Online English Language Class

Instructor: Hekmatullah
What is writing?

Each language has four major skills. The receptive skills like listening and reading
and productive skills like speaking and writing.

⮚ Writing is a process that allows writers to explore thoughts and ideas and make
 them visible and concrete.
⮚ Also writing is the arrangement or using of letters, words, symbols or sequences to
express meaning.
The process of writing

1. Plane: the first step for writing is to make a plane to write something. 2. Research
& collect: we collect and research information about our topic. 3. Structure: organize
your writing that what should be written first, what should be written second …
4. Write: start your writing.
5. Revise: make change if needed and rewrite it.
6. Edit: search for missing points, grammatical mistakes, punctuations … 7. Test:
re-read your writing and then give it to others to read it and see if it needs any
change.
8. Publish: finally you can publish your writing.
 Types of writing

Generally there are four main types of writing in English:

1. Expositive
2. Descriptive
3. Narrative
4. Persuasive
Time Expression using Prepositions

Preposition of time are 3 (in, on, at)

• In: we us this preposition with morning/evening/afternoon except night.
e.g. I get up in the morning. But we cannot say (I wake up in the night)
• On: we use this preposition with days of the week.
e.g. she has a class on Monday.

• At: we use this with night and time of the day.

e.g. I go to beat night.
I go to be at 7:00 P.M.

Note*: remember that if you want to use Friday night, Saturday night etc… in here
we you must to use (on) e.g. I go to party on Friday night.
Reading Definition

✔ Reading is a process of interpreting and understanding of a written language. ✔

Reading is process it involves words, sentences, spelling pattern and other larger
spelling units.
✔ Organizing information about what we read.
✔ Reading increases your vocabulary and your knowledge of how correctly use new
words, reading helps you to clearly articulate what you want to say. ✔ Once a
human being he/she learns to read, he/she will be forever free.
Demonstratives

Demonstratives are words that show which person or thing is being referred
to. These demonstrative in English are: this, that, these, those.
1. This: refers to or modifies to singular nouns that are near to the speaker.
2. That: refers to or modifies to singular nouns that are far from the speaker.
3. These: refers to or modifies to plural nouns that are near to the speaker. 4.
Those: refers to or modifies to plural nouns that are far from the speaker.
Here (things that are near) Singular Plural
This These
There (tings that are far) That Those

Types of Demonstratives

There are two types of demonstratives:

• Demonstrative Pronoun
• Demonstrative Adjective
 ⮚ We use one to replace a singular noun: e.g. I like the red hat. In this sentence hat is
a noun and we can replace that with one like: I like the red one.
⮚ We can use ones to replace a plural noun: e.g. I like the green bags. In here bags
are plural and more than one we can use ones e.g. I like the green ones.
Demonstrative Pronoun

Demonstrative pronoun identifies someone or something.

Structure: Demonstrative pronoun + Verb
Ex: This is my car
- That is Ali’s house.
- These are her books.
- Those are migrating birds.

* In above examples words that have red color are demonstrative pronoun and the
green ones are its verb.
Demonstrative Adjective

Demonstrative Adjective describes a noun or talks about noun.

Structure: Demonstrative adjective + Noun

Ex: This chair is broken

- That car is cheap.
- These clothes are wet.
- Those birds are flying south.

* In above examples words that have red color are demonstrative adjective and the
green ones are noun.
Preferences

Preferences is used to say you like one thing more than the other.
e.g. Which pants do you prefer, the cotton ones or the wool ones? I
prefer the wool ones. They’re more attractive than the cotton ones.
Which ring do you like better, the gold one or the silver
one? I like the silver one better.
Comparison Adjectives

• Ali is tall.
• Zia is taller than Ali.
• Jamil is the tallest of the three.

- In the second sentence, the word ‘taller’ is the comparative form of the adjective.
The comparative form of the adjective denotes a higher degree of the adjective ‘tall’
when two people or things are compared.
- In the third sentence, the word ‘tallest’ is the superlative form of the adjective. The
superlative form of the adjective denotes the highest degree of the adjective ‘tall’
when more than two people or things are compared.
Rules for comparisons

Here are some simple rules to keep in mind when forming comparative and
superlative. # Rule 1
For most adjectives, ‘er’ is added for the comparative form and ‘est’ for the superlative
form.
Tall – taller – tallest
Strong – stronger – strongest
Short – shorter – shortest
Kind – kinder – kindest
Con…

# Rule 2
For adjectives ending with ‘e’, ‘r’ is added for the comparative form and ‘st’ added for
the superlative form.
Wise – wiser – wisest
Large – larger – largest
Nice – nicer – nicest
Fine – finer – finest
Con…

# Rule 3
For adjectives ending with ‘y’, ‘y’ is removed and ‘ier’ is added for comparative form
and ‘iest’for the superlative form.
Lazy – lazier – laziest
Crazy – crazier – craziest
Wealthy – wealthier – wealthiest
Heavy – heavier - heaviest
Con…

# Rule 4
Usually for longer adjectives, ‘more’ + adjective is used for comparative form and
‘most’ + adjective is used for superlative form.
Handsome – more handsome – most handsome
Beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful
Intelligent – more intelligent – most intelligent
Difficult – more difficult – most difficult
Con…

# Rule 5
Irregular adjectives: there are some irregular adjectives for which the comparative and
superlative form follow no particular rule.
Good – better – best
Bad – worse – worst
Many – more – most
Little – less - least
Thank You!