Using a similar method, find the distance between the following pais of points: (i) C(-2,3) and 0 @, 15), (i) £(-4.5) and F (~1, 8) correct to two decimal places. © Example 16 Find the distance between the following pai a) R(O, 1) and S 4,4) @So.uTION a) Plot the points R (0, 1) and S (4, 4), Draw the line SV which is parallel to the y-axis and the line RF which is parallel to the vvaxis, RSV is a right-angled triangle and RS is its hypotenuse. RS’= RV*+ VS* RS = SRV VS\— =a F =Vi6 +9 v5 = S units s of points: b) T(~4, 1) and U(-1, 3) {Y's the cilerence between the coordinates of points Vand Sis the difference between the ooordinates of poinisS and F: 1b) Draw the line UF which is parallel to the y-axis and the line TH which is parallel to the x-axis. TUIV is a right-angled triangle and TU is its hypotenuse. TU= TW?+WU* Twos = 4) TU = JTW EWU! | yyy ware (Ma) Oa vie = 3.61 units Interactive Exercises 03 & O WATHEMATIOS FORM 2EXERCISE EE Jemma . Find the distance between the following pairs of points (correct to 2 decimal places where necessary) a) A (0, 6)and B (12, 11) b) C(-15,3)andD (0,11) ©) EQ, 1) and FG, 8) @) G(-1,~3) and H(10,0) — @) (4, ~IpandJ(8,—3)—) K (-18, 2) and Z (6, 9) 2 Based on the given diagram, find the distance between * ‘ a) Rand U ‘ 5 b) Rand T x wo ©) Pand Q * 4) Oand 0 3: To pose and solve problems involving the distance between two points © Example 17 The coordinates of 4 and B are (~2, —8) and (p, ~8) respectively. Given p is a positive integer and the length of 4B is 6 units, find the value of p. ~(Souumien) Since the »-coordinates of 4 and B are the same, the distance between the two points is the 4 esis be oe : Sober difference between their x-coordinates 22 46 AB =6 i P-C2)=6 4(2-0,,] 96-8) pitas et prude? (eas =4 Therefore, p = 4. Pose other problems wher have common s-coordin 's a negative intoger we MaTHEWATICS FORM 2 ‘and BPoign Ta <2 6.1) “eee oyseaw ews The diagram above shows the location of SS Pekan Maju and Pekan Titi on a Cartesian plane, Find the distance between Pekan | The diagram above shows a right-angled Maju and Pekan Titi correct to 2 decimal | riamole BC. The area of tangle ABC pines, 21 unit?, Find 2, Given the points C(3, 4), DQ, 7) and | a) the value of & CD = 5 units, find the possible values of r | __) the length of AB. ifr <0, ba) Midpoint cont the ed tight line Joining to points ‘The midpoint of a line segment 43 is the middle ‘+ Find the coordinates of the midpoint of a point hat dies 42 nto two equal haves straight ine orig wo points with oman ycbordates oF common srevornates. + Find the coordinates ofthe midpoint of the ine ring wo pois. + Pose and solve problems Involving tho midpoint To identify the midpoint of a straight line joining two points EE FR Insight 3 4. Form groups of two, | 3. Drawaline Inveractve Bvercses OS & 06 2. Hold both ends of a piece of A4 paper «|= segment "Gof length 6 cm. together and fold it lenath-wise and then Construct the perpendicular bisector of FG with breadth-wise. Draw along the folded ines as | a pair of compasses and a ruler shown by the dotted ines on the right. cic tie wight at Measure the lenath of | and Git. Is H the AB with a ruler. Measure midpoint of #6? the length of 42 and BE. Is £ the midpoint of a? | “3 y # é varweMarics FORM 24, Plot the points J(—2, 3) and x (4, 3)in a 5. Plot the points 1 (—4, 1) and (2,6) in a Cartesian plane as shown below. Cartesian piane i) Join £ to il) Draw a straight line passing through L and parallel to the xaxis. Then, draw another straight line passing through M and parale| othe y-axis. The intersection Point of the two straight nes is N. ii) Drew the perpendicular bisector of MN iv) Draw the perpendicular bisector of LN. «| v) Where do the two perpendicular bisectors intersect? | vl) What are the coordinates ofthe midpoint of Lu? How many units is & trom /? | , How many units is the midpoint of Jk from J? i What are the coordinates ofthe midpoint of ete JK? To find the coordinates of the midpoint of a straight line two points with common )-coordinates or common x-coordinates We can find the midpoint of a straight line joining two points with common y-coordinates or cammon " ; a -x-coordinates by inspection. = aoe? Example: In the Cartesian plane on the right, points A and B have common y-coordinates. : By inspection, AM is half the distance of AB. -M (3, 2) is the midpoint of 48. The coordinates of the midpoint of AB are (3, 2). © Example 18 A (~2, 3), B (4, 3) and C (4, 1) are three points in a Cartesian plane, Find the coordinates of the midpoint of a) 4B b) BC a waTHemarics FoRW 2(ou a) 4 and B have common b) B and C have common y-coordinates. srcoordinates, By inspection, 4M is half By inspection, BR is half the distance of AB. the distance of BC. M (1, 3) is the midpoint R (4, 2) is the midpoint of AB. of BC. ‘The coordinates of the ‘The coordinates of the midpoint of 48 are (1, 3) midpoint of BC are (4, 2). © Example 19 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the points: a) K (2, -2) and L. 2, -6) by M (0, 4) and N(12, 4) ») 7 . oO 2a saw 4 b i ai i 2 L K and L have common x-coordinates, Mand N have common y-coordinates. By inspection, KP is half the distance By inspection, MQ is half the distance of KL, of MN. P (2, ~4)is the midpoint of 4B. Q (6,4) is the midpoint of MN. The coordinates of the midpoint of KZ. The coordinates of the midpoint of MN are (2, ~4) are (6,4). EXERCISE [EET 1. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the following pairs of points: a) P(2, 6), (2,8) by R(-2,6),S(-2,4)—@) T(-8, 11), U8, 4) d) (0,6), 0, -2) ©) 4(-8,4),B (4,4) f) C(-2, -2), D(-12, -2) 2) £Q,-1).F =) hy G(14, 2), H(8, 2) 2. Given A (2, 4), B (3, ~8), C (3, ~12) and D (8, 4), find the coordinates of the midpoint of: a) AD by BC a warHeuaTi¢s FORM 2To find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line joining two points © Example 20 Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the points 4 (2, 3) and B (4, 1). Plot 4 (—2, 3) and & (4, 1) in a Cartesian plane and draw a right-angled triangle ABC. ‘The perpendicular bisector of BC is the line € ‘The perpendicular bisector of AC is the line €, €,and € intersect at (1, 2) The coordinates of the midpoint of 4B are (1, 2) EXERCISE | 1, Find the coordinates of the midpoint of: a) AQ, ~2), B (4,6) b) CQL, -1), (9, ~3) ©) E(-2, 4), F(8, 6) a) G0, 4), H (8,0) ©) 12, 8),J (5,7) f) K(5, ~2), £ (2, ~8) ®) MO, -1),N(,0) hy P(-2,4), O(-6, 3) 2. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the following pairs of points. a) Rand S b) and U ©) Vand W ) Band F WaTHEWATICS FORW 2To pose and solve problems involving midpoints © Example 21 C (1, 3) is the midpoint of the straight line joining A (~4, 1) and B. Find the coordinates of B. ~(@sowution) Plot A (—4, 1) and C (~1, 3) in a Cartesian plane. Cis the midpoint of the straight line joining A to B. The x-coordinate of B = 3 + (1) =2 The y-coordinate of B ‘The coordinates of B are (2, 5). ose other problems that involve diferent coordinates fr 4 and C. Find the coordinates of B. EXERCISE | uM 1. ABCD is a rectangle. Find the midpoints of | 3. Given that M(5, 6) is the midpoint of the AC and BD, What can you say of the straight line joining the points P(m, 5) and diagonals AC and BD of rectangle ABCD? Q (8, 7), find the value of m. y 4. AC-2.3) § B(4,3) : { ‘ape | | oa) 1) | na.3) 2. EFG isa triangle. Find the midpoints of EF aH and FG. a y Given that the area of triangle RST is 14 em*, 4 FR3) fits; ¥ a) the coordinates of T, 7 \ b) the coordinates of the midpoint of RT cat) WATHEMATICS FORM 2are (2, 3), (-2, 0), (~ (2, -1) respectively. Scales for the coordinate axes Scales for the axes are the same. 2 Scales for the axes are different. Example: x-axis 1:1 Example: x-axis 1:2 sears 1:5: istance between two points in a Cartesian plane || The midpoint, i, of EF is the intersection point of the perpendicular bisectors of £G and FG.cole aya cel aol ae} Please tick if you are able to: identify the x-axis, y-axis and origin plot points and state the coordinates of points in a Cartesian plane. ‘mark the values and state the scales used on the axes state the coordinates of a point and plot points with reference to the scales given. find the distance between two points with common y-coordinates or common x-coordinates, find the distance between two points using Pythagoras’ theorem. identify the midpoint of a straight line joining two points, find the coordinates of the midpoint of a straight line joining two points with common y-coordinates or common x-coordinates. find the coordinates of the midpoint of a line joining two points. oO oOfFO0 00000 pose and solve problems involving coordinates, distance between two points and midpoints, Questions I and 2 are based on the following | 2. The distance between the points R and S is diagram. A.2 units B.3 units C.4 units D.S units 3. The distance between the points 4 (2,~3) and B (9,~3) is AS units B. 6 units C.7 units D.8 units 4. ‘The distance between the points (0, 4) and (3, p) is 5 units, The value of p is A BA7 G8 D.9 5. The midpoint of the straight line joining the points (2, 4) and (~2, 8) is A. (0,2) B.(0,4) ©.(4, -4) D.Q, -4) = a MATHEMATICS FORM 2 1. The coordinates of R are AG, 4) B.(-3,4) C.(-3,-4) DD. (-4,3)1, Plot the following points in a Cartesian plane using the scales 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 for the x-axis and )-axis respectively. a)F(1,9) b)G(-2,-12) )H(-3,6) A I(4.12) QI(-1,6) HK, ~3) 2. State the coordinates of the points A,B,C, Dand E. 3. Find the distance between the points A (—I, 1) and B (16, 1). 4. Find the distance between the points K (2, 6) and L (~2, ~3), 5. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the following pairs of points: a) C(4,6),D (0, 10) b) E(-6, 0), FG,8) 0) G(4,9),H(-2,5) A) 18,4), J(-2,-2) 6. The coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the points A (~6, 5) and B (~4, q) are (~5, 3). Determine the value of g. Rem: a gp ntlimacon? Activity e MATHEMATICS TEST: HOW MANY STUDENTS PASSED? h ‘There are 44 students in Mrs Lee's Form 2 Hyper. She gave them a monthly test on coordinates. Mrs Lee's students pestered her to reveal the number of students who had passed the monthly test. She did not want to tell them directly and wanted them to solve a puzzle. She gave them nine problems to solve. WaTHEWATICS FORM 21. For the scale 1:3 on the x-axis, 4 units on the x-axis represent units 2. The distance of the point (2, ~4) from the x-axis is units. 3. The distance of the point (5, 1) from the y-axis is units, 4. The distance between the points 4 (1, ~3) and B (6, 9) is units, 5. C (k, 3) is 7 units from the y-axis. Given that & is positive, the value of kis. 6. The coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the points D (3, 4) and E(-3, 10)are 7. The coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the points F (~2, 3) and G(6,~7)are . The coordinates of the midpoint of the straight line joining the points #7 (6, ~2) and 19, 7) are 9. L (1, 3)is the midpoint of the straight line joining the points J (3, 7) and X. The coordinates of Kare. ‘The solutions to the problems are coded as follows, Match the problems with the correct answers, Problem Answer Code le eo: 4 2¢ @(-3.77-—> ¥ 38 et.2)— w +e es—— 1 se @(5,-1)—> 0 oe o7——— 1 Te @0,-2—> 1 se e2——+T 9 @ en R aromas Code: r t t t 7 7 - 7 7 i students passed Answerto problem: 1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 a warhewarics FORM 2CHAPTER] Loci in Two Dimensions ning argets € Understand the concept of ‘wodeensona' eo © Understand the concept of the intersection of two loci. Locus Loci Equidistant ‘When an object moves under a certain condition, it Perpendicular lines traces a pathway. This pathway is also known as locus. Constant In life, not only do the planets move around the sun Intersecting lines. and the man-made satellites orbit around the earth but Pali nes ‘we can draw patterns based on fixed rules. Therefore, hes x locus is applied not only in the sciences and (erp, astronomy but also in art and design. mal WATHEMATICS FORM 2Xu Two-Dimensional Loci ness Deserive and sketch the locus of Shalin is bowling, The bowling ball moves down the bowling mowogaback ling pins, The locus i + Determine the locus ofp are alley and knocks down the bowling pins. The locus is the ata eR ane iee path taken by the bowling ball as shown by the dotted line. __« Determine the locus of poins that are ‘equidistant from two fixed poirs. += Determine the locus of points that are of conan dtance from a sagt SS + Determine the locus of points that are ‘equiistant from two intersecting lines. * Construct the locus of a set of al poinis that saisiy a given conéiion. A gymnast is swinging around the horizontal bar. His foot traces a locus. The locus isa circle around the horizontal bar. A netball thrown through the net also traces 4 Tocus. The locus is the path taken by the ball as shown by the dotted line. * ‘A locus is the path taken by a set of points on a plane that satisfy given conditions. va watHewaTics FoRM 2Sr Insight 3 Animation To describe and sketch the locus of a moving object © Example 1 Describe and sketch the loci of the following moving objects: a) The feet of a child moving down a slide. 1b) The tip of a 3 em long minute hand of a clock from 8,00 a.m. 0 9.00 am Cou a) The locus is a line parallel to the b) The locus is a eirele mea slope of the slide. centre of the clock dial uring 3 em from the ‘The locus of a moving object that satisfies 2 conciton, is made up ofall the possible positions the abject occupies. warnewarics FoRM 22. Sketch and describe the locus of the following moving objects: a) A point on a lift going up from the ground floor to the fifth floor. b) The tip of a blade of a moving fan, ©) The tip of the hour hand of a clock from 6.00 a.m. to 12.00 noon, 4) A point on a skipping rope when a boy is skipping ©) A swimmer swimming across a 100 m pool. 1) The raising of the Malaysian flag when the national anthem is sung. g) The bottom comer of a | m wide door as itis opened. 1h) The top comer of a cupboard door when it is opened. Determining the Locus To determine the locus af points that satisfy a given condition: 1, Mark the possible positions of the points. 2. Join the set of points to obtain the locus. ‘To determine the locus of points that are of constant distance from a fixed point [IRN ca wae RAT ani - 7 0 empe Cedi eee Bae} 4. Workin groups of thee. 2. Cuta stip of manila card 2.5 cm long and mark a point 0, 0.5 em from one end of the stip. (Diegram 7) 3, Pin down the strip on a piece of paper at point O. . 4, Mark a point 2.cm from O, . Continue marking points on the sheet of paper as the stip is rotated. (Diagram 1) 5, Remove the strip 6. What isthe distance of the marked points from 0? 7. Join the marked points (Diagram /1/) ‘and determine the locus. Diagram / Leas = a AD ee Diagram 17 Diagram 117 Conclusion: The locus is a circle with centre O and a distance of 2 em from O. ‘To determine the locus of points that are equidistant from two iD fixed points sight 2 41. Work in groups of three. 2. Mark 2 points and B, 12 cm apart on a sheet of paper. 3. Fold a straw into exaclly two halves and draw a line at its centre 4, Place the two inner ends of the straw at 4 and B. Then, mark the centre point of the straw on the | paper. (Diagram J) 5. Turn the straw in the opposite direction. Place the two inner ends of the straw at 4 and 2. Then, mark ‘the centre point of the straw on the paper, (Diagram 7) a6, Fold the straw into two halves again. Cut off cm from both Coe ends. Then, repeat Steps 4 and 5. Whales Bala oO 7. Repeat Step 6 until ou have marked 6 points. (Diagram 1) points that are 8, Remove the straw. What can you conclude about the ‘equidistant from distance ofthe marked points from 4 and B? 4 end Cinta 8. Join the points (Diagram 121) and determine the locus. en Acetones as, me Exercises 03 & 04 4 7 a . Diagram 17 Inthe isosceles tangle ABC, | 4B = AC and BM = MC. | Diagram 7 ‘Then, il isthe perpendicular bsactor ofthe ine BC: Any pont on the ine ‘AM is equidistant ffom B and C. 4 | : $ Diagram if |-— Locus Sener Conelusion: The locus is the perpendicular bisector ofthe line joining the two fixed points. To determine the locus of points that are of constant distance from a straight line {o a SAREE — 1. Work in pairs. 4. Remove the ruler. What is the perpendicular 2. Drawa straight line 42, 4 om long. distance of the marked points from the line 487 3. Place @ ruler perpendicular to the line 4B and 5, Join the points (Diagram i/) and determine mark points 1 om from 48 along both sides of the locus. the tine. (Diagram 1) Note: A set square can be used to make sure that the ruler is perpencicular to ‘the line 48. ‘ \\ Diagram / Conclusion: The locus is two parallel lines, 1 om from the line AB. = MATHEMATICS FORM 2 Ee woes Diagram 17To determine the locus of points that are equidistant from two intersecting lines 41. Work in pairs. 2. Using a sheet of graph paper, draw intersecting lines as the x-axis and y-axis. (Diagram J) 3, Using 2 scale of 1 cm to 1 unit, mark points that are equidistant from the two axes. Example: (1, 1), (2,2), (-1, ~1), (-2, ~2), .. (Diagram 1) 4. Now mark the following points: (~1, 1), (~2, 2), (1, ~1), (2, ~2), .. (Diagram 1) '5, What can you conclude about the distance of the marked points from the x-axis and y-axis? 6 Join the points to obtain the locus (Diagram 17), Measure the angles between the axis and the locus with a protractor. What can you conclude? Diagram 1 Diagram 17 Conclusion: The locus is the bisector ofthe angle between the ernie Interactive Activity 1 EXERCISE EAT 1. Describe the locus of point P that is ahways 1.5 em from a fixed point M. 2. Xisa fixed point in a given plane, Sketch the locus of point P which is always 2.5 em from X. 3. Describe the locus of point R that moves so that it is always 4 em from the line MIN. uw 4. The distance between two fixed points, X and ¥ is 3 om, Sketch the locus of a point R which ‘moves so that its distance from point is equal to its distance from point ¥. 5, Sketch and describe the locus of a point such that its perpendicular distance from the line PQ is always equal to its perpendicular distance from the line PR. e uaTHewari¢s FORM 26. The rod PO rotates about the point R R Sketch and describe the locus of the point; ? a) P Som na i 18 ¢m—__- 7. ‘Two straight lines CD and EF intersect at right angles at the a Point 0. Sketch using separate diagrams, the locus of a point S a) Lem fom O b) 1.5 em from CD ¢) equidistant from CO and £O. 8 A ship has to sail between two icebergs, 4 and 8 that are 100 m apart, The distance of the ship from each iceberg at any time is always the same. Sketch the path of the ship. — 100m Constructing the Locus Sea To construct the locus: perpendicular isin tat sa 90 1, Describe or sketch the locus. pao me. 2 Decide on a suitable sae tesceuaiee 3. Construct the locus accurately Parallel lines aiveys remain the same distance apart. ‘To construet the locus of points that are at a constant © Example 2 Construct the locus of point P C.D The locus of point P is a circle with centre O and a distance of 1.5 cm from the centre O. + 1. Place a pair of of LSem. ‘ance from a fixed point it is alws -m from a fixed point O. ‘The blades ofa celling fan are 60 om long. Construct the locus ofthe end of a blade when the fan is switched on. Use @ scale of t cm to represent 20 cm, 2. Mark a fixed point O ona sheet of paper. With the point of the compasses at point O, ddray an are 1.5 em from O to forma « circle, This is the \ oP locus of P. MATHEWATICS FORA 2‘To construct the locus of points that are equidistant from two fixed points © Example 3 Two points and Y are 6 em apart. Construct the locus of point P equidistant from X'and ¥. SOT ‘The locus of point P is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the points X’and ¥. Steps to construct the locus. 1. Draw a line segment XY of 6 em. Set your 2, Place the point of your compasses at X compasses to a length more than half of XY, and draw an are above and below the line F x y With the same length, place the point of ‘your compasses at Y and draw two ares to intersect the first two ares at A and B. “Two trafic cones are 3 m apart. Gnsct te oes of moto ta sri 's always moving atthe some distance 4. Drav a line through 4 and 8. ne ee et gg rena ees This is the locus of point P. eb eee =— Locus of P a waraematics: aM 2‘To construct the locus of points that are at a constant distance from a straight line ‘Afenceis 4 m long. Construct he lous of @ gardener planting Tower seedlings © Example 4. ————————,_sisunose force. PQs @ straight line 7 em long. Construct the locus of point T that is 2 cm from PO. The locus of point Tis two parallel lines at 2. Construct perpendicular bisectors to the a distance of 2 om from the line PQ. line segment PR and RQ. Mark the points ‘Steps 10 construct the locus: of intersection of the perpendiculars with 1, Draw a line PQ measuring 7 em. Then, the line PQ as A and B. mark a point R on the line PO. i 4 p n pe A 4 R B ° 3. Set your compasses to a length of 2 em, Place the point of your compasses at 4 and draw an are on the perpendicular above and below the line. Repeat with the point L of your compasses at B. 4. Draw a line through the 2 em marks in Step 3. This is the locus of point 7. 2 4 se fp, ? aR nr) ab ; Tees ofr K K WATHEMATICS FORM 2Te construct the locus of points that are equidistant from two intersecting lines © Example 5 ‘Two lines AB and CD intersect at point O. Construct the locus of point 7 such that it is i always equidistant from 4B and CD. Cia ‘The locus of point T's the bisector of the angles between the intersecting lines. ‘Steps to construct the locus: 1, Sct a pair of compasses to about half the 2. Place the point of the compasses at P and length of OB. Place the point of your then at @ to draw two arcs that intersect. compasses at O and draw arcs to cut lines OD and OB at P and Q respectively. 4, Use steps 1, 2 and 3 as a guide to draw the bisector of 4D and ZBOC. The bisector of the angles is the locus of point 7. 3. Draw a line through O and the point where the ates intersect. This line is the bisector of ZBOD and 2 AOC. ‘Acatapuits stretched fut so thatthe angle between the elastic feoais othe moveg sone morte bands ar released. WATHEMATICS FORM 2EXERCISE (ETE 1, Construct the locus of a point P such that it is always 2.8 em from a fixed point AL. 2. Two points Zand M are 4.4 em apart, Construct the locus of point T' such that it is equidistant from L and M. 3. Draw a vertical line 4B, 5 cm long. Construct the locus of point $ such that it is always 2.2 em from AB. 4, Construct 2ABC measuring 60°. Then, construct the locus of point R such that it is always equidistant from AB and BC 5. Construct an isosceles triangle POR given PR = 3.8 em and QP = OR = 2.8 em. Then, construct the locus of points such that it is equidistant from OP and OR. 6. Construct a triangle LMN given LN = 10 em, LM = 8 em and MN = diagram construct the following. aa) The locus of point P which is equidistant from LM and MEN’ ') The locus of point Q which is at a distance of 3 em from N. cm, On the same Intersection of i Determine the intersection points of Two loci two loci by drawing, A and B are two points 6 m apart in the school field. Some coloured flags are arranged in two lines 4m from the line 4B. Other coloured flags are arranged in a line equidistant from A and B. Notice that flags F, and F, are both 4 m from line 4B and equidistant from points 4 and B. ‘When two loci intersect, the intersection points satisfy the conditions of both loci. To determine the intersection points of two loci by drawing To locate objects in loci problems: 1. Make a rough sketch of the loci. 2. Use a suitable scale for the construction. Mttaneia 3. Construct the loci on the same diagram. 4. Mark the intersection point(s) of the loci. Jase 3 Inteative Evercises QS & Q6 3 MaTHEUaTICS FoRM 2© Example 6 AB is a straight line, 3.5 em long. Find the location of points that are 2.4 cm from 4 and equidistant from A and B. Mark the intersection points “Coun Draw a line AB, 3.5 cm long. Construct a circle with centre 4 and at a distance of 2.4 cm from A. Construct tl perpendicular bisector of line 4B. Mark the intersection points as P, and P,. © Example 7 Three towns, P, Q and & are located on the same plane. Town Q is 100 km east of town P. Town 2 is towards the north, 90 km from town P and 60 km from town Q. Park X is located 50 km from town & and equidistant from town P and town Q. Mark the possible locations of the park. Make a rough sketch. 2. Use a scale of 1 cm to represent 10 km. 3. Construct the loei 4. Mark the intersection points as the / possible locations of park X. waTHEwaTICS FORM 2EXERCISE [ZZ ommmmn 1, ABCD is a square with sides 2 em long. ie Mark the points in the square ABCD that satisfy | the conditions | 264 a) 1.8 cm from A bb) equidistant from A and C. L D c 2, Xand ¥ are two points on a plane. XY = 5 om. Construct the locus of point a) S such that it is always 3 em from X. b) T'such that itis always 4 em from ¥. Mark the intersection points of the two loci 3. a) Construct and label triangle ABC, given AB ~ 10 cm, BC = 6.5 cm and ZABC = 60°. bb) On the same diagram, construct the locus of a point that is i) 5.5 om from B, fi) equidistant from A and B. ©) The point P, inside triangle ABC is 5.5 em from B and equidistant from A and B. i) Label the point P on your diagram, What is the length of P4? 4. The sketch (not to scale) shows a plan of Mrs. Tooh's rectangular garden. She wants to plant guava tree in the garden. The tree should be planted such that it is 10 m from the drain and 12 m from the durian tree. 1a) Use a scale of 0.5 em to represent | m to construct the plan of the garden. b) Contruct the loci of the guava tree and mark its possible location, Drain —+| 10m Dutian Tree —— 8m 5. Three restaurants P, Q and R are located at the vertices of triangle POR. PQ = 800m, QR = 700 m and PR = 600 m. a) Use a scale of 1 em to represent 100 m to construct a plan of triangle POR, b) A bookshop B is located inside the triangle POR. It is 200 m from PQ and equidistant from QR and QP. On the same diagram, construct the loci to locate the bookshop B. 6. A badge is in the shape of a triangle LMN. LM = 28 mm, 2MLN = 60° and MIV = 30 mm. a) Construct the badge. A pin is soldered at the back of the badge at point P. Point P is equidistant from LM and, MN. It is also equidistant from LM and LN. b) On the same diagram, draw suitable loci to locate the point P Mark the point P. equidistant from 2 ata constant { 2 equidistant from distance from a two fixed points is distance from a two intersecting fixed point is a the perpendicular | | stzight ine is two lines is the angle circle bisector, parallel lines. bisectors, Intersection of Two Loci ‘2 When two loc! intersect, intersection points satisfy the conditions of both loci. } ‘> To locate intersection points of two loci 4, Make a rough sketch of the loci 2. Draw the loci using a suitable scale. 3. Mark the intersection points e uaTHewarics FORM?Poe) teas ay) Please tick if you are able to: describe and sketch the locus of a moving object. determine and construct the locus of points that are at a constant distance from a fixed point determine and construct the locus of points that are equidistant from two fixed points. determine and construct the locus of points that are at a constant distance from a straight line. intersecting lines. Oo 00 00 1. Which of the following loci is an are? A. A coconut falling from the tree. B. A lift moving up 10 storeys. C. The bob of a swinging pendulum, D. A travelling bullet, when a shot is fired. 2, The diagram above consists of two circles of the same size with centres P and Q. ‘The points that are equidistant from P and Q are’ A. Land M B. Rand C. Rand L D. Sand M ca determine and construct the locus of points that are equidistant from two draw the loci and locate the intersection points that satisfy the conditions of the two loci. v a s R PORS isa square. U, V and Ware the midpoints of PQ, PS and SR respectively. Refer to the above figure for questions 3 and 4 }- The locus of points that are equidistant from U and Vis the A. diagonal PR C. diagonal SQ B. line SW Dy line RU . The locus of points that are equidistant from PS and QR is the A. diagonal PRB. diagonal SQ . line VR D. line UW waTHEWATICS FORM 21. STis.a straight line 4.6 em long, P is a set of points such that PS = PT. Construct the locus of P. é 2. The diagram on the right shows intersecting lines, PQ and RS. fags 0 Tis a point that it is always equidistant from PQ and RS, Draw the intersecting lines, then, construct the locus of 7. P 3. UVIWXis a rectangle. Copy the diagram and construct the locus of: s a) object M that. moves such that itis always equidistant from U and I. u y b) object 1 that moves such that it is always sem equidistant from lines UV and XW. Mark the intersection point of loci M and N. —— x Sem ¥ 4. Construct an equilateral triangle POR with sides 4 cm. Construct the locus of a) point 4, such that it is always equidistant from P and Q. ) point 2, such that it is at a distance of 2.6 cm from R. Mark the intersection point of loci A and B that is inside the triangle POR. A metal sheet is in the shape of triangle ABC. AB = 4.8 em, 2ABC = 60° and ACAB = 30° a) Construct an accurate drawing of the metal sheet A hhole is drilled into the metal sheet at point P. This point is equidistant from AB and BC and it is also 1 em from B. 'b) On the same diagram construct suitable loci to locate the point P. Mark this point. ¢) Measure and state the distance of PA and PC. ~ fen ee Fis fi Gaticirent hettvttyy El ‘TREASURE HUNT | A treasure is buried in a jungle. The diagram shows the part of the jungle which consists of a path, a hut (Z/) and a jackfruit tree (J). The path is 20.m long. The hut and the lg jackfruit tree are 12 m from the path and are 10 m apart. : +— 12m cH ‘The buried treasure lies somewhere near the hut and the jackfruit tree. Its 9 m from the hut and at a distance of 2 oe 7 m from the path, Construct the suitable loci to locate the = hhidden treasure. What is the distance between the hidden treasure and the jackfruit tree? a TURNER ae WATHEMATICS FORM 2‘Aire is set of points in a plane equidistant from a fixed point, The fixed point isthe centre ofthe cre If we look around us, we can see many things which are circular in shape such as plates, buttons and tyres The early Greek astronomers even wrongly believed that the planets travelled in circular orbits. MATHEMATICS FORM 2 rning elFinek v Recognize and draw parts of a circle. .€ Understand and use the concept of circumference to solve problems. # Understand and use the concept of arc of a circle to solve problems. Understand and use the concept of ‘area of a circle to solve problems, Understand and use the concept of area of sector ofa circle to solve problems, Spastic _) Circle Subtend Radius Arc Diameter Annulus Circumference Sector Proportional Angle at the centre Area Chord Derive Pi End-point> 10.1 Parts of a Girdle ore a8 a ef pot ‘quasar tor a ed pont To identify a circle as a set of points + Identty parts of a cre. equidistant from a fixed point ay he ae ee se on by constuction esarataenigecmeed _ Form groups of four. Place a stick on afield Tie a small loop at one end of a 2 metre rope and place it on the stick, Pull the other end of the rope with your hand unti itis tight. Startto walk, making sure that the rope is ehvays tight, One of your group members will trace your path by sprinkling four on your tral Stop when you have reached your intial position. Look atthe path you have taken 9. Then answer the following questions. What does your path look like? ‘Ate you always the same distance from the stick? | Measure that distance with a measuring tape. | Wat eondision can you dau rom ths acti? Acie isa locus with all points on the plane ‘equidistant from a fixed point. To identify parts of a circle a) Centre The centre, 0, ofa circle is a fixed point which is equidistant from all, . points on the circle, g b) Circumference ‘The circumference is the perimeter of a circle, FR c) Radius ‘The radius of a circle is a line drawn from the centre of the circle to the circumference of the circle d) Diameter ‘The diameter isa line segment that passes through the centre of a Circle and has its end-points on the circle. The length of the diameter is twice the radius, e) Chord ‘The chord is a line segment with end-points on the circle. JI \ MATHEMATICS FoRM 2) Are ‘The arc isa pat ofthe circumference of a circle with end-points on the Cirle. The are CGD is @ minor are and the are CHD is a major ar. 9) Sector The sector ofa circle is the region bounded by an arc and two radi (the plural for radius is radi). The sector O£JF is a minor sector and the sector OEKF is a major sector. i aaa h) Segment ‘The seament of a circle is the region bounded by an arc and a chord, ‘The segment of a citce consists of a minor segment and a major segment. { 0 0 Zs Rg 3. Draw and label the following parts of a Fi circle in separate diagrams. Ff Kae the following paris of the circle | #) Cente, radius, diameter and above. circumference a) 0 bor 9 PO ) Chord ; d) RTS) RS 1) RPUOS | — ©) Minor are and major arc 2) PUQSTRP 4) Minor sector and major sector ©) Minor segment and major segment To draw a circle and parts of a circle A circle or parts of a circle can be drawn using a straight edge, a pair of compasses or a protractor. © Example} Draw a circle with centre O and radius 1.5 em. 1. Mark a point O on a piece of paper. 2. Open your compasses to a length of 1.5 em 3. Place the pointed end of the compasses at O and draw the circle. MaTHEWaTiCs FORM 2© Example 2. Cee ee Draw a circle given that its diameter is 3 cm. i ‘“SoLUTION) e = | A. Draw a line segment 4B 3 cm long, \ ‘ | 2. Using a ruler, measure and mark the midpoint of AB as O. al | 3. Place the pointed end of the compasses at O and | the other end at 4 or B and draw the circle. © Example 3. Draw a diameter of length 4 cm passing through a point C on a circle with centre 0. | SOLUTION . Mark a point, 0, the centre of the circle. . Open a pair of compasses to a length of 2 cm, Place the pointed end of the compasses at O and then draw the circle Mark a point Con the circle, Draw a line segment from C to O and extend it until it meets the circle again at D. CD is the diameter of the circle. © Example 4 ————— Draw two chords of length 3 cm passing through a point £ on the circumference of the circle as shown. “SOLUTION Open your compasses to a length of 3 em. 2. Place the pointed end of the compasses at E ‘and mark the ares intersecting the circle at and G. 3. EF and EG are chords of the cirele with length 3om. we ae MATHEMATICS FoRM 2© Example 5 — Draw the sector of a circle given that the angle at the centre is 60° an ““@Bouuniok 1, Draw a circle of radius 2 em 2. Mark a point 4 on the circle. 3, Join 4 to O, the centre of the circle. 4. Construct an angle of 60° on 40 at O (Alternatively, you can also draw the angle of 60° with a protractor), 5. OAB is a sector of the circle with an angle of 60° at the centre and a radius of 2m. \ ~ To determine the centre or radius of a circle by construction ‘The perpendicular bisectors of chords of a circle intersect at the centre of the circle © Example 6 Determine the centre and radius of the circle given. Ld “(Bouin 1. Draw two chords EF and GH on the circle. 2. Construct the perpendicular bisectors of the chords EF and GH. 3. The intersection point of the perpendicular bisectors of the chords is the centre, O, of the circle. » 4, Measure the length of OG, the radius of the circle. 3 ‘The radius is 15 em. EXERCISE g H ff mwmsercasssescs 1, Draw a circle with the following radi a) 4cm b) 18cm ¢) 2.7em d) 3.8cm 2. Draw a circle with the following diameter. 2) 28 em ty) 32 em 9 52em 4 bem Age V7 WaTHeWATICS FORM 23. Construct a chord of a citcle given the following radius and length of chord: @ (®) ©) @ Radius Zen | 280m | 35an | Son Length of chord| Sem em Sem | 48cm 4, Draw the sector of a circle, given the radius and angle at the centre. a.) ©) © | @ | Radius [den | a2em_ | 25cm | 35am | Angle at the centre 30 45° 120° 260° | circles. a) i ») ( Understand and Use the Concept of Circumference to Solve Problems To estimate the value of x People were beginning to understand x (or ‘pi’) about 4000, years ago. People then used to believe that the value of 7 ‘was about three. Today we use a better approximation of 1 to be 3.142. The Gutenberg Cray Computer project, in 1995, calculated x to 1 254 539 digits. Here is an activity to help ‘you determine the value of z. { Dai j mK 1. Form groups of four 2. You need a string, 2 measuring tape, a metre ule and an extemal caliper. 3. Gather cans of diferent sizes, for example, mik cans, paint cans or cereal cans. 4, Wrap the string around a can. This measures the circumference of the can. Measure the length of the string Using @ metre rule. Copy the table given on the next page |. __ and record the value in the column labelled circumference. 5, Next, measure the diameter ofthe can with an external calipers. Record the value in the column labelled diameter. a \/ WATHEMATICS FORM 2 Using a straight edge and a pair of compasses, determine the centre and radius of the following, * Estimate the value of x. * Derive the formula ofthe circumference of acide. * Find the circumference ofa circle given is diameter or radius. * Find the diameter or rads of cide / ‘gen the crcumference ofthe cic. + Solve problems involving ‘Srcumference of crcls. ‘Archimedes was bom in 287 BC in ‘Syracuse, italy. Archimedes discovered = (orp), He was a famous mathematician, He also invented the hydraulic sorew, catapult, the lever, the compound pulley ‘and the burning mior. He also discovered the famous nydrostatc Principle, Archimedes Prnciple snouting Eureka" upon discovering i. He was kiled by a Roman soldier in 212 BC. His demise marked the end of a golden era in mathematics,6. Now, divide the circumference of each of the cans by its diameter (to three decimal places). Put this value in the column labelled ratio, Object | Circumference (cm) | Diameter (cm) 7. Is the value of the ratio for each of the cans the same? (~ Is this value close to x? ‘What conclusion can you draw from this activity? 2 2 on 3.142's often used as ‘an approximation forthe value of x. To derive the formula of the circumference of a circle ‘The ratio of the circumference to the diameter is ‘That constant is known as x. Circumference ote in Dimer" ——( Ouran) Seung mor Cirounfizence = diaketes 2x = 2nr To find the circumference of a circle given its diameter or radius The circumference of a ; cirdle of radius ris 2m. |g © Example 7 — Find the circumference of a circle of | a) diameter 7 cm b) radius 14.7 cm Li a) Circumference = 2m b) Circumference = 2ar aan ~{(rass sate =2x2x 147 = 226m = 92.4 em a marhewaTics FoRW 2EXERCISE | 1, Take x = 3.142, find the circumference of the circles given below. Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where nece a) cs XY , 11209 2. Circle A has a radius of 28 cm. Circle B has a diameter of 9.8 cm. Find the difference in the circumference of circle A and circle B (Take x = 72 To find the diameter or radius of a circle given its circumference © Example 8 = The circumference of the circle is 39.6 em. 2nr = 39.6 2x2 xr=396 8 ~ 2 at r=63en Diameters 2x7 7268 The diameter of the circle is 12.6 em. = 12.6cem The diameter of the circle is 12.6 em © Example 9 A circle has a circumference of 50 em. Find the radius of the cirele correct to 2 decimal places (Take x = 3.142) _-SoLuTION ‘The circumference of the circle is 50 em. 2nr = 50 2x 3.142 x r= 50 p- 50 2x 3.142 = 7.96 (2 dp.) ‘The radius of the circle is 7.96 om. MaTHEwaTics FORM 2EXERCISE (97 eecmsammnss 1, Take = 22. find the diameter ofthe eirele with the following circumference a) 44cm b) 35.2 om ©) 52.8 em 2. Take x = 3.142, find the radius of a circle given that its circumference is a) 10.2 b) 17.8 em 938m Give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary. 3. The circumference of a circle is 66 cm. Find its diameter. (Take x = 22) 4. A circle and a square of length 8 em have the same perimeter. Find the radius of the circle. (Take x = 3.142) To solve problems involving the circumference of circles — ‘The tip of the second hand of a clock has moved a distance of 60.72 m in an hour, Find the length of the second hand, (@L_stePs To so.ve PROBLEM 1. Understand the problem: ‘The second hand ofthe olook has rotated 60 times in an hour, The second hand has moved 6072 em in an hour. « (60.72 m = 8072 om Find the length of the second hand. SY 2. Decide on a plan: Find the circumference of the circle formed by the movement of the second hand, 60 times the circumference is equal to 6072 cm. Find the radius of the circle 3. Carry out the plan: Let the length of the second hand be 1 cm. The second hand tums one round ‘a minute. It tums 60 rounds in an hour (or 60 minutes) es 60 x nr = 6072 60 «2x 2 xr = 6072 2 c ind A circle is inscribed inside a square of length 4.9 em as shown, a) the circumference of the circle, b) the difference in the perimeter of the square and the circle. P 6. Find the diameter of a circle which has a circumference that is four times the perimeter of the triangle shown on the right. 45 om, \37 em Qk 7, The tyre of a ear rotates 450 times per minute, Given that the diameter of the tyre is 60 em, find the distance travelled by the ear in $ minutes. Give your answer in kilometres. ABC isa right-angled triangle, Semicircles are drawn on all three sides of triangle ABC. Find the perimeter of the figure. == uarHeWari¢s FORM 2SSA] a of crt es To derive the formula of the length of “ten anisage ete an arc '* Find the angle at the centre given the: Jength of the arc and the radius. “+ Find the rads given the arc length and £ A ee fh fat ace were |. Form groups of three. Draw two circles of radius 7 cm on a piece of paper using a pair of compasses. . You can obtain sectors of the circle by repeatedly folding the circle into half, one quarter and one oe ve CN DBD A 1 1 semricice Lotacice — f ofaciae circle 4. Find the arc length of the figures shown above. Then, copy and complete the table shown below. Pie cree Sencrce | Lotacrce Tota ane xBy ty + Arc length lialoiids anil a =n Angle at contre| 60° 5. Determine the ratio of the arc length to the circumference of the circle and the ratio of the angle at, the centre to 360°. Copy and complete the table below. Figure ice Semickce Totecice | potaccce Ratio of the arclength to | 44:44 = 1:1 22:44 = circumference Ratio of the angle at the | 360°: 360° = 11 | 180": 360" = centre to 360° 6. What can you say about the ratio ofthe arc length to circumference and the rato ofthe angle atthe centre to 360° ? What conclusion can you draw from this activity? v To find the length of the arc given the angle at the centre and the “radius ‘The length of an are ofa circle is Length of arc __ Angle at conte proportional to the angle at the Circumference 360" centre Ads x Zar” 360" SE v MATHEMATICS FoRM 2© Exannple 10 ——— Find’ the length of arc 4B that subtends an angle of 60° at the centre. Length of ate Angle at centre Circumference 360° 60 2 oo X 2% 7 XAT | = 15.4.em | Length of arc AB is 15.4 om. EXERCISE EEE scenes (Take = 3.142 and give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary) AA. Find the length of the are of a circle with the given radius and angle at the centre. lel wo [ww | w | “Radius 2iom | 49cm | 63em | 106m | 12am ‘angie atthe contre | ar | 7 [16 | 06 | aa 2, Find the value of x for each of the following cireles: \ oN” 0 Cy) @) 3. The figure shows a circle of radius 4.2 cm and an are AB that subtends an angle of $0° at the centre. Find the length, of arc AB. Find the length of an are of a circle, given that the radius is 19 cm and the angle at the centre =a MATHEMATICS FORM 2’ To find the angle at the centre given the length of the arc and the radius of the circle © Example 11 - An are AB of length 4.4 cm subtends an angle x at the c of the circle is 8.4 em, find the value of x. = Length ofare Angle at centre Circumference ~ 360° 44 a 2xexga 300 ‘The value of x is 30°. To find the radius of a circle given the length of the arc and the angle at the centre © Example 12 ——-—— “The figure shows a circle with centre 0. — Find the radius of the circle \ Length of.are Angle at centre Circumference ~ 360° 2s Bar ~ 3605 150mr = 22 x 360 = 16.8em 2 |[2 Jfam|[7 The radius of the circle is 16.8 em. Sn num warHemaTics FoRM 2ROARED EXERCISE [fT (Take x = 3.142 and give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary) {. Find the angle subtended at the eentre of the circle given: a) radius = 2.1 em b) radius = 12.6 em length of are = 4.4 em length of are = 22 em 2. Find the radius of the circle given: a) angle at centre = 40° b) angle at centre = 270° longth of are = 13.2 em length of are = 66 em 3. Find the value of « for each of the following: a) iim b) 2 ° s8¢m 954 (od yer (2 sen \C KS ’ Es _ Wea 4. Find the radius of each of the following circles. a) b) ° + ~ en BOF the radius of a circle given that an arc of length 17 cm subtends an angle of 150° at the centre of the circle 6, Find the angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length 10 cm, given that its radius is 6 cm, 7. Find the radius of the circle with centre O given that the major are AB is 42 em long. 8, Find the value ofx given that the circle with centre O has a radius of 7.2 em and the minor are PQ is 15.2 cm long. oN o A sae aa MATHEMATICS FORW 2To solve problems involving arcs of a circle Sa ‘Mrs Lim bought an apple pie for her children. She cut the apple pie into eight equal slices. Her youngest daughter ate a slice. Given that the length of the minor are 48 is 12 em, find the radius of the apple pie correct to 2 decimal places. (@RNTstePs To sowve PROBLEM _ 1 Understand the problem: ‘Apple pie cut into eight equal slices. Angle at the centre: 45°. Length of arc 4B: 12 om. Find the radius of the apple pie. 2. Decide on a plan: Length of arc _ Angle at centre Circumference ~~ 360" 3. Carry out the plan: MeAB x tar ~ 380° 12 _ Age! Ber 360°* 96 ax 7 = 1527 om(2dp) Answer: The radius of the apple pie is 15.27 em. 4, Check the answer: Length of minor ate AB = x 2ar 2 = fx2x2x i627 = 120m. - MATHEMATICS FORU 2 Se va? Mattie’ cara Insight 1 Interactive Exercises QI & Q?EXERCISE Fo) DUBE (Take a and give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where neces 1. The diagram on the right shows a road going through a tunnel. ABC is a semicircle and has a length of 23 m. Find the width of the road. 2. The circumference of a circle is 23 em. Find a) the diameter of the circle, b) the length of an are that subtends an angle of 85° at the centre of the circle. 3. The minute hand of a clock has travelled three quarters of a revolution. Find the distance travelled by the tip of the minute hand given that the minute hand is 14.7 cm long. 4The diagram on the right shows an arch-shaped portion of the porch of a house. If O4B forms a sector of a circle with centre O, find 24OB given that Od = 3 m and the are AB is 2.7 m long, E . 5 5 es DEC and AFB arc \ ares of circles with centre O. Given that 04 ~ 3.5 mand OC =7 em, find the perimeter of the figure. 6. ‘The diagram below shows two concentric circles with centre O. Given that 04 = 7 em and AB = 2-em, find the perimeter of the shaded region 7. The figure consists of a square ABCD of length 15.4 cm and a sector ofa citcle with centre B. Find the perimeter of the figure. 120) 4 184.0m D! we waTuenavics FoRu 2SQ] tren of a Gre + Find the area ofa circle given its radius To derive the formula of the area of a ee circl «Find the ralus or dlameter given the Bee: 1 Feat tn ee | a ae eee 4. Gutout he cle using a pair of sisors 4. Divide the circle into eight even sectors by repeatedly ' — folding the circle into half, one quarter and one eighth cits \ \ A / 5. Rearrange these sectors as in the figure on the right. a t \ LV VV Does the figure look like a parallelogram with the length of the base as hat the circumference of the circle and height that isthe same as its radius? 6. When we divide the circle into more sectors, ‘we can approximate the area of the figure above as the area ofthe parallelogram shown. | Copy and complete the folowing: (Gorath ofracius yh i th 4 + the circumference ‘Area of circle = Area of parallelogram length of base x height v a. t a Hat he crounference of te crcl) What isthe area ofthe circle? Conclusion: Area of circ To find the area of a circle given the radius or diameter © Example 13. ——— Take x = 22 find the area of a citcle of | 2) radius 7m Wb) diameter 12m ‘(SOLUTION 8) Area of circle = 2° ) Area of circle = ; xT -Bxtxs! =154 em =1134 om! WATHEMATICS FORM 2EXERGSE fF Jf oem (Take m = 3.142 and give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary) 1, Find the area of a circle with radius a) 2.8em b) 10.5 cm 92m @) 2.14 em 2. Find the area of a circle with diameter a) 63cm b) 119m © 15m a) 25 em To find the radius or diameter given the area of a circle © Example 14 3 Given that the area of a circle is 38.5 cm’, find its radius and diameter, (Take = 7) Area of circle = 17" m= 38.5 2 Bx = 385 r= [385x 5 r =35em ‘The radius of the circle is 3.5 em, ‘The diameter of the circle = 2 x 3.5 +—(Diametor = 2 x radius cm To find the area of a circle given the circumference © Example 15 = ‘The cireumference of a circle is 132 cm, Determine the area of the circle. (Take x = => Circumference of circle 2ar = 132 2x2 xr=132 3 & Area of circle The area of the circle is 1386 em*, _ MATHEMATICS FoRM 2To find the circumference of a circle given the area © Example 16 Find the circumference of a circle given that its area is 98,56 em’. (Take 5.6 om The circumference of the eircle is 35.2 em. EXERCISE f gj eet “> and give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary) (Take 3 ‘The area of a circle is 75.46 cm’, Find its radius and diameter. A circle has the same area as a square of length 5 cm. Find the diameter of the circle, Find the radius and diameter of a circle which has an area of $5.44 cm’, Determine the radius of a circle which has an area of 30 cm’. ‘The circumference of a circle is 85 cm, Calculate the area of the circle. Determine the circumference of a circle which has an area of 7546 em’ a a a ree circles with centre O. Find the area of the annulus ) Concentric cicles annulus are cites having the same oonire, . 4) Annutus i the area between two concentric edes, ‘A mason wants to lay tiles on a 1_m wide path around a circular pond of radius 10 m. Find the area covered by the tiles. a HEUaTICS FORM 2To solve problems involving area of circles ‘The diagram below shows a piece of land in a playground. ABCD is a rectangle of length 50 m and breadth 20 m. There are semicircles on sides AD and BC of the rectangle. The local council wants to plant carpet grass on that piece of land. Given that the cost of planting carpet grass is *, find the cost of planting carpet grass on that piece of land. (Take x =) 7 si é rf —— 20m D io (QQ stePs To soLve PROBLEM ee ae 4. Understand the problem: Length of rectangle: 50 m Breadth of rectangle: 20 m Radius of semicircle: 10m Find the cost of planting carpet grass. 2. Decide on a plan: ‘Area of playground — area of rectangle ABCD + area of circle Cost of planting carpet grass = area of playground x RM60 3. Carry out the plan: Area of rectangle ABCD = 50 x 20 = 1000 m? Area of circle = ny? @ 7 = 314.29 mF ‘Area ofthe piece of land = 1000 + 314.29 = 1314.29 m* Cost of planting carpet grass = 1314.29 x RMEO = RNB 857.40 Answer: & The cost of planting carpet grass is RM78 857.40 4. Check the answer: ‘Area of the piece of land = x 108 78,857.40 0 = 1314.29 m* =e MATHEMATICS FORM 2EXERCISE es (Take x = 22 and give your answers correct to 2 decimal places where necessary) pees y Bon 1, The diagram shows a” ©) 3, The figure shows a (om af 100m square PORS of length rectangle ABCD 8 em with a circle with semicircles on inscribed inside it. Find all its four sides. the area of the shaded Find the total area region 5 & | ofthe figure KO 2 35en| ‘The diagram shows two concentric 4. May Lee bought a cake which is circular circles with in shape. Her sister ate a centre O. Find quarter of the cake, the area of the Given that the area of Lu. shaded region. the top surface of the remaining portion is 520 em’, find the diameter of the cake. ma Area of a Sector of a Circle ~Depgdn tenant bu yoo To derive the formula of the area of a eee sector ‘+ Find the angle at the centre given the ee ees and the angle at the centre. sao raneananaes 1. Form groups of three. sectors and area of circles. 2. Using a pair of compasses, draw two circles of radius 7 cm Seer 3. Using a pair of scissors, cut out sectors of a circle as shown below. CY D A awry = Fersams = Leann ed Calculate the area of the circle, semicircle, {of a circle and of a circle. Then, copy and complete the table shown below. Figure Circle ‘Semicrcle Tota circle Fotacrcie Lite 3 Area pea Angle at centre 360° se | ae WaTHEMATICS FORM 25. Then, copy and complete the following table. Figure Circle ‘Semicircle ota circle Fote cre | Ratio of area of sector to | 154: 15 area of circle Ratio of angle | |atcentre to |360°:360°= 1:1 | 180°: 360° = 360° 1] 77: 154= i 6. What conclusion can you draw from this activity? Conclusion: The area of a sector ofa circle, with centre 0, is proportional to the angle at the centre ‘Area of sector Angle at centre ‘Area of ccle ‘360° or ‘Area of sector To find the area of a sector and angle at the centre © Example 17 Find the area of each of the shaded sectors below where O is the centre of the circle a) — b) /é {+ oe 2 \ A | | | a)\Arenfescor agra ons 300 | Arsofeircie 360" 360° | Areaofsector 120° i me 362i ser ‘Area of sector = 2% x 22 x ge Area of sector = wy By ar 300 7 . 360 7 = 167.62 cm’ (2 d.p.) | = 4.62 em warwenarics FoRu 2