Family: Echinostomatidae

(Trematode of bird)

Genus:
Echinostoma (important for bird)
Echinoparyphium
Hypoderaeum
Euparyphium (present in Bangladesh)= Two
Echinochasmus intermediate
host
Echino-
Morphology
spine and stome- sucker
More or less elongated in shape
Size 2-22 mm 0.4-2.5 mm

Cuticle is thick. usually covered with spine.

Sucker
Having two sucker. oral sucker is surrounded dorsally and
laterally by head collar which have single or double row of
Spine
Ventral sucker is strongly developed
Digestive system
Pharynx present
Long esophagus. reach up to the ventral sucker. Intestinal
caeca is simple.
 Morphology
Reproductive system
Genital pore opens just anterior to ventral sucker
Testes are slightly lobbed
Ovary pretesticular
Vitelline glands are follicular extended from ventral
sucker to posterior extremity
Excretory vesicle
Y shape
Cercaria

Amphistome
 Specification of Echinostomatidae
Genus Species Host IH Location Distribution
Echinostoma E. revolutum Duck. Planorbis spp. Small& Cosmopolitan
10 goose, Aminocola spp. large (Bangladesh)
fowl, wild Lymnea spp. intestine
12x2.25mm
birds Stagnicola spp.

Echinoparyph E. Duck. Same & frog Same Cosmopolitan

1um recurvatum goose, (Bangladesh)
2-4x4mm fowl, wild
birds

Hypoderaeum H Duck, Same Same Cosmopolitan

conoideum goose, (Bangladesh)
fowl, wild
1.3-2x6mm
birds
 Specification of Echinostomatidae
Genus Species Host IH Location Distributiona
Euparyphium E. perfoliatus Dog, fox. 1s. Small Europe
1.6x0.4- man Stagnicola spp. intestine Asia
0.8mm 2nd Bangladesh
Fresh water
fish

Echinochasm E. olicanum Same Same Same Same

us
 Life cycle
the same or
fascioliasSis. but cercariae re-enter into
Sameas
of snail to form metacercariae
and final host
same species
metacercariae).
become infected by the ingestion snail (containing
 Pathogenesis and Pathology
l n mild infection echinostome are fairly harmless.
In hear infection-

Irritation by spine of cuticle & head collar

Intlamnmation of intestinal mucosa. resulting enteritis

Profuse diarrhoea. progressive emaciation. weakness. anaemia

Clinical signs
Profuse diarrhoea. progressive emaciation. Weakness. anaemia
Family: Heterophyidae
 Morphology
usually not over than
Smallest trematode,
2mm.
broader
Small intestinal fluke, posterior end is
than anterior end
Ovoid, conical or pyriform in shape.
Cuticle is thin with scale like spine.

They have two Suckers, the oral sucker freely

developed and lies at the middle part of the
body.
 Morphology
They have large esophagus and intestinal
caeca reach up to the posterior end.
The reproductive organs present at the
posterior half of the body.
Pre-testicular ovary and follicular vitelline
glands.
Genital pore opens close to the ventral sucker
&surrounded by ventral sucker.
Cercariae- Gymnocephalus type.
 Life cycle
Life cycle: (tvo intemedate host)
Adult in the Small intestine

Eggs come out with faeces and hatched to fom miracidia in the environment
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weeks
Mracidium enter into the snail and become sporocvst, radia, then Cercana within 3-4
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Cercanae emerges rom the snail and enter into the fish (23 intemediate host) through scale gills
where it develops to form metacercanae
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Final host is infected by the ingeston of raw or uncooked fish which contain metacercanae.
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In Small intestne excystadons takes place and become adult

Pre-patent period:9davs
 Pathogenesis and Pathology

ntestinal
desquamation of
In mild nfection. there is
a

epithelia in
necroSis and hemorrhage
I n heavT nfection. there is a
wvhich result bloody diarrhoea.
intestinal mucosa
 Morphology
trematode, 4-
Size: Small to medium size
16mmx 1.5-8.5mm.

Shape: Elliptical or lancet.

Cuticle : Spineless or translucent.
Colour: Semitransparent.
Sucker: Close to the anterior end, oral sucker
sub-terminal.

Digestive system :Pharynx & esophagus

present, intestinal caeca simple consisting of
two branches and resembles a turning fork.
 Mor phology
Morphology
Excretory system: Excretory bladder is simple tubular.
Reproductive system
Gonad situated at the middlejust behind the posterior
sucker,
post testicular ovary,
genital pore open just in front to the posterior sucker,
well-developed vitelline gland present at the lateral
portion of the body.
Cercariae: Xiphidocercous type.
Egg: Thick shelled, rounded, dark brown in color&
operculated.
 Specification of Dicrocoeliidae
Genus Host IH Location Distribution
Species
Dicrocoeli Dicrocoel Wide 1st: snail Bile Asia,
um ium range (Zebrina duct Europe,
dendritic sp.) North
um 2nd: ant America
(Formica
Sp.)
Platynoso Playnoso Cat 1st: snail1 Bile Malaysia,
mum mum duct Brazil,
flastocum British,
U.S.A
Eurytrem Rumi 1st: land Bile Asia,
Eurytrema
a nants snail duct, Europe,
pancreati & 2nd. Duod Brazil,
cum man GrasshopPP enum America
er
 LITe tyCre
Life cycle (2 intemediatehost & radia stage absent)
Adult laid eggs in the bile duct

with faeces
Egg (containing miracidium) pass through duodenum & come out

Eggs ingested by snail (1 "

intermediate host) and hatched to form miracidia

Miracidium change to form primary & then secondary sporocyst

After 4-7 months of infection cercaria develops within the snail

Cercariae emerge from snail, low temperature with cemented masses to form a rounded mass
expelled at

which is called slime balls

Slime ball is ingested by ant (2 intermediate host) & metacercariae developed within the body cavity ofants
and occasionally in brain of ants.
[n case of Eurvtema spp there is no slime ball and cercaria is ingested by grasshopper where developed to

form metacercariae.]

Final host is infected by the ingesion of metacercariae containing ants gasshopper with herbage

Metacercariae comes out from ant body & excysted by enzymatic digestion in the stomach and reach to small
intestine.

wall into the portal circulation, and then reach to the bile duct where
Through penetration ofintestinal enter
maturation takes places.
 Pathogenesis and Pathology

Normally there is no pathologic change in liver

due to absence of migratory phase.
I n heavy infestation there is fibrosis of the smaller
bile ducts and extensive cirrhosis can ocCur,
Sometimes bile ducts become markedly
distended with large number of flukes.
Early fibrosis occurs in the this later
portal triads,
extended in an interlobular & perilobular manner,
ultimately producing a condition resembling
portal cirrhosis.
 Clinical signs
In severe cases anorexia, anemia, edema,
-

emaciation etc.
But in many cases show no clinical sign.
 Family: Troglotrematidae
Genus Paragonimus Troglotrema
Species P westernani lung T. salminocola
luke)
st intemediate Snail (Thiara, same
host Amphularia)
2nd intermediate Crustacean , cray fish Same
host
Host Dog. cat.pig .man Dog
mink.Raccon
Location Lung Small intestine
Distribution Asia, America America
 Family: Plagiorchiidae (Trematode of
birds)
Genus:
i. Prosthogonimus
ii. Plagiorchis
P.ovatus
P. indicus

Host: Domestic fowl, geese, wild

birds etc.
Intermediate host: Snail (Aminocola,
Bithynia etc)
Location:Oviduct, Bursa
Distributio: World wide
 Pathogenesis and Pathology
Pathogenesis
Parasite in oviduct

Imitaton

Acute inflammadon Reto peristalsis movement

Producdon ofimmanure or abnomal egg Breakdown of egs

Abnormal secredon through cloaca

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Broken eggs contents and parasite enter into the
pentoneum

Pertonidis and death ofbird

 Family: Opisthorchiidae
Genus: Important genus is Opisthorchis and
species are O. sinensis and 0. teniculis
Host: Dog, cat, pig, man & mink
Intermediatehost: Snail (1st) and Fish (2nd)
Location: Bile duct, pancreatic duct, small
intestine
Distribution: Cosmopolitan including
Bangladesh
 Pathogenesis and Pathology
Pathogenesis and Pathology:
Due to presenceoipauaite, ntammaton in tile duct and gal badder(Chotcvstts
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Canhal cholveorstids desmucdon of ble duct epihelum mih increaxt producionofmucus

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Penductal fibroSis and oclusion of bile duct

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Bile stasis and Jaundice

In caseofsecondaryintecdon-cholangits,chalangio-caanomand cholangio-hepatts may ocur.
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