Structural Mechanics Outline

(CSE 20201)
• Chapter 4: Beams and 2-D Frames
– Graphical Method for constructing Shear and Moment
Lecture 5 Diagram
– Superposition Method for constructing moment diagram
– Shear and Moment Diagram for a Frame

Dr. Songye ZHU

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 2

4.7 Graphical Method for constructing

4.6 Shear and Moment Diagram
Shear and Moment Diagram
• Do we have a simpler method to w(x)
w(x)
construct shear and moment V(x)=V
V(x)=V
diagram? M(x)=M
M(x)=M M+dM

V+d
V+dV
Graphical Method dx

based on two differential equations

FBD of Differential Element:
that exist among distributed load,
shear and moment +↑  Fy = 0; V – w ∙ dx – (V + dV) = 0
dV = – w ∙ dx

+  M = 0; M – (M + dM) + V ∙ dx - w ∙ dx2/2 = 0
dM = V ∙ dx

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 3 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 4

4.7 Graphical Method for constructing
Shear and Moment Diagram
4.7 Graphical Method

Relations between loads, shear forces and bending moment Relationships between Loads, Shear Forces and Bending
Moments
dV dM
= w(x) =V
dx dx V = ∫ w(x) dx M = ∫ V(x) dx
Slope of =  distributed Slope of = shear at Change in = area under Change in = area
shear load intensity moment each point shear distributed moment under
diagram at at each point diagram loading
each point at each shear
point diagram

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 5 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 6

4.7 GRAPHICAL METHOD 4.7 Graphical Method

Important Points 0 0 Zero

• Since w(x) must be integrated to obtain

x0 a Constant
V, then if w(x) is a curve of degree n,
V(x) will be a curve of degree n+1
x1 ax+b Linear function
• Since V(x) must be integrated to obtain
M, then if V(x) is a curve of degree n+1,
M(x) will be a curve of degree n+2 Quadratic function
x2 c x2 + d x + e
(parabola)

x3 f x3 + g x2 + h x + i Cubic function

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 7 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 8

4.7 Graphical Method for constructing
4.7 Graphical Method
Shear and Moment Diagram
Region of concentrated force and moment
the area of V is the rate of change of M

P
V V M
0

M M+dM M M+dM
V+dV V+dV

+↑  Fy = 0; V – P– (V + dV) = 0 +  M = 0; M – (M + dM) – Ma = 0
dV = – P dM = – M0

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 9 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 10

4.7 Graphical Method 4.7 GRAPHICAL METHOD

Region of distributed load Procedure for analysis
Support reactions
• Resolve forces acting into components that are
perpendicular and parallel to beam’s axis

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 11 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 12

4.7 GRAPHICAL METHOD
Procedure for analysis
Shear force diagram
• Establish V and x axes
• Plot known values of shear at two ends of the beam
• Since dV/dx = w, slope of the shear diagram at any point
is equal to the (-ve) intensity of the distributed loading at
that point
• To find numerical value of shear at a point,
– Use method of sections and equation of equilibrium
– Use V = ∫ w(x) dx, i.e., change in the shear between any two
points is equal to (-ve) area under the load diagram between two
points
4.7 GRAPHICAL METHOD
Procedure for analysis
Moment diagram
• Establish M and x axes and plot known values of the
moment at the ends of the beam
• Since dM/dx = V, slope of the moment diagram at any
point is equal to the shear at the point
• At point where shear is zero, dM/dx = 0 and therefore this
will be a point of maximum or minimum moment
• If numerical value of moment is to be determined at the
point,
– use method of sections and equation of equilibrium,
– use M = ∫ V(x) dx, i.e., change in moment between any two pts is
equal to area under shear diagram between the two pts

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 13 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 14

Example 4-7 Example 4-7

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for beam shown Solution:
below. Support reactions:
See FBD.
Shear diagram
• From behavior of distributed load, slope of
shear diagram varies from zero at x = 0 to 2
at x = 4.5. Thus, it’s a parabolic shape.
• Use method of sections to find point of zero
shear:

+↑  Fy = 0;
1.5 – 0.5(2x/4.5)x = 0
x = 2.6 m

M = 2.6 kNꞏm
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 15 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 16
Example 4-7 is dv Example 4-7
Moment diagram
• From shear diagram, slope of
moment diagram begin at +1.5,
then decreases positively till it
reaches zero at 2.6 m. Then it
increases negatively and reaches
3 at x = 4.5 m. Moment diagram is
a cubic function of x.
• Maximum moment

+  M = 0; x = 2.6 m
…….
M = 2.6 kNꞏm

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 17 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 18

Example 4-8 Example 4-7

A simple beam with Simple beam with a V (kN

(kN))
V (kN) uniform load over part of RA
several point loads. RA the span. +
P1 0
+
x1
0 -
P2 RB
-
P3 M(kNm)
RB
Mmax
0 M1
M (kNm) M2 M3
M1 M3 +
0 + x1

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 19 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 20

Example 4-9 Example 4-10
V (kN)
Cantilever beam with Draw the shear and bending moment diagram for the
two concentrated loads. 0 overhanging beam
-
P1 -

P1+P2
M (kNm)
0
-
-
P1 a

P1L+P2b

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 21 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 22

Solution: Solution:
Support reactions:
See FBD. Moment Diagram
Two Ends: MA = +4.40 kN MD = 0
Shear Diagram AB: V = 4.40  constant positive slope
Two Ends: VA = +4.40 kN VD = 0 linear function
AB: w = 0  zero slope Point B: Moment determined using method of
sections or integration of shear force
constant
BC: Increasingly negative slope
Point B: Jump down by 8 kN to -3.60
cubic function
BC: Increasingly negative slope
Point C: Moment determined using method of
VBC = ∫ w(x) dx =  area of triangle
sections or integration of shear force
= - 6 kN
CD: decreasingly positive slope
VC = – 3.60 – 6 = – 9.6 kN
quadratic function
quadratic function
Point C: Jump up by 17.6 kN to 8 kN
CD: Constant negative slope
How to determine the location of zero
linear function
moment ?

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 23 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 24

Example 4-10 Example 4-11

Draw the SFD and BMD of the beam

moment always take in V

300kN
q=100kN/m
A B E
C D
3m 4m 2m 2m

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 25 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 26

Example 4-11 Example 4-11

Step 1: Find reactions RA and RB Step 2 : Calculate shear force and bending moment
q=100kN/m 300kN
1) For section A (x = 0):
A B E
VA = +RA = 111 kN
RA C D RB A C
MC MA = 0
3m 4m 2m 2m
x VC
RA
2) For segment AC (0 x 3):
+ΣMA=0: VC = RA = 111 kN
RB×9  100×4×5  300×11 = 0, RB= 589 kN MC = RA×3 = 333 kNm
+ΣFy=0:
RA + RB  400  300 = 0, RA = 111 kN

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 27 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 28

 Example 4-11 Example 4-11
300kN
Step 2 : Calculate shear force and bending moment
B E 4) For segment BE (9 x 11):
MB
VB+= 300 kN
100kN/m 3) For segment CD (3 x 7): MB = 300×2 = 600 kNm
MC MD VB+
VD = VC  400 =  289 kN
C D MD = MC+VC×4  0.5×100×42= -22 kNm
B
VC VD
4m 5) For segment DB (7 x 9):
VB- VB+
Position of zero shear force: VB- = VB+  RB =  289 kN
RB=589
MC VF=111  100x = 0, x = 1.11m
MF
D B
VD=VB-=  289 kN
C F V =0 MF=MC+VC×1.110.5×111×1.11
F MD
MB MD = MB  VB-×2 = 22 kNm
VC =394.6 kNm
VD VB-

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 29 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 30

Example 4-11 Example 4-11

V (kN) BMD
M(kNm)
300
394.6
111 + 333
+ F D B E +
A D B E
C -
- A C F
-22 -
-289
-600

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 31 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 32

4.8 Method of Superposition 4.8 Method of Superposition

• e.g., the loading on the beam shown at the top of

Fig (a) is equivalent to the beam loadings shown
below it
• Separate M diagrams for each of the 3 beams can
be used rather than drawing the resultant moment
diagram shown in Fig (b)

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 33 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 34

4.8 Moment Diagrams constructed

4.8 Method of Superposition
by the Method of Superposition
Typical Moment Diagram of Cantilever Beam

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 35 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 36

4.8 Method of Superposition 4.8 Method of Superposition

• The reactions have been calculated
• The force system on the beam produces a zero force &
moment resultant
• The moment diagram for this case is shown at the top of Fig
(b)
• Rather considering all the loads on this beam simultaneously
when drawing the M diagram, we can instead superimpose
the results of the loads acting separately on the three
cantilevered beams shown in Fig (a)
• For e.g., from each of the separate moment diagram, M at
end A = -500-750+1250 = 0
• This is verified by the top moment in Fig (b)
• In a similar manner, we can also simplify construction of the
“resultant” moment diagram for a beam by using a
superposition of “simply supported” beams

CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 37 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 38

4.8 Method of Superposition

• Conditions:
– The loading must be linearly related to the stress or

The End
displacement that is to be determined
– The loading must not significantly change the original
geometry or configuration of the member

of the Session
CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 39 CSE20201 Structural Mechanics: Lecture 5 40