lOMoARcPSD|16712849

Mechanical Engineering Department

DJJ3103
Strength Of Material
Chapter 1
Experiment 2: TENSILE FORCE

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

LENRD RAJ A/L DAVID 10DKM21F1125

CHUA SHANG ZHE 10DKM21F1117

MANOJ A/L KRISHNAN 10DKM121F1101

FATIN ADRIANA ARIESYA BINTI MOHD ZAURI 10DKM21F1093

NUR DIYANAH BINTI KAMARUDIN 10DKM21F1081

Group: 3
Class: DKM3D
Lecturer: ENCIK. HAIZAM
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

1.0 Experiment outcomes

At the end of this laboratory students should be able to:
a) Conduct appropriately lab work in groups according to
the standards of procedures.
b) Analyse critically the lab work data in relation to the
theoretical value.
c) Write report appropriately from data obtained in lab
work.
2.0 Theory
The term tensile test usually refers to tests in which a prepared
specimen is subjected to a gradually increasing uniaxial tensile load
until fracture occurs. The operation is accomplished by gripping
opposite ends of the specimen and pulling it apart. It is quite
illustrative for some mechanical properties. If force-elongation
diagram is plotted, it would be very easy to have an idea about
ductility or brittleness. A ductile material is one which large
deformations are produced before fracture, whereas a brittle material
is one which comparatively small deformations occur before fracture.
The mechanical properties of metals alloys which are of engineering
tensile test are:

-Yield strength at 0.2 % off set or the yield point

-Ultimate strength

-Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio

-Percentage of elongation at fracture

-Percentage of reduction fracture area

The yield strength that is the stress at which large plastic deformation
initiate with small increase in stress, is an important characteristic are
the ultimate strength, which is the maximum stress that can be carried
by the material without any failure, modulus of elasticity and the
Poisson’s ratio which are widely used in design calculation

In the tensile test, percentage elongation and the percentage reduction

of cross-sectional area may be considered as the quantitative measure
of ductility. Eccentricity¸ temperature, rate, and type of loading affect
test results.
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐿𝑓 – 𝐿𝑜 × 100%

3.0 Apparatus/Equipment

Figure Name Function

UNIVERSAL TENSILE
MACHINE

4.0 Safety Precautions

 Always wear the lab coat while performing the sample preparation lab.
 Always wear googles and gloves during grinding and polishing, and during
etching process
 The students must ask permission from the lecturer before handling any machines
to avoid serious or minor injury.
 Etching can only be done under supervision.
 Do not wear gloves in the microscopes room
 It is suggested to prepare a standard Work Procedure (SWP) for commonly used
equipment
 Should be familiarized with the location, use and limitations of the safety devices
such as First Aid Kit, Fire Alarm, Fire Extinguisher, Eye Wash Station etc.
 In the end, students must clean up everything before leaving laboratory

5.0 Procedure
A.CUT OF SAW
 The sample to be sectioned has to be placed into the vice unit.
 The vice units up against the sample have been pushed and locked in place with the
locking arms.
 The vices can be moved on the base plate by using the T-slots provided.
 Two portholes have been used on the sides of the cover with a splash shield provided
to cut infinitely long samples.
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

 The hoods are closed ensure all the tools have been removed from the cutting
chamber
 Once the hood is closed, the light switch must turn on.
 The pump must switch on by pressing the button marked 'pump'.
 Make sure there is coolant being supplied to the workpiece.
 The moor must switch on by pressing the button marked motor.
 The cutting arm has been held, pull gently and evenly until the blade contacts the
workpiece.
 An even load has been applied on the cutting arm until the sample is sectioned.
 After finishing, the motor and switches of the re-circulating pump have been stopped.
 The hood has been opened and the workpiece has been released by loosening the vice
locking arm.
 All unwanted debris has been removed from the base.
 The debris has been flushed from the base by using a flushing hose. Pump must be on
at this point
 When finished, ensure the motor, pump, and light switches are in the off position.
 Leave the hood of the saw open when not in use. Allowing the inside of the saw to
breathe, preventing corrosion

B. Mounting Press

 The power supply has been ON, and the control LED will light up.
 The pressure regulator knob has been turned to the closed position.
 The handle back has been moved and forth to raise the inner ram and bottom die so
the sample may be loaded.
 When the bottom die reaches the top of the mold, placed the sample on the bottom
die.
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

 The regulator knob has been turned in the open position to allow the inner ram and
bottom die to slide back enough and closed again.
 The mold material has been poured into the mold around the sample (use = 10-20g
depending on the thickness of the mold

 The top die and lid have been inserted into the mold and the lid turns in a
clockwise direction until it reaches the stop.
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

 Once the top die and lid are locked, move the handle back and forth to raise the
pressure (pressure set at 16 MPA). When the pressure reached half of the pressure
set, release the knob, and do the same steps until the pressure reaches preset
pressure.
 The mold temperature has been set by turning the button knob to the desired
temperature (thermoplastic = 75°C, thermoset =809C) (0-200°C).
 The heating time has been set by turning the testing time button to the desired time
in minutes (1-15 min depending on the material).

 The cooling time has been set (depending on the material).

 After all is finished, depress the 'ON' pad button and the cycle begins, and supply
cooling water from the tap. (Ensure LED 'ON' and the cooling water tap is always
open)
 The heating cycle begins, and the heating LED lights up. The heating cycle runs
for the time preset and the mold pressure remains at the preset mark
 Once the heating cycle is complete, the switches will press automatically to the
cooling cycle (cooling LED will light up).
 When the cooling cycle is complete, the press automatically switches off. An
audible alarm will also sound
 The 'OFF' button is depressed.
 The regulator knob has been opened to release the pressure.
 The lid has been released by turning it in an anti-clockwise direction.
 The regulator knob has been closed and the handle back has been moved and forth
to drive the ram up, and the lid and the sample simultaneously have been released.

C. Grinder Polisher
I. Coarse Grinding
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

a) The specimen was labeled.

b) The motor was turned on, then the water. The flow to obtain a good film of water was
adjusted. Too much water caused a spray when it contacts the sample.
c) Grinding started with the 120-grit belt and both hands were used to hold the
specimen. The sample face was carefully placed onto the exposed area of the belt
being careful not to contact the rotating surface with the sharp edge of the specimen.
d) Moderate pressure was applied evenly. The sample was moved left and right across
the belt surface and obtained uniform grinding. Both hands use is to hold the
specimen. Unsecured specimens can catch an edge and fly.
e) The sample was lifted from the wheel periodically to determine the progress of
grinding, but it was not rotated. The 120-grit stage was complete when all the line
scratched in by the grinder was parallel on the specimen surface. The grinder was
continued until all the lines are parallel if any line or scratches was not in the same
direction.
f) All debris was washed carefully from the sample using tap water when all the
sample's scratches were parallel. The specimen is then dried immediately using a
paper towel or pressurized air to avoid corrosion.
g) Grinding then proceeded to the 180-grit stage with the scratches oriented
approximately perpendicular to the intended grinding direction. Steps 3 to 6 were
repeated.
h) When the 180-grit stage was completed, the process then proceeds to the medium or
fine grinding.

ii. Fine Grinding

a) Manual fine grinding was performed by drawing the specimens in one direction
across the surface of the water lubricated abrasive paper. Backward and forward
motion was used because there is a tendency to rock the sample, curved produced
rather than a flat surface.
b) Started with the lowest grade of abrasive paper and proceeded to the highest.
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

c) To monitor the progress, each fine grinding step was performed in a direction off-
angle concerning the previous step.
d) Fine grinding was continued until the previous stage's scratches were gone. A few
extra strokes were used to assure complete scratch removal.

e) Sufficient water was applied to provide lubrication and flushed away the removal
products. Too much water causes a hydroplaning action where the sample rides on a
film of water which reduced the effectiveness of the abrasive. The valve at the top of
the roll grinder was used to increase and decrease the quality of water needed or
desired.
f) The specimen was carefully rinsed after each step of fine grinding. The specimen then
was rinsed thoroughly before proceeding to polish.
g) This polishing process was continued until the previous stage’s scratches were gone.

D. Etching
 When using the universal illuminator, the BF/ DF selector knob is replaced by a
turret.
 The mirror cube is selected according to the observation purpose. The mirror cube
selector knob (1) is set to BF.
 Disengage the filter sliders (2) (left side of the arm), analyzer (3), and polarizer slider
(4) from the light path.
 The main switch has been pressed to 1 (ON) to ignite the lamp and the brightness is
adjusted with the light intensity lever. (AT this point, leave the light intensity preset
button OFF)
 The specimen is placed on the stage.
 Turn the revolving nosepiece to engage the 10x objective. Make sure the objective
clicks into position, then focus.
 The interpupillary distance of the eyepieces has been adjusted.
 Looking through the right eyepiece with your right eye, turn the coarse adjustment
knob to bring the specimen into focus. After obtaining approximate focus, use the fine
adjustment knob to make final adjustments.
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

6.0 Discussion
Metallography is important to determine the structure of a material. It helps to
identify the spatial distribution of constituents, inclusions or phases in metal alloys. Also
with Metallography can identify the physical properties of materials such as strength,
toughness, ductility, hardness and others. When it comes to choosing a material for a specific
purpose, you need to choose the right material. Metallography can help to find the right
material by using phenolic resin and acrylic. Therefore, using metallography, cracks and
weak points in the material can be identified.
To get the best sample of the specimen the following precautions should be taken.
Before analysing the sample, you need to follow the above steps carefully as listed in the
introduction. Deferent materials require different grading techniques and different lubricants.
Also, when polishing, the polishing agent may depend on the material. When it comes to
etching, the chemical solution and procedure for etching also depends on the material. When
cutting and grinding, heat should be minimized to avoid changes in surface properties.
Usually when cutting and grinding, water is used as a coolant.
Microstructure is the small-scale structure of a material, this can be seen on a surface
prepared by a microscope above 10× magnification. The microstructure of materials can
strongly influence physical properties such as strength, toughness, ductility, hardness,
corrosion resistance, high or low temperature behaviour or wear resistance. By examining
the microstructure and using micro-etching, the following can be identified.

~Macrostructural patterns resulting from solidification or work (growth patterns, flow lines,
bands, etc.)
•Weld penetration depth and heat affected zone
•Physical discontinuity (porosity, cracks) due to solidification or working
•Chemical and electrochemical surface modification (decarburization, oxidation, corrosion,
pollution)
•Depth of case hardening (surface hardening) in steel alloys or patterns due to quenching
irregularities
•Damage caused by improper grinding or machining
• Thermal effects due to overheating or fatigue
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

This is the result of specimen that captured from microscope. This is the surface of grinded
specimen.

This is the surface of specimen that has been grinded and polished.

7.0 CONCLUSION
Metallography is one of the most important part of physical metallurgy that enables us to
guess the type of the material and it’s physical properties from the microstructure by using an
optical or electron microscopy. In this experiment we saw how the microstructure is effected
with some physical property changes like carbon content and the addition of alloying
elements or some processing techniques like changing cooling rates and deformation type.
Firstly, we observed that, by changing the carbon content, the microstructural forms varies.
With increasing rate of carbon content before eutectoid point, pearlite amount is increased.
Secondly, we also observed that adding alloying elements shifts the TTT curve to the right,
and this proves that forming of martensite becomes easier. Thirdly, we saw that cooling rates
 lOMoARcPSD|16712849

has a great effect on microstructure. In low cooling rates, we have the equilibrium conditions,
and we have proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite whereas in high cooling rates we have
martensite structures formed in AISI steels. Lastly, we observed that the deformation type is
important in modifying the microstructure. Hot deformed and cold deformed steel has
different microstructures. Moreover, we saw that the brass alloy has one single phase and two
different structures in microstructure. As a result, these changes in the material’s properties
and processing techniques are very important for the microstructure. So, metallography has a
important place in material science a use of interpreting of microstructure and making
important changes that effects the physical properties of materials.

8.0 REFERENCE

 Material Science and Engineering by William Callister

 Introduction to Materials of Science for Engineers by James Shackelford
 Material Science and Metallurgy by OP Khanna
 https://www.studocu.com/row/document/jamaa%D8%A9-aleskndry%D8%A9/
principles-of-materials-science-and-engineering/lab-report-metallographic-
specimen-preparation-and-examination/7873735