GRAPHICAL METHOD

EXAMPLE 1
2X1-6X2=-18 ---> ENTRY 1
-X1+8X2=40 ---> ENTRY 2

X1 2X1-6X2=-18 -X1+8X2=40
9.100 6.033 6.138 Chart Title
9.200 6.067 6.150 6.400
9.300 6.100 6.163
6.300
9.400 6.133 6.175
9.500 6.167 6.188 6.200
9.600 6.200 6.200 6.100
9.700 6.233 6.213
6.000
9.800 6.267 6.225
5.900
9.900 6.300 6.238
10.000 6.333 6.250 5.800
9.000 9.200 9.400 9.600 9.800 10.000 10.200

2X1-6X2=-18 -X1+8X2=40

EXAMPLE 2
-5x+y=-11 ---> ENTRY 1
2x+y=-1 ---> ENTRY 2

x x+y=2 2x+3y=4 Chart Title

-3.000 5.000 3.333 6.000
-2.000 4.000 2.667
-1.000 3.000 2.000 4.000
0.000 2.000 1.333 2.000
1.000 1.000 0.667
2.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
-4.000 -2.000 0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000
3.000 -1.000 -0.667
-2.000
4.000 -2.000 -1.333
5.000 -3.000 -2.000 -4.000
6.000 -4.000 -2.667
-6.000

x+y=2 2x+3y=4
800 10.000 10.200

8X2=40

00 6.000 8.000

=4
CRAMER'S RULE
EXAMPLE 1
2x+y-z=1
3x+2y+2z=13
4x-2y+3z=9

Det A Det B Det C D

2 1 -1 x 1
3 2 2 y 13
4 -2 3 z 9

2 2 3 2 3 2
D= 2 -1 -1
-2 3 4 3 4 -2
D=2(6-(-4)-1(9-8)-1(-6-8)

D=2(10)-1(1)-1(-14)

D=33

EXAMPLE 2
2x1+5x3=1
2x1+x2+x3=1
3x1+x2=2

Det A Det B Det C D

0 2 5 x1 1
2 1 1 x2 1
3 1 0 x3 2

1 1 2 1 2 1
D= 0 -2 +5
1 0 3 0 3 1
D=0(0-1)-2(0-3)+5(2-3)

D= 0(-1)-2(-3)+5(-1)

D= 1
 D Det B Det C
1 1 -1
13 2 2
9 -2 3

2 2 13 2 13
Dx= 1 -1 -1
-2 3 9 3 9
Dx=1(6-(-4)-1(39-18)-1(-26-18)

Dx=1(10)-1(21)-1(-44)

Dx=33

D Det B Det C
1 2 5
1 1 1
2 1 0

1 1 1 1 1
Dx1= 1 -2 +5
1 0 2 0 2
Dx1= 1(0-1)-2(0-2)+5(1-2)

Dx1= 1(-1)-2(-2)+5(-1)

Dx1= -2
 Det A D Det C
2 1 -1
3 13 2
4 9 3

2 13 2 3 2
Dy= 2 -1 -1
-2 9 3 4 3
Dy=2(39-18)-1(9-8)-1(27-52)

Dy= 2(21)-1(1)-1(-25)

Dy=66

Det A D Det C
0 1 5
2 1 1
3 2 0

1 1 1 2 1
Dx2= 0 -1 +5
1 2 0 3 0
Dx2=0(0-2)-1(0-3)+5(4-3)

Dx2= 0(-2)-1(-3)+5(-1)

Dx2= 8
 Det A Det B D
2 1 1
3 2 13
4 -2 9

3 13 2 13 3 13
Dz= 2 -1
4 9 -2 9 4 9
Dz=2(18(-26)-1(27-52)+(-6-8)

Dz=2(44)-1(-25)+1(-14)

Dz=99

Det A Det B D
0 2 1
2 1 1
3 1 2

2 1 1 1 3 1
Dx3= 0 -2
3 2 1 2 2 2
Dx3= 0(2-1)-2(4-3)+1(2-3)

Dx3=0(1)-2(1)+1(-1)

Dx3= -3
 x= Dx/D= 33/33 =1
y=Dy/D= 66/33 =2
z=Dz/D= 99/33 = 3

3 2
+1
4 -2

x1= Dx1/D= -2/1 =-2

x2=Dx2/D= 8/1 =8
x3=Dx3/D= -3/1 =-3

2 1
+1
3 1
ELIMINATIONS OF UNKNOWN
EXAMPLE 1
ENTRY 1 ---> 80X1 - 20X2 - 20X3 = 20
ENTRY 2 ---> -20X1 + 40X2 - 20X3 = 20
ENTRY 3 ---> -20X1 - 20X2 +130X3 = 20

X1 X2 X3
0.6 1 0.4

ENTRY 1 ENTRY 2 ENTRY 3

20 20 20

EXAMPLE 2
ENTRY 1 ---> -3X2 + 7X3 = 2
ENTRY 2 ---> X1 + 2X2 - X3 = 3
ENTRY 3 ---> 5X1 - 2X2 = 2

X1 X2 X3
0. 985 1.464 0.93

ENTRY 1 ENTRY 2 ENTRY 3

2 3 2
 GAUSS ELIMINATION WITH ROW PIVOTING
2X1 + X2 - X3 + 2X4 = 5
4X1 + 5X2 - 3X3 + 6X4 = 4
-2X1 + 5X2 - 2X3 +6X4 = 4
4X1 + 11X2 -4X3 +2X4 = 2

X1 X2 X3 X4 B
PIVOT 2 1 -1 2 5
m2 1 = 2 4 5 -3 6 9
m3 1 = -1 -2 5 -2 6 4
m4 1 = 2 4 11 -4 2 2

X1 X2 X3 X4 B
2 1 -1 2 5
PIVOT 0 3 -1 2 -1
m3 2 = 2 0 6 -3 8 9
m4 2 = 3 0 9 -2 -2 -8

X1 X2 X3 X4 B
2 1 -1 2 5
0 3 -1 2 -1
PIVOT 0 0 -1 4 11
m4 3 = -1 0 0 1 -8 -5

X1 X2 X3 X4 B
2 1 -1 2 5
0 3 -1 2 -1
0 0 -1 4 11
0 0 0 -4 6

BACKWARD SUBSTITUTION
X1 = -2
X2 = -5
X3 = -17
X4 = -1.5
PIVOTING
3X1 + 4X2 + 5X3 = 0
2X1 + 3X2 + 5X3 = 0
X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 = 1

X1 X2 X3 B
PIVOT 3 4 5 0
m2 1 = 2/3 2 3 5 0
m3 1 = 1/3 1 2 3 1

X1 X2 X3 B
3 4 5 0
PIVOT 0 1/3 5/3 0
m3 2 = 2 0 2/3 4/3 1

X1 X2 X3 B
3 4 5 0
0 1/3 5/3 0
0 0 -2 1

BACKWARD SUBSTITUTION
X1 = -2.5
X2 = 2.5
X3 = -0.5
 LU DECOMPOSITION
2X1 + X2 - X3 + 2X4 = 5
4X1 + 5X2 - 3X3 + 6X4 = 4
-2X1 + 5X2 - 2X3 +6X4 = 4
4X1 + 11X2 -4X3 +2X4 = 2

X1 X2 X3 X4 B A
PIVOT 2 1 -1 2 5 2 1
m2 1 = 2 4 5 -3 6 9 4 5
m3 1 = -1 -2 5 -2 6 4 -2 5
m4 1 = 2 4 11 -4 2 2 4 11

X1 X2 X3 X4 B L
2 1 -1 2 5 1 0
PIVOT 0 3 -1 2 -1 2 1
m3 2 = 2 0 6 -3 8 9 -1 2
m4 2 = 3 0 9 -2 -2 -8 2 3

X1 X2 X3 X4 B FORWARD SUBSTITUTION
2 1 -1 2 5 Y1 = 5
0 3 -1 2 -1 Y2 = -1
PIVOT 0 0 -1 4 11 Y3 = 11
m4 3 = -1 0 0 1 -8 -5 Y4 = 6

X1 X2 X3 X4 B U
2 1 -1 2 5 2 1
0 3 -1 2 -1 0 3
0 0 -1 4 11 0 0
0 0 0 -4 6 0 0

BACKWARD SUBSTITUTION
X4 = -1.5
X3 = -17
X2 = -5
X1 -2

3X1 + 4X2 + 5X3 = 0

2X1 + 3X2 + 5X3 = 0
X1 + 2X2 + 3X3 = 1

X1 X2 X3 B A
PIVOT 3 4 5 0 3 4
m2 1 = 2/3 2 3 5 0 2 3
m3 1 = 1/3 1 2 3 1 1 2

X1 X2 X3 B L
3 4 5 0 1 0
PIVOT 0 1/3 5/3 0 2/3 1
m3 2 = 2 0 2/3 4/3 1 1/3 2

X1 X2 X3 B FORWARD SUBSTITUTION
3 4 5 0 Y1 = 0
0 1/3 5/3 0 Y2 = 0
0 0 -2 1 Y3 = 1

U
3 4
0 1/3
0 0

BACKWARD SUBSTITUTION
X3 = -0.5
X2 = 2.5
X1= -2.5
 A = L X U
-1 2 1 0 0 0 2 1
-3 6 2 1 0 0 0 3
= X
-2 6 -1 2 1 0 0 0
-4 2 2 3 -1 1 0 0

L X Y = B
0 0 Y1 5
0 0 Y2 9
X =
1 0 Y3 4
-1 1 Y4 2

ARD SUBSTITUTION

U X X = Y
-1 2 X1 5
-1 2 X2 -1
X =
-1 4 X3 11
0 -4 X4 6

RD SUBSTITUTION

A = L X U
5 1 0 0 3 4 5
5 = 2/3 1 0 X 0 1/3 5/3
 = X
3 1/3 2 1 0 0 -2

L X Y = B
0 Y1 0
0 X Y2 = 0
1 Y3 1

ARD SUBSTITUTION

U X X = Y
5 X1 0
5/3 X X2 = 0
-2 X3 1

ARD SUBSTITUTION
U
-1 2
-1 2
-1 4
0 -4
JACOBI METHOD
4X1+X2-X3+X4=-2 X1= -2/4-X2/4+X3/4-X4/4
X1+4X2-X3-X4=-1 X2= -1/4-X1/4+X3/4+X4/4
-X1-X2+5X3+X4=0 X3= X1/5+X2/5-X4/5
X1-X2+X3+3X4=1 X4= 1/3-X1/3+X2/3-X3/3

K X1 X2 X3 X4
0 0 0 0 0
1 -0.5 -0.125 -0.125 0.5
2 -0.625 0 -0.225 0.616667
3 -0.710417 0.025521 -0.260313 0.665417
4 -0.737813 0.035729 -0.2735 0.682347
5 -0.747894 0.039185 -0.278211 0.68843
6 -0.751457 0.040419 -0.279894 0.69059
7 -0.752726 0.040855 -0.280492 0.691358
8 -0.753176 0.04101 -0.280705 0.69163
9 -0.753336 0.041066 -0.28078 0.691727
10 -0.753393 0.041085 -0.280807 0.691762
11 -0.753414 0.041092 -0.280817 0.691774
12 -0.753421 0.041095 -0.28082 0.691778
13 -0.753423 0.041095 -0.280821 0.69178
14 -0.753424 0.041096 -0.280822 0.691781 Therefore, the equation converges at 14th iteration
15 -0.753424 0.041096 -0.280822 0.691781
16 -0.753425 0.041096 -0.280822 0.691781
17 -0.753425 0.041096 -0.280822 0.691781
18 -0.753425 0.041096 -0.280822 0.691781
19 -0.753425 0.041096 -0.280822 0.691781
20 -0.753425 0.041096 -0.280822 0.691781

5X1 - 2X2 + 3X3 = -1 X1 = -1/5+2X2/5-3X3/5

-3X1 + 9X2 + X3 = 2 X2 = 2/9+3X1/9-1X3/9
2X1 - X2 - 7X3 = 3 X3 = -3/7+2X1/7-1X2/7

K X1 X2 X3
0 0 0 0
1 -0.20000 0.22222 -0.42857
2 0.14603 0.20317 -0.51746
3 0.19175 0.32840 -0.41587
4 0.18088 0.33235 -0.42070
5 0.18536 0.32926 -0.42437
6 0.18633 0.33116 -0.42265
7 0.18605 0.33129 -0.42264
8 0.18610 0.33120 -0.42274
9 0.18612 0.33123 -0.42271 Therefore, the equation converges at 9th iteration
10 0.18612 0.33123 -0.42271
ges at 14th iteration
GAUSS - SEIDEL METHOD
4X1+X2-X3+X4=-2 X1= -2/4-X2/4+X3/4-X4/4
X1+4X2-X3-X4=-1 X2= -1/4-X1/4+X3/4+X4/4
-X1-X2+5X3+X4=0 X3= X1/5+X2/5-X4/5
X1-X2+X3+3X4=1 X4= 1/3-X1/3+X2/3-X3/3

K X1 X2 X3 X4
0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1 -0.500 -0.250 0.000 0.333
2 -0.521 -0.042 -0.217 0.417
3 -0.648 -0.070 -0.196 0.565
4 -0.673 0.004 -0.257 0.591
5 -0.713 0.002 -0.252 0.645
6 -0.725 0.026 -0.271 0.656
7 -0.738 0.027 -0.271 0.674
8 -0.743 0.035 -0.277 0.679
9 -0.748 0.036 -0.277 0.685
10 -0.750 0.039 -0.279 0.687
11 -0.751 0.039 -0.280 0.689
12 -0.752 0.040 -0.280 0.690
13 -0.753 0.040 -0.280 0.691
14 -0.753 0.041 -0.281 0.691
15 -0.753 0.041 -0.281 0.691
16 -0.753 0.041 -0.281 0.692 Therefore, the equation converges at 16th iteration.
17 -0.753 0.041 -0.281 0.692
18 -0.753 0.041 -0.281 0.692
19 -0.753 0.041 -0.281 0.692
20 -0.753 0.041 -0.281 0.692

5X1 - 2X2 + 3X3 = -1 X1 = -1/5+2X2/5-3X3/5

-3X1 + 9X2 + X3 = 2 X2 = 2/9+3X1/9-1X3/9
2X1 - X2 - 7X3 = 3 X3 = -3/7+2X1/7-1X2/7

K X1 X2 X3
0 0 0 0
1 -0.200 0.156 -0.508
2 0.167 0.334 -0.429
3 0.191 0.333 -0.422
4 0.186 0.331 -0.423 Therefore, the equation converges at 4th iteration.
5 0.186 0.331 -0.423
6 0.186 0.331 -0.423
7 0.186 0.331 -0.423
8 0.186 0.331 -0.423
9 0.186 0.331 -0.423
10 0.186 0.331 -0.423
ges at 16th iteration.
OPEN METHOD
FIXED ITERATION
x^2+2x-8
g(x)= 8/x+2
g'(x)=-8/(x+2)^2

i x g(x) x-g(x) e g'(x)

1 1.500 2.286 -0.786 -0.653061
2 2.286 1.867 0.419 0.344 -0.435556
3 1.867 2.069 -0.202 -0.224 -0.535077
4 2.069 1.966 0.103 0.098 -0.483194
5 1.966 2.017 -0.051 -0.052 -0.508584
6 2.017 1.991 0.026 0.025 -0.495754
7 1.991 2.004 -0.013 -0.013 -0.502134
8 2.004 1.998 0.006 0.006 -0.498936
9 1.998 2.001 -0.003 -0.003 -0.500533
10 2.001 1.999 0.002 0.002 -0.499734
11 1.999 2.000 -0.001 -0.001 -0.500133
12 2.000 2.000 0.000 0.000 -0.499933

Therefore, the root is equal to 2.

1. x^2+x-1
g(x)=1/x+1
g'(x)=-1/(x+1)^2

i x g(x) x-g(x) e g'(x)

1 0.500 0.667 -0.167 -0.444444
2 0.667 0.600 0.067 0.250 -0.36
3 0.600 0.625 -0.025 -0.111 -0.390625
4 0.625 0.615 0.010 0.040 -0.378698
5 0.615 0.619 -0.004 -0.016 -0.38322
6 0.619 0.618 0.001 0.006 -0.381488
7 0.618 0.618 -0.001 -0.002 -0.382149
8 0.618 0.618 0.000 0.001 -0.381896
9 0.618 0.618 0.000 0.000 -0.381993

Therefore, the root is equal to 0.618.

Newton Raphson Method

1. f(x)= e(-x)-x xn=xo-(f(x)/f'(x)) 2. f(x)=x^2-x-1
f'(x)= -e(-x)-1 xn=xo-(e(-x)-x)/(-e(-x)-1) f'(x)= 2x-1

i x f(x) f'(x) e i x
1 0.000 1.000 -2.000 1 0.000
 2 0.500 0.107 -1.607 1.000 2 -1.000
3 0.566 0.001 -1.568 0.117 3 -0.667
4 0.567 0.000 -1.567 0.001 4 -0.619
5 0.567 0.000 -1.567 2E-07 5 -0.618
6 0.567 0.000 -1.567 5E-15 6 -0.618
7 0.567 0.000 -1.567 0.000
i x
Therefore, the root is equal to 0.567. 1 2.000
2 1.667
3 1.619
4 1.618
5 1.618

SECANT METHOD
1. f(x)=x^2-x-1
xn=xo-(f(xo)(x1-x0))/(f(x1)-f(x0))

assume:
x1=1
x0=2
i x1 x0 f(x1) f(x0) e
1 1.000 2.000 -1.000 1.000
2 2.000 1.500 1.000 -0.250 0.500
3 1.500 1.600 -0.250 -0.040 -0.333
4 1.600 1.619 -0.040 0.002 0.063
5 1.619 1.618 0.002 0.000 0.012
6 1.618 1.618 0.000 0.000 -0.001
7 1.618 1.618 0.000 0.000 0.000 Therefore, the root is equal to 1.618.

assume:
x1=0
x0=-1
i x1 x0 f(x1) f(x0) e
1 0.000 -1.000 -1.000 1.000
2 -1.000 -0.500 1.000 -0.250 1.000
3 -0.500 -0.600 -0.250 -0.040 -1.000
4 -0.600 -0.619 -0.040 0.002 0.167
5 -0.619 -0.618 0.002 0.000 0.031
6 -0.618 -0.618 0.000 0.000 -0.002
7 -0.618 -0.618 0.000 0.000 0.000 Therefore, the root is equal to -0.618.
 g(x)=-2+(8/x)
g'(x)=-8x^-2

i x g(x) x-g(x) e g'(x)

1 -3.500 -4.286 0.786 -0.653061
2 -4.286 -3.867 -0.419 0.183 -0.435556
3 -3.867 -4.069 0.202 -0.108 -0.535077
4 -4.069 -3.966 -0.103 0.050 -0.483194
5 -3.966 -4.017 0.051 -0.026 -0.508584
6 -4.017 -3.991 -0.026 0.013 -0.495754
7 -3.991 -4.004 0.013 -0.006 -0.502134
8 -4.004 -3.998 -0.006 0.003 -0.498936
9 -3.998 -4.001 0.003 -0.002 -0.500533
10 -4.001 -3.999 -0.002 0.001 -0.499734
11 -3.999 -4.000 0.001 0.000 -0.500133
12 -4.000 -4.000 0.000 0.000 -0.499933

Therefore, the root is equal to -4.

2. g(x)=-1+(1/x)
g'(x)=-1/x^2

i x g(x) x-g(x) e g'(x)

1 -1.500 -1.667 0.167 -0.444444
2 -1.667 -1.600 -0.067 0.100 -0.36
3 -1.600 -1.625 0.025 -0.042 -0.390625
4 -1.625 -1.615 -0.010 0.015 -0.378698
5 -1.615 -1.619 0.004 -0.006 -0.38322
6 -1.619 -1.618 -0.001 0.002 -0.381488
7 -1.618 -1.618 0.001 -0.001 -0.382149
8 -1.618 -1.618 0.000 0.000 -0.381896

Therefore, the root is equal to -1.618.

xn=xo-(f(x)/f'(x))
xn=xo-(x^2-x-1)/(2x-1)

f(x) f'(x) e
-1.000 -1.000
 1.000 -3.000 1.000
0.111 -2.333 -0.500
0.002 -2.238 -0.077
0.000 -2.236 -0.002
0.000 -2.236 0.000 Therefore, the root is equal to -0.681.

f(x) f'(x) e
1.000 3.000
0.111 2.333 -0.200
0.002 2.238 -0.029
0.000 2.236 -0.001
0.000 2.236 0.000 Therefore, the root is equal to 1.618.

2. f(x)=x^2+2x-8
xn=xo-(f(xo))((x1-x0)/(f(x1)-f(x0)))

assume:
x1=1.5
x0=2.5
i x1 x0 f(x1) f(x0) e
1 1.500 2.500 -2.750 3.250
2 2.500 1.958 3.250 -0.248 0.400
3 1.958 1.997 -0.248 -0.019 -0.277
4 1.997 2.000 -0.019 0.000 0.019
5 2.000 2.000 0.000 0.000 0.002
s equal to 1.618. 6 2.000 2.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Therefore, the root is equal to 2.

assume:
x1=-3.5
x0=-4.5
i x1 x0 f(x1) f(x0) e
1 -3.500 -4.500 -2.750 3.250
2 -4.500 -3.958 3.250 -0.248 0.222
3 -3.958 -3.997 -0.248 -0.019 -0.137
4 -3.997 -4.000 -0.019 0.000 0.010
5 -4.000 -4.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
6 -4.000 -4.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Therefore, the root is equal to -4.
s equal to -0.618.
, the root is equal to 2.

, the root is equal to -4.

 BRACKETING METHOD
BISECTION METHOD

F(f)=(1/(f^(1/2))+2*(LOG10((6.75675*(10^-4))+(2.51/(22337033.96*(f^1/2))))))

f g(f)
0.0001 94.93167658981
1 -5.34023544267417 120
2 -5.63327307783247
3 -5.76307773394738 100
4 -5.84045207619674
80
5 -5.89325292485287
60
interval (0.0001,1)
40

20

0
0 1 2
-20

FALSE POSITION

F(f)=(1/(f^(1/2))+2*(LOG10((6.75675*(10^-4))+(2.51/(22337033.96*(f^1/2))))))
ak=0.020
bk=0.025
k lower guess (ak) ck upper guess (bk) f(ak)
0 0.02000 0.02497 0.02500 0.74487
1 0.02000 0.02497 0.02497 0.74487
2 0.02000 0.02496 0.02497 0.74487
3 0.02000 0.02496 0.02496 0.74487
4 0.02000 0.02496 0.02496 0.74487
5 0.02000 0.02496 0.02496 0.74487
6 0.02000 0.02496 0.02496 0.74487
BISECTION METHOD
f(D)=4.725*(pi)*(D^2)+20-(21.719*(D^2))

D f(D) 50
0 20
0
1 13.1175 0 1 2 3
-50
2 -7.53
-100
3 -41.9425
4 -90.12 -150
5 -152.0625 -200
6 -227.77 -250
7 -317.2425 -300
8 -420.48
-350
-400

interval (1,2) -450

FALSE - POSITION METHOD

f(D)=4.725*(pi)*(D^2)+20-(21.719*(D^2))

k lower guess ak ck upper guess bk f(ak)

0 1.00000 1.63637 2.00000 13.12503
1 1.63637 1.70000 2.00000 1.59090
2 1.70000 1.70516 2.00000 0.13125
3 1.70516 1.70557 2.00000 0.01046
4 1.70557 1.70561 2.00000 0.00083
5 1.70561 1.70561 2.00000 0.00007
6 1.70561 1.70561 2.00000 0.00001
7 1.70561 1.70561 2.00000 0.00000
8 1.70561 1.70561 2.00000 0.00000
 k
0
1
Chart Title 2
120 3
4
100 5
6
80
7
60 8
9
40 10
20
11
12
0 13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
14
-20
15
16
17
18
19

f(ck) f(bk)
-0.00068 -0.00449
-0.00010 -0.00068
-0.00002 -0.00010
0.00000 -0.00002
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
0.00000 0.00000
 k
Chart Title 0
50 1
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3
-50
4
100
5
150 6
200 7
250 8
300 9
10
350
11
400
12
450 13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

f(ck) f(bk)
1.59090 -7.49990
0.13125 -7.49990
0.01046 -7.49990
0.00083 -7.49990
0.00007 -7.49990
0.00001 -7.49990
0.00000 -7.49990
0.00000 -7.49990
0.00000 -7.49990
left endpoint, ak midpoint, ck right end point, bk f(ak) f(Ck) f(Bk)
0.00010 0.50005 1.00000 94.93168 -4.92580 -5.34024
0.00010 0.25008 0.50005 94.93168 -4.33967 -4.92580
0.00010 0.12509 0.25008 94.93168 -3.51078 -4.33967
0.00010 0.06259 0.12509 94.93168 -2.33892 -3.51078
0.00010 0.03135 0.06259 94.93168 -0.68325 -2.33892
0.00010 0.01572 0.03135 94.93168 1.65258 -0.68325
0.01572 0.02354 0.03135 1.65258 0.19007 -0.68325
0.02354 0.02744 0.03135 0.19007 -0.29335 -0.68325
0.02354 0.02549 0.02744 0.19007 -0.06556 -0.29335
0.02354 0.02451 0.02549 0.19007 0.05843 -0.06556
0.02451 0.02500 0.02549 0.05843 -0.00447 -0.06556
0.02451 0.02476 0.02500 0.05843 0.02675 -0.00447
0.02476 0.02488 0.02500 0.02675 0.01108 -0.00447
0.02488 0.02494 0.02500 0.01108 0.00329 -0.00447
0.02494 0.02497 0.02500 0.00329 -0.00059 -0.00447
0.02494 0.02495 0.02497 0.00329 0.00135 -0.00059
0.02495 0.02496 0.02497 0.00135 0.00038 -0.00059
0.02496 0.02497 0.02497 0.00038 -0.00011 -0.00059
0.02496 0.02496 0.02497 0.00038 0.00013 -0.00011
0.02496 0.02496 0.02497 0.00013 0.00001 -0.00011
left endpoint, ak midpoint, ck right end point, bk f(ak) f(Ck) f(Bk)
0.00000 1.00000 2.00000 20.00000 13.1250 -7.4999
1.00000 1.50000 2.00000 13.12503 4.5313 -7.4999
1.50000 1.75000 2.00000 4.53131 -1.0546 -7.4999
1.50000 1.62500 1.75000 4.53131 1.8458 -1.0546
1.62500 1.68750 1.75000 1.84577 0.4224 -1.0546
1.68750 1.71875 1.75000 0.42244 -0.3094 -1.0546
1.68750 1.70313 1.71875 0.42244 0.0582 -0.3094
1.70313 1.71094 1.71875 0.05821 -0.1252 -0.3094
1.70313 1.70703 1.71094 0.05821 -0.0334 -0.1252
1.70313 1.70508 1.70703 0.05821 0.0124 -0.0334
1.70508 1.70605 1.70703 0.01245 -0.0105 -0.0334
1.70508 1.70557 1.70605 0.01245 0.0010 -0.0105
1.70557 1.70581 1.70605 0.00100 -0.0047 -0.0105
1.70557 1.70569 1.70581 0.00100 -0.0019 -0.0047
1.70557 1.70563 1.70569 0.00100 -0.0004 -0.0019
1.70557 1.70560 1.70563 0.00100 0.0003 -0.0004
1.70560 1.70561 1.70563 0.00028 -0.0001 -0.0004
1.70560 1.70560 1.70561 0.00028 0.0001 -0.0001
1.70560 1.70561 1.70561 0.00010 0.0000 -0.0001
1.70561 1.70561 1.70561 0.00001 0.0000 -0.0001
1.70561 1.70561 1.70561 0.00001 0.0000 -0.0001
1.70561 1.70561 1.70561 0.00001 0.0000 -0.0001
1.70561 1.70561 1.70561 0.00001 0.0000 0.0000
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
EULER'S METHOD
y= x^2 + y^2 P(1.1)
dy/dx= 2x + 2y Y(1.05) h= 0.1

formula:
Yn+1 = Yn + h*f'(Xn,Yn)

n Xn Yn f'(Xn,Yn) Y1
0 1 1 f'(1,1) 4
1 1.1 1.4
2 1.2 1.9 f'(Xn,Yn) Y2
3 1.3 2.52 f'(1.1,1,4) 5
4 1.4 3.284
5 1.5 4.2208 f'(Xn,Yn) Y3
f'(1.2,1.9) 6.2

Therefore, Y(1.5) is approximately f'(Xn,Yn) Y4

equal to 4.2208. f'(1.3,2.52) 7.64

f'(Xn,Yn) Y5
f'(1.4,3.284) 9.368

TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
RUNGE - KUTTA METHOD
2