2 Operating System As already mentioned, to turn computers into one of the most useful tools we need “oftware. We need applications that allow us to write letters, design multimedia contents, perform numerical modeling, calculate cash flow forecasts etc. But, if all we have are just the applications, then each programmer has to deal with the complexities of the hardware. If a program requires data from a disk, the programmer would need to know how every type of disk worked and then be able to program at a low level in order to extract the data. Operating system is system software that is responsible for controlling and coordinating computer hardware and providing easy interface to the application programmers and users by hiding underlying complexities of computer hardware. Thus we can say that operating system acts as an interface between users or application programmers and computer hardware. Some examples of operating systems are Windows, Unix, Linux, Mac OS, Sun Solaries etc. Operating system provides easy way of accessing computer hardware to users and application programmers. We simply issue commands to the operating systems to access computer hardware and perform required operations. All the details of accessing hardware are handied by operating system. For example, if we have operating system, we can read data easily from disk by issuing proper command. But, if we don’t have OS we have to deal with low level complexities of disk to read data from it. We should know what type of recording methods we should use, what error codes are used etc. ‘Scanned with CamSeannes54 Computer Fundamentals and Applications ‘Scanned with CamScannerOperating systems keep evolving over the period of time. important types of operating system which are most commonly used. Batch and Interactive Operating Systems Batch operating systems are the operating systems that do not execution of task. Users prepare their jobs on an off-line device! submit it to the computer operator. After collecting large similar needs are batched together and run as a operating systems allow interaction with uses during p inputs or commands during processing.Computer Software and Operating Systems ST tiprocessing Operating systems In multiprocessing operating system a task is divided between more than one processor (CPU) so that true parallelism can be achieved. Multiprocessing refers actually to the CPU ‘units rather than running processes. If multiple programs are executed in different essors or CPUs at the same time, then itis called multiprocessing. The main motive of multiprocessing isto increase computation speed. Figure : Multiprocessing system, ibuted operating System ributed operating systemis a model where applications tiple computers linked by communications, This system looks inary centralized operating. system but runs on Jing, units (CPUs). Data processing jobs are distributed tthe processor can perform each job most efficiently, computers $0 on. ‘Scanned with CamScanner58 Computer Fundamentals and Applications Network operating System A network operating system is an operating system designe’ foe tee 5 supporting workstations, database sharing, application sharing an a sharing among multiple computers in a network. Some of the most Well nova Lyin operating systems include Microsoft Windows Server 2009, Microsoft Minow eve 2008, xver and provides server 2008, Linux and Mac OS X ete. It runs on a se : = ‘manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking, oa Real Time Operating System ‘The system in which timing constraint or deadline is important is called realtime system. Real-time systems are used when there are rigid time requirements on processing ofa fr the flow of data, Real-time operating system must perform tasks in fixed time constraints otherwise system will fail. Industrial control systems, systems, robots, home-appliance controllers, Air traffic control system etc are real time systems, There are two types of real-time operating systems. 4 Hard realtime systems Hard real-time systems guarantee that critical tasks time. These are the systems where slight change in deadline may cause di ‘hard real time systems are industrial control system, ai traffic contro Soft real-time systems: Soft real time systems are less restrictive. priority over other tasks and, These are the system that can com eadline, But, slip of deadline may degrade quality of system. Es systems are, Multimedia systems, virtual reality ete, Embedded Operating System Computer systems that are built within other devices are & Embedded systems are used within devices like automobiles, Cell Phones etc. Operating systems used to control ‘embedded OS. These operating systems need to work in. processing power and storage capacity) environment, ‘Modem computers consist of processors, network interfaces, printers, and other simultaneously. Operating systems direct land peripheral devices to various ‘operating systems is responsible ‘Scanned with CamSeannerComputer Sottware and Operating ystems 58 s Management Bees Programming environment, more than one, progress joldos Wf eakey oe te Sr aaa giatuction stored in secondary storage device ls called progr. When Bess loaded into memory, it willbe ready for execution and is termed as process. action is called process. All these processes compete i “! resources, and also need to communicate with each other, 'ystem does the following activities for processor management. Process Scheduling Keeps status of processes Interprocess communication ply, we can say that a program in CPU and some other share ating Management ry management refers to management of Primary Memory or Main Memory. Main y is a large array of words or bytes where each word or byte has its own adress. ‘memory provides a fast storage that can be accessed directly by the CPU. For a sm to be executed, it must in the main memory. Operating System does the following, Wvities for memory management. Managing free space Allocating and deallocating memory for processes Managing Virtual Memory inagement system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These es may contain files and other directories, Filesystem management describes the ental methods for [Naming files Defining file structure Defining File Access methods Defining File attributes and operations Storing at handling files Management fare devices typically provide the ability toinputdata into the computer put data from the computer. Management of 1/0 devices is one ofthe principal tasks operating system, This includes: Handling input/output Providing device independence Handling Feror ‘Scanned with CamSeannerSer Security and Protection ponsible resp or authentication and author jroviding proper aut tthorizaton for pro ication i the process of weriyingKengyy ces. Auth ideniy Operating system is Ly mand its resources, Normally aut nicon, computer system and its omputer sySt i wee amg rn tot I pone by Pr ges fox obits uaa Normally, authori ee renin Tet (ACL) or capability lists implemented by using access control 4.6 Open Source Operating Sy! perating System ‘ aware in which the source code (I ores by programmes) is avaiable to the general publi For wssanallag voip desig fre of charge. Open source code is epically eile fe upon the code and share the cffort in which programmers improv community, Software that are available free of cost are called free: oftware whose source code is known publically is called open source software is always fee software. ‘The rationale for this movement is that a larger group of program proprietary ownership or financial gain will produce a more for everyone to use. The concept relies on peer review to find program code, Examples of Open Source Operating System stems Concept of Open Source O| Open source refers to a program of sof UNIX Operating System LUNDX is an operating system which was first developed constant development ever since. By operating system, we which make the computer work. It is a stable, mu m desktops and laptops. UNIX systems also have Microsoft Windows which provides an easy to us UNIX is required for operations which. o there is no windows interface available. ‘The UNIX operating, system is ‘Scanned with CamSeanner’ ‘Lomputer Software and Operating Systems 61 Operating System lux is one of popular version of UNIX Operating System. It is open source as its source le is freely available. It is free to use. Linux was i designed considering UNIX patibility. Linux System Architecture is consists of following layers Hardware layer - Hardware consists of all peripheral devices (RAM/ HDD/ CPU etc), Kernel - Core component of Operating System, interacts directly with hardware, provides low level services to upper layer components. Shell - An interface to kernel, hiding complexity of kernel's functions from users. Takes commands from user and executes kernel's functions. Utilities - Utility programs giving user most of the functionalities of an operating systems. ‘Scanned with CamSeanner