Functions of roots

Absorption of water
and minerals
Anchorage of plant
parts
Storage of reserved
food material
Synthesis of plan
growth regulator

Which type of root system is present in Gymnosperms & Angiosperms ?

Gymnosperms have taproot system

Angiosperms are divided into dicots and
monocots
Majority of the angiosperms have taproot
system
Dicots have taproot system and monocots have
fibrous root system
 What are Velamen Roots?
Roots of epiphytic plats like orchids are called velamen roots.
{epi = above} {phyta = plant}
They have special tissue called epithem tissue which is
hygroscopic in nature {absorb water}
These roots are aerial & adventitious roots
Example: - Vanda
Velamen Roots

Phytohormone
Plant Growth Regulator also known as Phytohormone or PGR

Functions of Parts of Roots

Root cap
Protects the tender root tip

Region of meristematic Activity

Cells divide repeatedly, so helps in growth

Region of elongation
Responsible for growth of roots in length

Region of maturation
Some of the epidermal cells form fine hair like
structures called hair roots.

Root Hair
Absorbs water and mineral from the soil

Taproot and Fibrous Root

The roots present in sweet potato are
fibrous roots which falls under
adventitious roots.

Some lateral roots (Adventitious root )

become swollen due to the storage of
reserve food
Example: - Sweet Potato
 Here, the reserve food is stored
only in certain parts of the roots
The diagram shows the roots of the
Asparagus plant.

Few roots of the plant growing in swampy

regions grow vertically upwards
These roots are called pneumatophore/
Breathing roots/ Respiratory roots
A small opening called pneumathodes helps in
the exchange of gasses
The examples are given in the diagram on the
right
 It bears branches, leaves, fruits, and flowers
Conducts water and minerals
Helps in photosynthesis
In some plants, it performs the function of storage, protection, and vegetative
propagation

The products formed during photosynthesis process are called photosynthates

The main product is glucose
Glucose is stored in the form of starch
Starch is converted into sucrose and is delivered to the growing parts of the plant

Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkhand, Colocasia stores food and acts as
organ of perennation under favourable conditions.

Stem tendrils developed from axillary bud helps the plant to climb. Example: - Cucumber,
watermelon, pumpkins, and grapevines.

Axillary bud of the stem may get modified into pointed, woody thorns for protection from
browsing animals. Example: - Bougainvillea, citrus

Some plants growing in arid regions modify their stem into flattened {opuntia} or cylindrical
{euphorbia} to perform photosynthesis
 In some plants like grass and strawberry, underground stem spreads
into new niches and the older one die forming a new plant

In plants like mint and jasmine, a slender lateral branch arises from the
main axis and after growing vertically for some distance, arches down.
In aquatic plants like Eichhornia and Pistia, a lateral branch with nodes
and internodes bearing roots and leaves is found

In banana, pineapple and Chrysanthemum, a lateral branch originates

from basal and underground portion of the stem, grow horizontally
beneath and then come out obliquely upward giving rise to the leafy
shoot

Leaf has three main parts: -

i. Leaf base
ii. Petiole {Leaf Stalk}
iii. Lamina

It helps in photosynthesis

It helps to hold the blade to light

It helps in cooling the leaf
It’s the point of attachment of leaf to stem

In some leguminous, the leaf base may become swollen

which is called pulvinus
Helps in positioning of leaf
Helps in sleep and shock pressures

Provide rigidity to the leaf blade

Acts as a channel for the transport of water, minerals, and food
materials

Arrangement of veins and veinlets in a lamina

 Arrangement of leaves on stem or branch

Leaves get converted into tendrils for climbing

Example: - Pea and Grape

Leaves get modified into spines

Example: - Cacti

Leaves become fleshy for storage of food

Example: - Onion and garlic
In some plants like the Australian Acacia, leaves are small and short
lived.
Petiole expands, becomes green and performs photosynthesis

Leaves modify into special structures to trap insects.

Example: - Pitcher plant, Venus’s fly trap
The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence. A flower bearing
branch or a system of branches

The flower is a modified shoot apical meristem where the shoot changes to floral
meristem.
Internodes do not elongate, and the axis get condensed, and the shoot tip transform into a
flower.
 Calyx: - Sepals
Corolla: - Petals

Stamens: - Androecium
Pistil: - Gynoecium

In some flowers like the Lily, the calyx, and the corolla fuse together to form tepals

Both androecium and gynoecium are present in

the same plant
Example: - Hibiscus, Mustard

Either androecium or gynoecium is present in the

flower
Example: - Papaya, Cucumber, Pumpkins

The number of appendages present in each

whorl is called Merosity
Mostly members of calyx and corolla will be
considered in floral Merosity

i. Trimerous – 3 Floral members – Liliaceae

When the floral appendages are in
{Advanced}
multiple of three.
Seen in flowers of monocot plants ii. Tetramerous – 4 Floral members – Cruciferae/
Brassicaceae
iii. Pentamerous – 5 Floral members – Solanaceae
When floral appendages are four or five. Fabaceae
Seen in flowers of dicot plants
Malvaceae
Reduced leaves forming bracts found at the base of the flower
Example: - Vanilla, mustard, sunflower

No bracts
China rose, lily, tulip

Green leaf like structure

United sepals {Gamosepalous} Example: -
China rose
Free sepals {Polysepalous} Example: - Rose

Protects the flower in bud stage

Usually, bright coloured to attract the

insects for pollination
United/ fused petals {Gamopetalous} Example: - China rose,
Petunia
Free petals {Polypetalous} Example: - Rose
The mode of arrangement of sepals and petals in a floral bud with respect to other
members of the same whorl
 Stamens attached to petals
Example: - Brinjal

Stamens attached to perianth

Example: - Lily

Free stamens

In one group – Monoadelphous

Example: - China rose
In two bundles – Diadelphous
Example: - Pea
In more than two bundles – Polyadelphous
Example: - Citrus

A sterile stamen
Stamens of variable length are seen
in salvia and mustard
Fused ovaries
Example: - Mustard, China rose, tomato

Free ovaries
Example: - Lotus, rose

Arrangement of ovules within the ovary

 After fertilisation, the
ovaries mature into a fruit
and the ovules develop into
seeds.

Ovaries after fertilisation develop into fruit

Epicarp is the thin brown layer on coconut

Mesocarp is the edible part
Pericarp is fleshy and juicy and includes epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp

Fruits developed from

Fruit developed from ovary without
monocarpellary, superior ovary
fertilisation is called parthenocarpic fruit
& single seeded
Example: - Banana
Example: - Mango & Coconut
 Ovules after fertilisation develop into seed

Opening through which the seeds respire and take

water

Scar on seed coat represent point of attachment of

seed to fruit
The outer covering of endosperm separates
the embryo by a protein layer called aleurone
layer
Embryo is small and situated in a groove at
one end of the endosperm
It consists of a large shield shape cotyledon is
called scutellum and a short axis with a
plumule and a radicle
The plumule is enclosed in a sheath called
coleoptile and radicle called coleorhiza
respectively

Symbolic representation of floral parts of the flower

Diagrammatic representation of floral parts of the flower

K – Calyx
C – Corolla Br – Bracteate
A – Androecium Ebr – Ebracteate
G – Gynoecium
( ) – Fusion Of Floral Parts
♂ - Male Flower
G – Superior Ovary
♀- Female Flower –
–
⚥ - Bisexual Flower G – Inferior Ovary
- Actinomorphic Flower P – Perianth
% - Zygomorphic Flower
It is a large family, commonly called as the ‘potato family’. It is widely distributed in
tropics, subtropics, and even temperate zones

Plants mostly herbs, shrubs, and rarely small trees

Stem: herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or
glabrous, underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Leaves: alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; venation reticulate

Inflorescence: Solitary, axillary or cymose as in

Solanum
Flower: bisexual, actinomorphic
Calyx: sepals five, united, persistent, valvate
aestivation
Corolla: petals five, united; valvate aestivation
Androecium: stamens five, epipetalous
Gynoecium: bicarpellary obligately placed,
syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular, placenta
swollen with many ovules, axile
Fruits: berry or capsule
Seeds: many, endospermous

Floral Formula: ⊕ ⚥ K (5) C (5) A5 G

– (2)