HISTORY OF INTELLIGENCE

INTRODUCTION
The misery and suffering brought about by organized crime and subversive movements
have been incalculable. General apathy and traditional police thinking have had a
crushing effect on the formal development of a tool necessary to neutralize or eliminate
the effects of illegal corporations and underground activities that prey in the citizenry.
The history of military and police intelligence provides some interesting insights. The
artful employers of intelligence agents have been legion and we could never possibly
count them all, and probably, the greatest of them are unknown to history. Historians
have somewhat neglected the commanders of the secret, invisible armies if intelligence
agents which have had a profound effect on the course of events.
EARLY INTELLIGENCE PERSONALITIES
The following are some of the early personalities, who immensely contributed to police
intelligence.
1. Moses
One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts with a format can be
found in the holy bible (Numbers 13:17):

The Scriptures named the twelve intelligence agents whom the Lord directed
Moses to send into the land of Canaan (Numbers 13:3-15) and record that “all
those men were heads of the Children of Israel.” When Moses sent them north to
spy out the land, he did not propose a mere topographical expedition or cursory
exploration.

Had Moses distributed his twelve intelligence agents as a cross-country chain,

we would be able to trace the origin of organized and systematic intelligence
from its earliest environment. The biblical record, however, is clear; the
instructions to the intelligence agents of Israel show that they formed an
espionage ring duplicated a dozen times to allow for the probabilities of discovery
and death.

2. Alexander the Great

When Alexander the Great was marching into Asia, it is recorded there came to
him hints, and rumors of disaffection growing among his allies and mercenaries.

The young conqueror thereupon sought the truth and got it by the simplest
expedient. He announced that he was writing home and recommended to his
officers that they do likewise. Then, when the couriers had set out for Greece, he
ordered them quietly recalled and proceeded to investigate all the letters that
they carried. Malcontents were detected, legitimate cause of grievances exposed.
3. Akbar
By means of remarkably devised operations of intelligence, the Mogul emperors
of India regulated a vast and populous realm having the utmost social and
religious complexity. Akbar as the “Great Mogul,” with no pressing anxiety about
his neighbors or interest in espionage beyond his own frontiers, this wise master
of Hindustan employed more that four thousand agents for the sole purpose of
bringing him the truth.

4. Genghis Khan
The Golden Emperor of Cathay unwisely asked Genghis Khan of Mongol for aid
in his continual war upon the ancient house of Sung in South China. Chepe
Noyon, “… with his weakness for wearing sable boots” was sent a force of
cavalry to fight beside the Cathayans while closely observing the riches of their
land.

Soon after the return of this intelligence expedition Genghis Khan began
preparing to invade Cathay. This was his first attempt on a civilized power of
superior defensive strength, and even now he launched his campaign by
dispatching beyond the great wall a contingent of spies and scouts, who were “to
capture and bring back informers.” Espionage and artifice had a vital part in the
Mongol conquest of China.

5. Frederick the Great

Frederick the Great, father of organized military espionage, had been quoted as
saying that he had, when in the field, one cook and a hundred agents. It was his
habit to divide his agents into four classes. The energetic Prussian did more than
classify, he established rules for obtaining and using every grade of spy as
intelligence agents.

a) Common Spies- Recruited among poor folk, glad to earn small sum or to
accommodate a military officer.
b) Double Spies- The low informers and unreliable renegades of value only for
chiefly spreading false information to the enemy.
c) Spies of Consequence- Courtiers and noblemen, staff officers and kindred
conspirators, invariably requiring a substantial bribe or bait.
d) Intimidated Spies- Persons forced to undertake espionage missions against
their will.
Under the fourth category, Frederick the Great suggested that a rich burgher
must be thoroughly intimidated which might best be done with threats to burn
down his home, destroy his fortune, or injure or even kill his wife and children.
The burgher, a good man of peace and local repute, one who hade been
properly molded by his anxiety, could be made to serve by accompanying a
 trained military agent into the camp of the enemy, where his appearance,
reputation and character would mask the real spy’s activities. Despite his forced
labor of pretense, the burgher could be relied upon to behave amicably enough if
often reminded that members of his family were the hostages held by those to
whom the real spy, his companion, would report the conclusion of their joint
espionage venture.
Frederick’s four classifications overlooked the modern patriot spy. The Prussian
was a realist, a cynic and absolute monarch. Reigning sovereigns of his day
were seldom in touch with genuine patriotism. The French revolution had yet to
fire Europe with nationalist enthusiasms. Threats and bribes, promises to
promotion and gain, were the inducements that the spymasters of Fredericks’s
school understood how to use.
6. Many Others
World War I and the related period contributed many names of the roll call of
intelligence agents. Those who made major contributions are only few in number
compared to those who were caught and executed or imprisoned. However,
whether they died or not, a certain few had considerable impact on the history of
their countries and in some cases, upon the future of mankind. Wassmuss of
Persia, Captain Von RIntelen, Mata Hari, Edith Canell, Alice Dubois, Captain M.
Cumming, Colonel Lawrence, and Elizabeth Schragmiller, were by no means the
only great agents. Space does not permit recapitulation of their exploits, but one
fact emerges, the military leaders of the various nations were beginning to
formalize the intelligence activity and give it a much more important role in the
military and police affairs.
INTELLIGENCE IN PRE-MODERN TIMES
The earliest counterparts of modern intelligence were perhaps the ancient soothsayers,
such as the Delphic Oracle who claimed to be able to communication with the god, and
therefore often were said to have the power of predicting the future. As in modern times,
their reports were often ambiguous and often ignored by the decision-makers.
Another ancient commentator on intelligence and counter-intelligence was Sun-tzu,
whose “Ping-fa – The Art of War,” written about 400 B.C. is said to be widely read by
the contemporary Chinese Communist strategists. Sun-tzu refers in his book to five
kinds of secret agents, i.e., agents in place, double agents, deception agents,
expendables agents, and penetration agents. Sun-tzu stressed the importance of good
intelligence organization as he also wrote about counter-intelligence and psychological
warfare.
In the Middle Ages, intelligence began to be used systematically in Western Europe,
although it was crudely organized. On one hand, it was usually impossible to conceal
the massing of troops or ships, making strategic surprise difficult to achieve in military
operations; on the other hand, communication was slow, and this a fine balance often
existed between the information available and the ability to communicate in time.
In the 15th century, the Italian city-states began to establish permanent embassies in
foreign capitals. The Venetians used such outposts as intelligence sources and even
developed codes and ciphers by which information could be secretly communication. By
the 16th century other European governments had followed suit.
FORERUNNER OF POLICE INTELLIGENCE
Where does a person begin a discussion of the past regarding police intelligence?
Historically speaking, police organizations, including their intelligence service are still in
their infancy as compared to military experience.
Police intelligence in the local setting, and other foreign countries, even today, are
somewhat intertwined with the political and military establishments. A brief examination
of the history of law enforcement offers little in regard to the formalization of one of its
components, police intelligence.
The Holy Bible (Acts 22:4) relates that Paul had been given the power of arrest and
commitment by the priests and elders. Law enforcement of this day seemed to be by
mandate of the elders and religious leaders.
Two thousand years or so before the birth of Christ, Hammurabi, the king of Babylon,
codified a set of rules and penalties for his subjects. Messengers delivered and carried
out the law and the affixed penalties.
Some five hundred years after Hammurabi, the Egyptians, along with advancements in
medicine, developed a court system. Customs houses on the Nile Delta also indicated
police regulation. This may have been one of the first attempts to regulate. This may
have been one of the first attempts to regulate goods coming into the country.
The Greek city-states, particularly Athens and Sparta, employed guards for the wall
towers and for the ruler. The ruler usually had a police force to keep him informed of
court intrigue.
Perhaps the greatest contribution that ancient Rome gave the modern world was its
laws. The “Vigiles” of Rome wee the first non-military law enforcement group. Though
law enforcement was not they sole duty, they were armed with various weapons and we
principally responsible for maintaining peace in the city.
The 1940s probably marked the beginnings of a partially-organized police intelligence
service, and its major contribution to police organizations was filling an existing void.
INTELLIGENCE IN EARLY ENGLAND
When Rome fell, the recording of history fell. Little is available until the seventh and
eight centuries in France and England. The English countryside became dotted with
“Tuns” with the “hue and cry” as the means of apprehending offenders.
As the population of England expanded, the “Tithing System” developed in which
people were grouped into ten families for the assumption of responsibility for law and
order. Each member of the tithing system was accountable for the conduct of the other
members. Tithing compounded, formed into a “Shire” headed by a “Reeve,” hence the
evolution of “Shire-Reeve” to Sheriff.
Knights were appointed by Richard I to see that all men over age of fifteen were loyal to
him. A little more than fifty years later, these knights became known as Peace Wardens
and were eventually given judicial powers. Nit many years later, Richard I appointed
coroners to each county to make inquiries into all sudden and unnatural deaths.
Henry Fielding was appointed magistrate for Westminster in 1748. A few years later,
Fielding helped developed the formal organization of the Bow Street Station from which
the first crime scene investigators or detectives evolved. The police in England
remained little more than a group of semi-organized untrained groups of people, until
approximately 1830 when Robert Peel, the Home Secretary, introduced long-needed
reforms to parliament.
Peel deserves great credit for his activity toward developing a police service that earned
the respect of the citizens of Britain. By 1890, a retirement plan for police officers had
been developed as a probable result of earlier work by Peel.
INTELLIGENCE IN THE UNITED STATES
Law enforcement in the United States in 1840 was something similar to the
development of the law enforcement intelligence service, one hundred years later. In
1844, New York State legislated money for the development if municipal police in
communities throughout the state. In the next twenty years, most of the other major
cities followed. Recruitment and promotion finally became a question of qualification
rather than political patronage, though not totally.
After World War II, men returning from military service, many of whom had participated
in the intelligence activities of the various branches of the armed forces, entered law
enforcement. Undoubtedly many were anticipating and application of their military
intelligence learning and experiences to the field of municipal law enforcement or
related fields. With their return, small intelligence communities began to develop with
the profession; one of the best examples of this occurred in California. Though many
years of discussion, trial and error, and hard work preceded the event, it did occur; the
municipal police intelligence community created a formal organization.
Police intelligence has probably made more advances in the last twenty years than it did
in the previous century. Though an embryo service, the future appears exceptionally
bright, full of vast unexplored areas of research and development not yet unveiled.
Police agencies throughout the United States are experimenting in one degree or
another with the application of intelligence techniques. The product of this experiment
coupled with current research in the fields of psychology, criminology, sociology, and
data processing techniques should birth forth a highly effective tool for future police
administrators.
INTELLIGENCE IN THE LOCAL SETTING
During the Spanish era, the “cabeza de barangay” was the head and leader of a group
of settlers. The disciplines and punishment, as well as the conduct of government were
made by the barangay head. As the group increased in number, the “cabeza” had to
appoint certain trustworthy people to keep watch. These “eyes and ears” made reports
to the head, not only for his protection but for suspicious outsiders infiltrating the
settlement.
In those times, barangay often clashed with one another, and on certain occasions, one
barangay could be overrun by another. During the three centuries of Spanish rule that
followed, police work was entrusted to the guardia civil or civil police force which was
separate and distinct from the regular Spanish militia. The Spanish “conquistadores,”
with their lessons and experiences from the Inquisition, had spies all around among the
natives, or “indios.”
For money, favors, positions, or other motivations, many did work for the Spaniards as
agents, or informants. The clergy had been mentioned by Rizal’s works as part of the
intelligence network. The discovery of the secret “Katipunan” was through some Filipino
informers.
When the Philippines was granted its commonwealth government by the US on
November 15, 1935, the first act of the legislative body was the National Defense Act.
This act, among other provisions, organized a citizens’ army whereby with a small
professional core, twenty-year-old male citizens would undergo compulsory military
training, under the Staff of the Army Headquarters, which was then G-2, or the Staff
Officer for intelligence.
With a small trained group, military intelligence work was performed. If the army then
had fielded operating units, it must have been limited because the main task was to
build up a citizens’ army from among those called for training in the many cadres set up
throughout the country. Like the old-pre-World War II units in the US, most of the work
on intelligence was more on search and planning.
When the Pacific War broke out, intelligence was a part of the field units, and many
Filipinos in uniform distinguished themselves in intelligence work even in Bataan. During
the occupation, more than anything else, intelligence became an activity necessary for
successful unconventional warfare operations against the occupation forces.
The success of Filipino guerilla warfare was mainly due to effective and timely
intelligence work plus the local populations’ cooperation. After World War II,
independence was granted in 1946 and later by an Act of Congress, the military was
reorganized with the creation of four major services composed of the Constabulary,
Army, Air Force, and the Navy, with an AFP General Headquarters.
Again, intelligence was a part of the military establishment. Known as the “two’s,” each
service had staff and field components involved in military intelligence.

POLICE INTELLIGENCE AT PRESENT

By virtue of R.A. 6975, the Philippine National Police (PNP) which is civilian in character
and national in scope was established under the reorganized Department of the Interior
and Local Government (DILG). One of the directorates of the PNP is the directorate for
the Intelligence. This directorate is composed of four divisions: Intelligence Operations
Division; Counter-Intelligence and Security Division; Foreign Liaison Division; and
Intelligence Research Division.
The mission of the Directorate for Intelligence is to assist the Chief of the PNP in
attaining intelligence objectives through staff direction, planning, coordination, control
and supervision of all intelligence and counter-intelligence activities of the PNP. In
addition, the Police Intelligence Group (PIG) was also activated as one of the
operational support units of the PNP. The PIG is under the Directorate for Intelligence.
Its function is to serve as the intelligence and counter-intelligence operating unit of the
PNP.
Similarly, all regional, provincial, city or municipal police offices and units also have their
own intelligence divisions, branches, or sections that function as intelligence and
counter-intelligence units. This is being done in close coordination with the intelligence
units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and other law enforcement agencies.

INTRODUCTION TO POLICE INTELLIGENCE

POLICE INTELLIGENCE
It is the product of resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and
interpretation of all available information which is principally concerned with one or more
aspects of criminal and subversive activities, and which is immediately and potentially
significant to police planning.
INFORMATION
It is evaluated material of every description including those derived from observation,
reports, rumors, and other sources of intelligence.
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
1. Strategic Intelligence
All intelligence data that are not of immediate value. The bulk of strategic
intelligence is usually descriptive in nature. The accumulation of physical
 descriptions of personalities, they telephone numbers and known associates are
classic examples of strategic intelligence.
2. Counter Intelligence
Intelligence activity which is concerned with the defense of the police
organization against penetration by the individuals and various groups. It is
concerned with neutralizing and destroying attempts of individuals or groups that
seek to discredit law enforcement.
3. Line Intelligence
It involves both a process and an immediate product. Line intelligence is the
product of gathering and processing of information. That part of the product
which is of an immediate nature, and essential to more effective police planning
and operations.
PURPOSES OF INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITY
Too often, police executives are required to make major decisions based on inadequate
information. Intelligence must fill the void often existing in police decision-making. The
purpose of the intelligence unit is to increase the profitability of accuracy and to reduce
the profitability of error in operational staff decisions by gathering appropriate
information. In other words, intelligence can assume an investigative role in police
planning.
INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
It is a repetitive process to produce intelligence from information.
Phases of Intelligence Cycle
1. Collection of Intelligence Information
It is the systematic exploitation of sources of information by collection agencies,
and the delivery of information obtained to the proper intelligence agency.
The collection phase is costly, time-consuming and many times, its rewards are
strategic in nature. The great bulk of the data collected in most cases will fall
within the long-range category, and will thus create some ambiance in some
individuals.
It must be remembered that information is like any other commodity. Sometimes,
it is more valuable than gold. In the collection effort, “there is a direct relationship
between the quality of information and the cost of obtaining it.”
The collection effort must include the development of sources of information in all
levels of society. The collection effort must incorporate sources within the areas
of organized crime.
The collection of information also carries with it the responsibility for its
evaluation concerning reliability of sources and credibility of information.
Sometimes a highly reliable source, on some occasions, will provide information
that is not totally true. Intelligence agencies require an evaluation of the source of
 information to be contained with each agent’s report. Following is a typical
evaluation using letters and numbers.

Reliability of Source Accuracy of Information

A Highly Reliable 1 Confirmed Information
B Usually Reliable 2 Probably True
C Fairly Reliable 3 Possibly True
D Unreliable 4 Doubtful True
E Cannot be Judged 5 Cannot be Determined

INFORMATION EVALUATION RATING

In the collection phase of the intelligence activity, there arises a vital item, the
“pertinence factor.” Police intelligence collection effort must contain a pertinence
consideration. In other words, there must be some method to keep intelligence
personnel from dashing into areas which may paralyze their productivity. The
pertinence rating is determined by existing problems.

Letters Meaning
T Direct Observation by the police Executive
U Penetration and/or Resident Agent
V AFP Troops and Personnel
W Tactical Interrogation of Captured Enemy
X Government Civilian Employee
Y Members of the populace
Z Documentary Analysis

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

The examination of information for pertinence, determines whether or not the

information is:
a) Pertinent with regard to criminals and subversives or the characteristics of the
area of operations.
b) Needed Immediately.
c) Of possible present or future value, and if so, to whom?
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Are persons, things, or actions from which information about criminals and/or
subversives, weather and terrain is derived. Examples: maps, photos, enemy
documents, enemy materials, prisoners of war, and weather forecasts.
Most valuable information comes from overt sources. Open sources probably contribute
more than 80 percent of the input to most police intelligence systems. Foreign and mass
media, including press, radio and television are standard sources, and they require a
massive effort to record, translate, and store information.
Covert sources of intelligence are more dramatic, falling into three major classifications
as follows: aerial and space reconnaissance, electronic eavesdropping and code-
breaking, and intelligence operatives working at the classic spy trade.
The value of each as a source of crucial information is probably in descending order.
This is because a photograph constitutes hard, i.e., reliable intelligence, whereas the
report of an intelligence operative may be speculative and difficult to prove, and
therefore soft.

COLLECTION AGENCY
Is any person, unit or activity that collects and processes information by research,
surveillance, or exploits sources.
Criteria in the Selection of Collection Agencies
a) Suitability
The collection task assigned to a unit must be compatible with its primary mission.
Only the agencies best suited to furnish the information are used.
b) Multiplicity
Evaluation of information requires that it must be compared with the information
received from the other sources and agencies. Subject to the consideration of
suitability and capability more than one agency is used to obtain each item of
required information.
c) Balance
Within the time limits imposed by the other considerations, the collection
workload must be balanced among the collection agencies. Balance is a minor
consideration when compared to importance of other factors.
d) Capability
An agency must be physically capable of providing the desired information in a
timely manner.
Processing of Intelligence Information
It is in this phase of the capable providing the desired information becomes
intelligence.
The optical scanners and other refinements that fourth generation computers will
generate will undoubtedly enable intelligence functions beyond our wildest
imagination. The utilization of “single print” fingerprint systems, keyed to data
processing giants will identify and isolate, at phenomenal speeds, members of
organized crime and subversive agents. However, it is doubtful that they will ever
 substitute for the values of personal contacts by members of the intelligence
community.
Though record complexes involving education, health, welfare, vehicles, drivers’
licenses, military service, and thousands of other unrelated specifics will be very
valuable, such things as liaison programs, informant networks, clipping services,
and debriefing programs will be required, perhaps, more than ever.
Today, as well as in the future, “the processing phase of intelligence activity is
the most expensive and time-consuming activity.” The conversion of data into a
usable product, acceptable to the vast majority, will still require the greatest
expenditure of money. Data processing involves the following:

a) Integration or Recording
It is the reduction of information to writing or some other form of graphical
representation, and the arrangement of information into groups of related
items.
b) Evaluation
It is the determination of the pertinence or significance of the information
relative to police operations, reliability of the sources or the agency, and the
accuracy of the information.
c) Analysis and Interpretation
It is the determination of the significance of the information relative to the
information and the intelligence already known, and making deductions about
the probable meaning of the evaluated information.
There are two areas in which the accumulation of knowledge will become vital
in the future. These areas are as follows: 1) organized crime and subversive
activities; and 2) data processing predictions. Acting on information, or
speculation only, is a risk that the modern law enforcement agency often
cannot take. The basic advantage of applying statistics in the operational
intelligence function is that a mathematical prediction of an occurrence can be
obtained.
This prediction though often supplementary is essential to major planning
concepts. The probability theory makes it possible to interpret statistical
results. It is through the probability theory that we can express numerically the
resulting conclusions.
Personnel of the intelligence unit will not have to become statisticians.
However, they will have to learn to appreciate and have an understanding of
the data recovery and conversion. The main difference in obtaining data of
mathematical predictions is that the data will have to be of such character
which will enable a statistician to convert it into a formula. Many samples of
information must also be of types which are representative of the total picture.
This will influence field activity.

Dissemination and Use of Information

 It is the timely conveyance of information and intelligence in an appropriate form,
and by any suitable means to those who need it. The primary purpose of timely
dissemination is to enable the police executive to make decisions with
confidence; a secondary purpose is to provide knowledge by which new
information may be processed.
Access to intelligence products is one of the most important issues facing any
police executive. Few questions precedence over, “who should have this
information?” Lack of careful consideration of this question can have disastrous
effects.
Two principles affect the release of intelligence information. First, there must be a
“need to know” on the part of the recipient. “Need to know” is not necessarily
determined by a person’s position in the organizational hierarchy rather “need to
know” is closely related to the task performed. Secondly, a potential recipient
should be “cleared” by responsible authority as being eligible to receive the
intelligence data. Line officers, particularly those in patrol and intelligence
functions should be designated by the police executives should know each other.
Confidential sources are the lifeline of the intelligence effort. They must be
protected at almost any price. Therefore, it is apparent that the “need to know”
and proper clearance of the receiver are surpassed by the consideration, “will the
use of data destroy or endanger the source of information?”
One informant in the right place is worth many divisions of uniformed or
plainclothes police officers. Police intelligence data have a medium-to-high
probability of compromising the source should not be released until it has been
“sanitized” – source-identifying features should be removed.

Means of Disseminating Information

a) Messages
This can be done by using radio, messengers or couriers, or signal
communication.
b) Personal Contact
It can be done using the telephone, by personal visits, and debriefings.
c) Intelligence Documents
This can be accomplished through the transmittal of documents in the form of
periodic intelligence reports, intelligence summaries, watch lists, wanted lists,
operational orders and intelligence annexes, terrain and weather studies and
other special intelligence reports,
Direction of the Information Collection Effort
The collection effort should include a systematic exploitation of all sources of
information. This exploitation must be continuous, methodical and carefully
controlled. The collection must also include complete delivery of all the
information obtained to the processing component.
 The police executive must make certain that he has what he needs when he
needs it. He must continually wonder what criminals and subversives are doing,
or planning, as well as the nature of the terrain not under his control.

Steps for Directing the Information Collection Effort

a) Determination of intelligence requirements.
b) Determination of intelligence priorities.
c) Determination of energy of activities or characteristics of the area of
operations which could indicate the answers to intelligence requirements and
to determine the specific items of information.
d) Selection of collection agencies to be employed and the issuance of the
necessary order and request for the collection of information.
e) Supervising the execution of orders and requests.

Importance of Intelligence and Information

a. To arrive at sound and timely decisions in preparing plans and
estimates for future operations and in conducting current operations.
b. To protect the police organization by avoiding surprise and denying the
enemy information concerning it.
c. To assist in the processing of other information.
Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs)
PIRs are those intelligence requirements for which the police executive has an
anticipated and stated priority in his task of planning and decision-making. They are
based on the highest intelligence operations. These are personally approved by the
police executive.
Other Information Requirements (OIRs)
Are items of information regarding criminals and subversives and their environment
which need to be collected and processed in order to meet the intelligence requirements
of the police executive.
Specific Orders/Requests (SORs)
The product of the requirement analysis required by the collection units or agencies in
the form orders or requests.
Intelligence Indicators
Are generalized theoretical actions that criminals and subversives might be expected to
take preparatory to aggressive actions.
Aspects of the Intelligence Cycle
 1. Assessment
It is the shifting and evaluation of sorted information to isolate insignificant
elements with respect to the mission and operation of the police organization.
2. Integration
Is the breakdown of assessed intelligence and information and integrating these
into its corresponding groups.
3. Deduction
To deduce conclusions from integrated intelligence and information.
Tools for Recording Information
1. Intelligence Journal
It is a permanent official chronological record of the operations of the intelligence
section, unit or agency. It includes all incoming and outgoing messages and
significant incidents concerning the operation of the intelligence section, unit or
agency. Journal of entries should reflect the following:
a) An accurate and concise statement of message, report or event.
b) A notation of the sender or individual making the report, to include unit duty
position.
c) The time of receipt or dispatch and method of transmission.
d) Action actually taken as a result, to include dissemination given to reports or
information received and other internal recording means.

2. Intelligence Workbook
A device that provides a means of systematic arrangement of information by type
or subject, so that items concerning a particular topic may be grouped together
for ready reference and comparison.

3. Situation Map
It is a graphic representation of the current enemy situation. The situation map: 1)
unit identification; 2) unit dispositions; 3) boundaries; 4) location of weapons; 5)
obstacles or defensive installations; 6) strong points, activities; 6) terrain data;
and 7) roads and trails for movement of personnel.

The purpose of the situation map is to contribute to sound decisions. The primary
uses of the situation map are:
a) To display enemy situation and disposition.
b) To provide a basis for comparison in order to determine the significance of
newly-received data pertaining to enemy forces.
c) To provide background for briefings and other required intelligence reports.
d) To provide the basis for overlays which graphically portray the enemy
situation.
e) To assist in the determination of patterns of movements of insurgent forces.
 f) To focus attention on possible intelligence gaps which require redirection of
the collection effort.

The secondary intelligence use of the situation map is to post – directly on it

in its margins – the following information: 1) computations of enemy
personnel and weapons strength; 2) organization charts of specified enemy
units; 3) summary of weather and terrain data; 4) listing of priority intelligence
requirements; 5) notations pertaining to current patrol plan; 6) listing of
friendly attachments; and 7) listing of enemy locations believed to be in the
area of responsibility.

4. Intelligence Files
Files are necessary to permit ready access to all available information.

Most Commonly-Maintained intelligence Files

1) Journal File
The journal file contains a copy of each message or document noted in the
journal. It supports the journal and is also a permanent and official record.

2) Information or Reference File

All information of possible future value is cross-indexed in this file. Much
information is collected which has not immediate interest but which may be of
future value.

3) Order of Battle and Wanted List Files

Order of Battle is the identification, strength, command structure and
disposition of personnel, units, and equipment of subversive elements. The
wanted list file is the consolidated list of persons with warrants of arrest.
What is Interpretation of information?
It is the determining the significance of the information with respect to other information
or intelligence at hand. It is done through analysis of information, integration of
significant items of information with previously collected and processed intelligence, and
finally drawing conclusions as to the probable meaning of the information.
What are Police Intelligence Estimates?
A police intelligence estimate is a study which describes, discusses and interprets
current crimes and subversive, situations in order to determine organized crime and
insurgent capabilities, vulnerabilities and probable courses of actions. It also describes
the effects of the area of operations upon both police and criminal elements and the
subversives of courses.
Purposes of Police Intelligence Estimates
The primary purpose of a police intelligence estimate is to present a comprehensive
picture of the area of operations so that internal police defenses, internal development
and psychological operations planners can make sound and timely decisions.
The estimates are oriented toward the mission of the unit that prepares it and eventually
becomes the intelligence portion of the bigger police operations’ estimate. The
intelligence unit prepares its own estimates for its own consumption. As police
intelligence goes higher in the echelons, the estimates become broader and more
generalized in scope.
These estimates present current intelligence concerning the area of operations and the
criminal situation in an organized form that is readily usable. It therefore assists in the
production of additional intelligence by providing a basis for evaluation of newly-
acquired information. The estimates are a good reference for the preparation of oral
intelligence briefings.

Parts of Police Intelligence Estimates

1. Mission
It is a general statement describing the current police internal defense, internal
development, and psychological operations of the organization.

2. Area of Operation
It discusses the characteristics of the area where the syndicate or subversives
are operating, and the probable effects on the police units and on itself.

3. Crime Situation or Subversive Condition

It describes the syndicate’s organization and the subversive structure, and the
recent criminal activities noted in the area.

4. Capabilities of Criminal or Subversive Groups

It enumerates the criminal syndicates or the subversive groups’ capabilities, and
discusses the probability of adoption of each capability.

5. Conclusions
It states the conclusions concerning the area upon which police courses of action
will be based. It is also stating the probable actions of the criminal elements or
subversive groups, and the exploitation of enemy vulnerabilities.