Formulae

Introduction & Epidemiology

1) HDI
a) Step 1: Creating the dimensions indices
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Minimum values: life expectancy - 20 yrs
Education - 0 yrs {geometric mean of the two
components is taken and the equation is applied}
Per capita income - 163 US $
b) Step 2: Aggregating the subindices to produce HDI =
3
√I(life) × 𝑰(𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) × 𝑰(𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒)

Sr. Indicators Formula

no.
1.Mortality Indicators

1. Crude death 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

×1000
𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Rate
2. Life Avg. no. of years lived by the person born alive if current
expectancy age specific mortality rate persists
(at birth, at
age 1 & 5)
3. Age Specific 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛
death rate 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
× 1000

4. Infant 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛<1𝑦𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.

×1000
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑦𝑟.
Mortality Rate
5. Child death 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 1 − 4 𝑦𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.
rate 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 1 − 4 𝑦𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
× 1000
6. Under 5
proportionate 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 < 5 𝑦𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.
mortality rate/ × 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
Child Mortality
Rate
7. Adult Mortality 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 15 − 60 𝑦𝑟.
× 1000
rate 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟. 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
8. Maternal 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
Mortality rate 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
× 1,00,000
9. Proportional 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.
×100
mortality rate 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

10. Case Fatality 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒

× 100
rate 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒
11. Years of Loss of years of life that occurs before the age of life
potential life expectancy of a dying person
lost (YPLL)
2. Morbidity Indicators

1. 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

Incidence 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
×1000

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐

2. Prevalence 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
A) Point prevalence= 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒌 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 × 100
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
B) Period prevalence= 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙 × 100
𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘
3. Attendance rate at OPD, Health centres, etc.
4. Admission, Readmission & Discharge rates

5. Duration of stay in hospital

6. Absence from work or school or Spells of sickness

3.Disabilty Rates

A} EVENT TYPE 1. No. of days of restricted activity

INDICATORS 2. Bed disability days
3. Work loss days within a specific period
B} PERSON TYPE 1.Limitation of mobility
INDICATORS 2. Limitation of activities of daily living(ADL)
1. HALE (Health- Based on life expectancy at birth but includes an
adjusted life adjustment for time spent in poor health
expectancy) DALE is not used now.
2. QALY (Quality QALY= no. of years of life ×utility value (if half year spent in
adjusted life perfect health it is 0.5)
years)
3. Disability free life Avg. no. of years expected to live free of disability if current
expectancy mortality & morbidity rates continue to apply
/Active life
expectancy
4. DALY(Disability DALY = YLL + YLD
adjusted life (YLL-no. of deaths at each age × expected remaining yrs of life
years) YLD-no. of injured &illness cases × avg. duration of disease × severity
of disease on scale of 0 {perfect health}- 1{death} )
4.Nutritional Status indicators

1. Anthropometric measures of pre-school children

2. Heights of children at school entry

3. Prevalence of LBW(<2.5 kg)

5.Health care delivery indicators

1. Doctor-population ratio

2. Doctor- Nurse ratio

3. Population-bed ratio

4. Population per health /subcentre

5. Population per trained birth attendant

6. Utilization rates (eg.)

1. Proportion of fully immunized infants

2. Proportion of women receiving ANC

3. % population using family planning methods

4. 𝑎𝑣𝑔. 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑛−𝑝𝑡. 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑠

Bed occupancy rates=
𝑎𝑣𝑔.𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑠
5. 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑠
Avg. length of stay= 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑒𝑑𝑠

7.Indicators of social & mental health/pathology

Suicide, crimes, delinquency, smoking, drug abuse, family violence, battered baby
& wife syndromes, etc.

8. Environmental indicators
Pollution indices, water, food, radiation indices,etc.
9.Socio- economic indicators

1. Rate of population increase

2. 𝐺𝑁𝑃
Per capita GNP =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
3. Level of unemployment

4. Literacy rates:
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒
a) Crude literacy rate = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦𝑟. × 100

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒≥7𝑦𝑟𝑠

b) Effective literacy rate = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛≥7 𝑦𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦𝑟 × 100

5. Dependency 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 0 − 14 𝑦𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒 +

ratio 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 65 𝑦𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒
× 100
𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 15 − 64 𝑦𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑔𝑒
6. Family size Total no. of children a woman has borne at a point in time

7. Housing Number of people / room

8. Per capita calorie availability

10.Health policy indicators

1. Proportion of GNP spent on health services

2. Proportion of GNP spent on health related activities (eg. Water supply,
sanitation, housing, etc.)
3. Proportion of total health resources devoted to primary health care

11. Indicators of Quality of life (PQLI, HDI, etc.)

12. Social Indicators by UN statistical officer into 12 categories

13. Basic needs indicator by ILO

𝒏𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒉×𝟏𝟐

2) Death rate of a month =
𝒎𝒊𝒅 𝒚𝒓. 𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒅𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒌×𝟓𝟐
3) Weekly death rate = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒎𝒊𝒅−𝒚𝒓.𝒑𝒐𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
12 and 52 are multiplied to
make the rates comparable
with the annual rates.

4) Proportional mortality rate

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 ≥50 𝑦𝑟𝑠.
For aged ≥50 yrs. = × 100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑨𝑳𝑳 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦𝑟.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑(𝐸𝑔. 5 𝑦𝑟𝑠.)

5) Survival rate = ×100
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
6) Incidence rate (spells) = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 × 1000
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒

𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙
7) 10 attack rate/case rate = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑘 × 100
𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔

𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
8) Secondary attack rate = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑/"susceptible" × 100
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑠
9) Prevalence = incidence × mean duration P=I×D

𝑎
10) Case control study: Exposure rate in cases = &
𝑎+𝑐
Suspected or
Cases Control 𝑏
risk factors in controls =
Present a b 𝑏+𝑑
Absent c d 𝑎𝑑
Odds ratio =
total a+c b+d 𝑏𝑐

11) Cohort study: Cohort Disease Total

I(E) 𝑎⁄ yes no
• Relative risk (RR) = 𝐼 (𝑁𝐸)= 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏
⁄𝑐+𝑑 exposed a b a+b
Not exposed c d c +d

• IE – incidence of death or disease in exposed

INE – incidence of death or disease in non-exposed
𝐼 (𝐸 )−𝐼(𝑁𝐸)
• Attributable risk = 𝐼(𝐸)
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛−𝐼(𝑁𝐸)
12) Population attributable risk = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎
13) Sensitivity = 𝑎+𝑐 × 100 Screening Diagnosis Total
𝑑 test results
14) Specificity = 𝑏+𝑐 × 100
✓ ×
𝑎
15) PPV = 𝑎+𝑏 × 100 +ve a(TP) b(FP) a+b
𝑑
-ve c(FN) d(TN) c +d
16) NPV = 𝑐+𝑑 × 100 Total a+c b+d a+b+c+d
𝑐 TP-true +ve;FP-false –ve;FN-false -ve;TN-true –ve;
17) %FN = 𝑎+𝑐 × 100
PPV- positive predictive value; NPV- negative PV
𝑏
18) %FP = 𝑏+𝑑
Rate: component of time in D present
Ratio: N & D are not part of each other
Proportion: N is a part of D
*N- numerator D- denominator
Demography & Family planning

19) Growth rate = Crude birth rate – Crude death rate

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
20) Sex ratio = × 100
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
21) Population Density = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑞.𝑘𝑚 × 100

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

22) Birth rate = 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 100

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑟.
23) 𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞(𝐆𝐅𝐑) = 𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 15−44 × 100
𝑦𝑟 𝑜𝑟 49 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑟.

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟

24) GM(marital)FR=𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 15−44 𝑦𝑟𝑠 × 100

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎

𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
25) Age-specific fertility rate(ASFR)=𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 100
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎

𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝
26) ASM(marital)FR=𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 × 100
𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝

5×∑45−49
15−19 𝐴𝑆𝐹𝑅
27) Total Fertility rate(TFR)=
1000
 5×∑45−49
15−19 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝐹𝑅
28) TM(marital)FR =
1000

5×∑45−49
15−19 𝐴𝑆𝐹𝑅 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
29) GR(Gross reproducn) R=
1000

30) Net Reproduction rate(NRR)= no. of daughters a newborn girl will bear

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 0−4 𝑦𝑟

31) Child Woman ratio= × 1000
𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.

32) Pregnancy rate= 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.

33) Abortion rate= 𝑤𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 1000

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
34) Abortion ratio= 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑟.

35) Marriage rate= × 1000
𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑦𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.

36) General marriage rate= 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 × 1000
𝑎𝑔𝑒 15−49𝑦𝑟𝑠

37) Couple protection rate= %of eligible couples effectively protected

against childbirth by one or the other approved methods of family
planning.

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 In total months of exposure

38) Pearl Index= × 1200 -10 for pregnancy & -4 for
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
abortion
Preventive obstetrics, pediatrics & geriatrics

𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1000 ×𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

39) Expected no. of live births(Y)/yr.= 1000
40) Expected pregnancies = Y + 10%Y
𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡<2.5𝑘𝑔
41) %LBW babies = ×100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒

𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦,
𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 42 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑜𝑓
𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 puerperal causes
𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑦𝑟.
42) Maternal mortality ratio= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒃𝒊𝒓𝒕𝒉𝒔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ×1000 or 1lac
𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑦𝑟

𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 >1𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟

43) Still Birth Rate= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒+𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 >1𝑘𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑟 × 1000

𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 ≥28𝑤𝑘𝑠

+𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙 ≤7𝑤𝑘𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟
44) Perinatal Mortality Rate= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 1𝑘𝑔 × 1000
𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑦𝑟

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 <28𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

45) Neonatal Mortality Rate=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠
× 1000

𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛

28 𝑑𝑦𝑎𝑠−1𝑦𝑟 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑟
46) Post neonatal mortality rate= × 1000
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑖𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑦𝑟

1000 − 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟5 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒

47) Child Survival Index = 10
Medicine & Social Sciences
𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒈𝒆
48) Intelligence quotient= ×100
𝑪𝒉𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑃𝑁𝑈)
+𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝐶𝑈𝑊)+
𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 % (𝐶𝑀)
49) Global Hunger Index= 𝟑

Environment & Health

3.14 × 𝑑2 ×ℎ
50) Volume of water in well(in litres)= × 1000
4
d- inner diameter of well(m)
𝑁𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐿 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐸𝐿 h- depth of water column(m)
51) Tolerable daily intake(TDI)= 𝑈𝐹 NOAEL- no observed adverse effect level
LOAEL- Lowest
UF- uncertainity factor
𝑇𝐷𝐼×𝑏𝑤 ×𝑃
52) Guideline value(GV)= bw- body weight (adult 60; child 10; infant 5)
𝐶 P- fraction of TDI allocated to drinking water
C- consumption of daily drinking water (2l
adult; 1l child; 0.75l infant)

53) Bleaching powder required to disinfect 455l of water(g)=2× rank of first cup
with blue colour
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
54) Relative humidity=𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 × 100
Biostatistics:
Representation of data:
1) Tabulation - Frequency distribution table
• Always write clear title for table, rows & columns. Eg. Height in cms
• Foot note – mention Source of information
2) Drawing
a) Quantitative/ Continuous data:
• Histogram
• Frequency polygon
• Line chart/ graph
• Frequency curve
(1) Cumulative frequency diagram/ Ogive curve
(2) Normal distribution & epidemic curve
(3) +ve & -ve Skewed curves
For Graphs:
• Scatter diagram
• Always give title & scale
b) Qualitative/ Discrete data: • Frequency always on Y-axis
• Bar diagram • Show break up/kink mark
(1) Simple where necessary
(2) Multiple
(3) Proportional (there is some relationship eg. Infant & toddler, men &
women, old & new patients)
• Pie/ Sector diagram
• Pictogram
• Spot map/ Mapping

Data:
1. Ungrouped

2. Grouped = Classes => always see that the classes are mutually exclusive i.e.1-5
; 6-10; 11-15 & then the class interval is difference between the lower or upper
limits of two consecutive classes. If the classes are mentioned as 1-<5; 5-<10;
 10-<15 they can be written conveniently as 1-4.9; 5-9.9; 10-14.9 which does
not affects the results.

Measures of central tendency:

A. Mean (average/arithmetic mean) (𝑋̅ 𝑜𝑟 𝜇)
a. Direct method:
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 ∑𝑋
i. Ungrouped series:𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 or 𝑛
ii. Where there are groups calculate weighted mean as
𝑋̅1 𝑛1 + 𝑋̅2 𝑛2
𝑛1 + 𝑛2
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑋𝑖
iii. Grouped series: where f is frequency & X is the
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝒐𝒓 𝑛
variable. For class intervals take mid value (Xm) as X.
b. Assumed mean method (assumed mean = A) *always show that the
mean by this method is correct by direct method.
i. Ungrouped series: assume any value as mean(A) then
∑(𝑋−𝐴)
̅)=
find mean of deviation (𝒙 & 𝑋̅ (𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)= A+𝑥̅
𝑛
ii. Grouped series: to find 𝑥̅ :
1. Just take the mid values (Xm) of each class and
assume a mean amongst these mid values (A).
Xm − A
2. Calculate d for each class by ℎ
where h is the
class interval
∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖
3. 𝑥̅ =∑ ×h
𝑓𝑖 𝒐𝒓 𝑛
4. 𝑋̅= 𝑥̅ + A
B. Mode (observation with maximum frequency)
a. Ungrouped series: simply the observation with max. frequency
𝑓1− 𝑓0
b. Grouped series: mode* = Lm+ ×ℎ *no need of c.f.
2𝑓1 −𝑓0 −𝑓2
Where, Lm- lower boundary of modal class (class with max. frequency)
 f1 - frequency of modal class
f0 – frequency of class just before modal class
f2 – frequency of class just after modal class
C. Median (mid value)
a. Ungrouped series: arrange data in ascending or descending
order and take the mid value (for odd no. of data) or average of
the mid two values (for even no. of data)
ℎ 𝑁
b. Grouped series: median = 𝐿 + 𝑓 ( 2 − 𝑐. 𝑓. ),
Where, L – lower limit of median class
f- Frequency of median class
N- sum of the frequencies
c.f. - cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class
Mean – Mode = 3(Mean – Median)

Measures of Dispersion
1. The range = highest value – lowest value
∑|𝑋−𝑋̅|
2. The Mean Deviation(M.D.) = *completely different from mean of
𝑁
deviation in assume mean method
∑(𝑋−𝑋̅)𝟐
3. Standard Deviation(σ) = √ or D= N-1 if sample size <30
𝑁

Assumed mean method for σ:

1. For ungrouped data
a. If observations are small, assume mean is 0. So ,
2
(∑ 𝑋)
Sum of squares = ∑ 𝑋2 −
𝑁
b. If large no. of observations, assume mean be A so
the deviation from assumed mean(x) = X-A, So,
(∑ 𝑥)2
Sum of squares = ∑ 𝑥 2 − {STANDARD METHOD}
𝑁
𝑺𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒔
Variance = ; σ = √𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑵−𝟏
2. For grouped data
(∑ 𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 )2
Sum of squares = ∑(𝑓𝑖 𝑑𝑖 )2 − 𝑁
 𝑆.𝐷.
4. Coefficient of variance(C.V.) = × 100
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛

Normal Distribution
̅)
(𝑿− 𝑿 ̅ 𝟏 − ̅̅̅̅
(𝑿 𝑿𝟐 )
1. Relative deviate/ Standard Normal Deviate(z) = or
𝝈 𝑺.𝑬.
̅ ± 1σ
2. 68% confidence limit = 𝑋 or 𝑋̅ ± 1 S.E.
̅ ± 2σ or 𝑋̅ ± 2 S.E.
3. 95% confidence limit = 𝑋
̅ ± 3σ or 𝑋̅ ± 3 S.E.
4. 99.7% confidence limit = 𝑋

Sampling
4𝜎 2
1. N = where, E= allowable error which is 5% at 95% confidence; σ = √𝒑𝒒
𝐸2
4𝑝𝑞
2. N = where p= positive character (always in percentage) & q=1-p
𝐸2
3. Types of sampling:
a. Simple random
b. Systematic random (first find sampling interval or k
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
k = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 )
c. Stratified random

Test of significance
𝜎
1. Standard error(S.E.)of mean =
√𝑁
𝑝𝑞
2. S.E. of proportion = √
𝑁

𝝈𝟐𝟏 𝝈𝟐𝟐
3. S.E. of difference between 2 means = √ +
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
𝒑 𝟏 𝒒𝟏 𝒑 𝟐 𝒒𝟐
4. S.E. of difference between 2 proportions = √ +
𝑵𝟏 𝑵𝟐
 5. χ2 Test :
a. Calculate expected value (E) for each cell as
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 × 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
E = 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝒐𝒓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
b. Calculate χ2 value for each cell as
∑(𝑂−𝐸 )2
χ2 = where O = observed value
𝐸
c. Find the degree of freedom(d.f.) = (c-1)(r-1)
Where c = no. of columns; r = no. of rows
d. Compare with probability table after adding all χ2 values
{ χ2 values at probability or p-value = 0.05 are
d.f. 1 = 3.84; d.f. 2= 5.99; d.f. 3= 7.82; d.f. 4= 9.49; d.f. 5=
11.07; d.f. 6= 12.59}
Treatment cured Total
yes no
(𝒂𝒅−𝒃𝒄)𝟐 (𝒂+𝒃+𝒄+𝒅) A a b a+b
χ2 = (𝒂+𝒃)(𝒄+𝒅)(𝒂+𝒄)(𝒃+𝒅) B c d c +d
Total a+c b+d

Extras:

1. Ho = Null hypothesis – Hypothesis of no difference

H1 = Alternate hypothesis – Hypothesis of significant difference (greater or
smaller)
2. If observed value of χ2 is higher than the tabulated value Ho is
rejected.
3. If Mean < Mode & Median – Right or -ve Skewed distribution
4. If Mean > Mode & Median – Left or +ve Skewed distribution