Department of Electronics and

Telecommunications

8051 Microcontroller based

Real World Interfacing and
Programming – II
(Unit IV)
Instructor
Dr. Yogesh H. Dandawate , Prof. Pravin G.Gawande and
Prof.Rahul S.Pol
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (C005)
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology,Pune
Email : yogesh.dandawate@viit.ac.in

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Unit IV :
Department of Electronics
8051 Microcontroller based and Telecommunications
Real World Interfacing and programming – II
• Basics of serial communication protocol: Synchronous
and Asynchronous Communication, RS232, RS485, SPI,
I2C.
• Interfacing of devices using protocols: Interfacing of
peripherals using UART Interfacing RTC DS1307using
I2C protocol, Interfacing of memory using SPI protocol.
programs in C.

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Basics of Serial and Telecommunications

Communication
• Serial Vs Parallel data transfer.
• Simplex, Half and full duplex transmission
• Synchronous serial communication.
• Asynchronous serial communication
• Concept of Framing
• Baud rate

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Telecommunications

RS -232
Standard

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Why Standards ?
• To allow compatibility among various data
communication equipment's made by different
manufacturers.

• What is RS ?
RS is Recommended Standard.
Set by Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960.

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RS 232
• Widely used Serial I/O interfacing standard.
• RS 232 A -1963
• RS 232 B – 1965
• RS 232 C – 1969
• Logic 1 is represented as -3V to -25 V
• Logic 0 is represented as + 3 V to +25V.
• Typically -9V and + 9V.
• Distance upto 50 feet.
• Speed upto 20K baud.
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RS 232 Configuration
RS 232 Cable

1488 1489
DTE DCE
Data Data
Terminal Communication
Equipment 1489 1488 Equipment

GND TxD , RxD connections ?

1488 – Line Drivers and 1489 – Line Recievers

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Connectors ( D type – 9 Pin)

and Telecommunications

Courtesy
Unit-IV-8051 based Real :http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232
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Courtesy : http://www.arcelect.com/rs232.htm
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Signals
• Transmitted Data (TxD)
• Data sent from DTE to DCE.
• Received Data (RxD)
• Data sent from DCE to DTE.
• Request To Send (RTS)
• Asserted (set to 0) by DTE to prepare DCE to receive data. This
may require action on the part of the DCE, e.g. transmitting a
carrier or reversing the direction of a half-duplex channel.

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• Ready To Receive (RTR)

• Asserted by DTE to indicate to DCE that DTE is ready to receive
data.
• Clear To Send (CTS)
• Asserted by DCE to acknowledge RTS and allow DTE to
transmit.
• Data Terminal Ready (DTR)
• Asserted by DTE to indicate that it is ready to be connected. If
the DCE is a modem, this may "wake up" the modem, bringing it
out of a power saving mode

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• Data Set Ready (DSR)

• Asserted by DCE to indicate the DCE is powered on and is ready
to receive commands or data for transmission from the DTE.
• Data Carrier Detect (DCD)
• Asserted by DCE when a connection has been established with
remote equipment.
• Ring Indicator (RI)
• Asserted by DCE when it detects a ring signal from the
telephone line.
H.W : 25 pin Connector http://www.arcelect.com/rs232.htm
Serial Port Complete by Alexson
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Communication between Computer and and Telecommunications

Modem
• DTR by DTE
• DSR by DCE
• RTS by DTE
• CTS by DCE
• DCD
• RI

What is NULL Modem ?

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MAX 232
• Operate from Single +5V Power Supply
• (+5V and +12V—MAX231/MAX239)
• Low-Power Receive Mode in Shutdown
• Meet All EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 Specifications
• Multiple Drivers and Receivers (Two)

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Applications
• Portable Computers
• Low-Power Modems
• Interface Translation
• Battery-Powered RS-232 Systems
• Multidrop RS-232 Networks

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H.W. Interfacing with 8051 / 8951/PIC/AVR

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RS 485

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Introduction
• Very much common in data acquisition.
• It is also called as EIA 485.
• RS485 supports 32 drivers and 32 receivers .
• Differential Voltage transmission mode.
• Distance 4000 Feet.
• Maximum data rate 10 Mbps.
• It’s a typical half duplex,2 wire multidrop system. 4 wire
with full duplex is also possible.

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• Maximum driver output voltage is -7V to +12V.

• While selecting the cable characteristic impedence,shunt
capacitance (pFFt), propogation velocity (% of c) is taken into
consideration.
• Plenum cable which is fire resistance, less toxic ,but little costly due
to sheathing material used is recommended. Twisting is also used.

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Network Topology.

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Comparison of RS232 & RS 485
SPECIFICATIONS RS 232 RS 485
Mode of Operation SINGLE DIFFERENTIAL
-ENDED
Total Number of Drivers and Receivers on One Line 1 DRIVER 32 DRIVER
1 RECVR 32 RECVR
Maximum Cable Length 50 FT. 4000 FT.

Maximum Data Rate (40ft. - 4000ft). 20kb/s 10Mb/s-100Kb/s

Maximum Driver Output Voltage +/-25V -7V to +12V

Receiver Input Resistance (Ohms 3k to 7k >=12k

Receiver Input Sensitivity +/-3V +/-200mV

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I C
2
Bus
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What is I2C ?
• Developed by Philips Semiconductors in early 1980 for
providing a simple way to talk between IC’s by using a
minimum number of pins.

• It’s a Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus.

• It’s a simple bi-directional 2-wire bus for efficient inter-IC

control. No specific wiring or connectors but just PCB
tracks. (It’s a two wire serial interface)

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I2C Continued…
• Since a serial Interface it reduces cost of manufacturing
of electronic product.

• Has become a recognized standard throughout our

industry and is used now by ALL major IC
manufacturers.

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I2C Features
• Only two bus lines are required: a serial data line (SDA) and a
serial clock line (SCL).

• Each device connected to the bus is software addressable by

a unique address and simple master/slave relationships exist
at all times; masters can operate as master-transmitters or as
master-receivers.

• It’s a true multi-master bus including collision detection and

arbitration to prevent data corruption if two or more masters
simultaneously initiate data transfer.

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I2C Features Contd…

• Serial, 8-bit oriented, bi-directional data transfers can be
made at up to 100 kbit/s in the Standard-mode, up to 400
kbit/s in the Fast-mode, or up to 3.4 Mbit/s in the High-
speed mode.

• On-chip filtering (50 ns) rejects spikes on the bus data line to
preserve data integrity.

• The number of ICs that can be connected to the same bus

segment is limited only by the maximum bus capacitive
loading of 400 pF.

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Basic I2C arrangement

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I2C Communication and Telecommunications

Procedure
One IC that wants to talk to another must: (Protocol)
1) Wait until it sees no activity on the I2C bus. SDA and
SCL are both high. The bus is 'free'.

2) Put a message on the bus that says 'its mine' - I have

STARTED to use the bus. All other ICs then LISTEN to
the bus data to see whether they might be the one who
will be called up (addressed).

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Communication Contd..
3) Provide on the CLOCK (SCL) wire a clock signal. It will be used by
all the ICs as the reference time at which each bit of DATA on the
data (SDA) wire will be correct (valid) and can be used. The data on
the data wire (SDA) must be valid at the time the clock wire (SCL)
switches from 'low' to 'high' voltage.

4) Put out in serial form the unique binary 'address' (name) of the IC
that it wants to communicate with.

5) Put a message (one bit) on the bus telling whether it wants to

SEND or RECEIVE data from the other chip. (The read/write wire
is gone!)

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Communication Contd..
6) Ask the other IC to ACKNOWLEDGE (using one bit) that it recognized its
address and is ready to communicate.

7) After the other IC acknowledges all is OK, data can be transferred.

8) The first IC sends or receives as many 8-bit words of data as it wants. After
every 8-bit data word the sending IC expects the receiving IC to acknowledge the
transfer is going OK.

9) When all the data is finished the first chip must free up the bus and it does
that by a special message called 'STOP'. It is just one bit of information
transferred by a special 'wiggling' of the SDA/SCL wires of the bus.

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Start and Stop Conditions
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I2C Benefits
• Well known bus, over 20 years of existence, has become world
standard.

• Standard adopted by industries like telecom, networking,

consumer, automotive etc.

• Used in many applications like cellphones, PDA’s, DVD, set

top boxes etc.
• Designed to stay in market for several years.

• Used by giants like HP, Compaq, IBM,Cisco,Intel,Nokia etc.

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Benefits contd…
• Functional blocks on the block diagram correspond with the actual
ICs; designs proceed rapidly from block diagram to final schematic.

• No need to design bus interfaces because the I2C bus interface is

already integrated on-chip.

• Integrated addressing and data-transfer protocol allow systems to

be completely software-defined.

• The same IC types can often be used in many different

applications.

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Benefits contd…
• Design-time reduces as designers quickly become familiar with
the frequently used functional blocks represented by I2C bus
compatible ICs.

• ICs can be added to or removed from a system without affecting

any other circuits on the bus.

• Fault diagnosis and debugging are simple; malfunctions can be

immediately traced.

• Assembling a library of reusable software modules can reduce

software development time.

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I2C manufactures and Telecommunications

benefits
• The simple 2-wire serial I2C bus minimizes interconnections
so ICs have fewer pins and there are not so many PCB tracks;
result - smaller and less expensive PCBs

• The completely integrated I2C bus protocol eliminates the

need for address decoders and other ‘glue logic’

• The multi-master capability of the I2C bus allows rapid

testing/alignment of end-user equipment via external
connections to an assembly-line
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Manufactures benefits and Telecommunications

Contd..
• Increases system design flexibility by allowing simple
construction of equipment variants and easy upgrading to
keep design up-to-date

• I2C bus is a de facto world standard that is implemented

in over 1000 different ICs (Philips has > 400) and licensed
to more than 70 companies

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PCF 8591 and Telecommunications

(8-bit A/D and D/A converter)

• Features
• Single power supply
• Operating supply voltage 2.5 V to 6 V
• Low standby current
• Serial input/output via I2C-bus
• Address by 3 hardware address pins
• Sampling rate given by I2C-bus speed
• 4 analog inputs programmable as single-ended or
differential inputs

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• Auto-incremented channel selection

• Analog voltage range from VSS to VDD
• On-chip track and hold circuit
• 8-bit successive approximation A/D conversion
• Multiplying DAC with one analog output.

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Applications
• Closed loop control systems
• Low power converter for remote data acquisition
• Battery operated equipment
• Acquisition of analog values in automotive, audio and TV
applications.

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Block Diagram

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Pin Diagram and Address byte

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Control byte
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SERIAL PERIPHERAL INTERFACE
(SPI)

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What it is ?
• It’s a Synchronous Serial Bus Standard.
• Developed by Motorola and Supported by various
microprocessor and controller manufacturers.
• Devices communicate using Master / Slave relationship
in which master initiates the data frame.
• Data is transferred in both directions.
• Speed between 1-3 Mbps and 8 bit data is transferred.

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SCLK

MOSI
Master MISO Slave

SS

• MISO = Master In Slave Out

• MOSI = Master Out Slave In
• SS = Slave Select

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Contd..
• It is up to the Master and Slave devices to know whether a
received byte is meaningful or not.
• Drawbacks :
• This do not have acknowledge mechanism.
• No flow control.
• It is suitable whenever only raw data are exchanged.
• Will be trouble some with more no.of slaves.
• Motorola , PIC, AVR supports SPI.
• H.W Comparison of I2C and SPI.
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DS 1306 RTC
• Features
• Real-Time Clock (RTC) Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date
of the Month, Month, Day of the Week, and Year with
• Leap-Year Compensation
• Valid Up to 2100
• 96-Byte, Battery-Backed NV RAM for Data Storage
• Two Time-Of-Day Alarms,
• Programmable on Combination of Seconds, Minutes, Hours,
and Day of the Week
• 1Hz and 32.768kHz Clock Outputs
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• Standard Serial Port Interfaces with Most

Microcontrollers (SPI)
• Multiple Power Supply Pins
• Battery for Backup
• Dual-Power Supply Pins for Primary and Backup Power
Supplies
• Optional Trickle Charge Output to Backup Supply
• 2.0V to 5.5V Operation
• Optional Industrial Temperature Range: -40°C to +85°C
Supports Operation in a Wide Range of Applications
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Pin and Block Diagram

Source : DS 1306 Data sheet

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Source : DS 1306 Data sheet

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• Programming of 8951 for DS 1306

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THANK - YOU

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