Fundamental Biology

Course Code : BOT- 100

Credit Hours: 3(3-0)

Lecture # 5
Respiration
 Respiration
• Respiration is the biochemical process by which food materials are
oxidized to produce carbon dioxide, water and energy (ATP)
Types of Respiration
 Anaerobic Respiration

⮚The respiration that takes place in the absence of oxygen is anaerobic

respiration
⮚In this process, incomplete oxidation of food material occur and
produces carbon dioxide and alcohol. Beside this other organic matter like citric
acid, oxalic acid and lactic acid are also produced
⮚ Anaerobic respiration produces much less energy because the only partial
breakdown of glucose occurs in anaerobic respiration
 Types of Anaerobic Respiration

❑ Alcoholic Fermentation
❑ Lactic acid Fermentation
 Alcoholic Fermentation

⮚This type of fermentation is found in yeast and some bacteria

⮚In this type glucose is split into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Enzymes
pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase act on pyruvate and
produce ethanol and carbon dioxide
⮚ This process also produces two ATP per sugar molecule
C6H12O6 2 Pyruvic acid
2 Pyruvic acid 2CH3CH2OH+ 2CO2 + Energy
Process of Alcoholic Fermentation
 Lactic acid Fermentation

⮚In this type of anaerobic respiration, glucose is split into two

molecules of lactic acid to produce two ATP
⮚ It occurs in certain types of bacteria and some animal tissues, such
as muscle cell
C6H12O6 2 Pyruvate
2 Pyruvate 2 Lactic acid + Energy
Process of Lactic acid Fermentation
 Energy Balance of Anaerobic Respiration

⮚The total yield of ATP in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only two
molecules coming from glycolysis because pyruvate is not transferred to the
mitochondria but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm

⮚The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate level phosphorylation

which does not require oxygen
 Aerobic Respiration

⮚The respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen is called aerobic
respiration
⮚Aerobic respiration produces more energy because a complete breakdown of
glucose occurs during respiration by the use of oxygen
⮚During aerobic respiration glucose is oxidized to CO2 and water and energy is
released
C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+Energy
 Site of Respiration: Mitochondria
⮚Center for aerobic respiration
⮚Mitochondria are double membranous bound organelle
• Outer membrane : It surrounds the organelle
• Inner membrane: It folds inward by forming cristae
• Intermembrane space: The space between outer and inner membrane
• Mitochondrial matrix The fluid contained in the mitochondria is called matrix
Mitochondria
 Mechanism of Respiration
Respiration completes in three steps
⮚Glycolysis

⮚Kreb’s cycle
⮚Electron Transport Chain
 Glycolysis
⮚The word glycolysis means spIitting of sugar"
⮚Itis the sequence of reactions in which glucose (6C) is broken down into two
molecules of pyruvate (3C)
⮚Glycolysis can take place both in the absence of oxygen or presence of oxygen
⮚In both conditions, the end product of glucose breakdown is pyruvic acid
⮚Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
⮚The pathway studied by Embden, Mayerhof and Parnas so called EMP pathway
 Steps involved in Glycolysis

⮚ Phosphorylation of Glucose
⮚Isomerization of Glucose-6- Phosphate
⮚Phosphorylation of Fructose-6- Phosphate
⮚Cleavage of Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate
⮚Dehydrogenation of Glyceraldehyde 3-P
⮚Formation of 3-Phosphoglycerate
⮚Formation of 2- Phosphoglycerate
⮚Formation of Phosphoenolpyruvate
⮚Formation of Pyruvate
❑ Products of glycolysis
⮚ 2 molecules of CO2
⮚2 molecules of NADH
⮚Four ATP molecules, two are consumed during the reaction, net gain of 2 ATP
molecules
⮚2 molecules of Pyruvate
 References
• E. J. Simon, J. L. Dickey and J. B. Reece. 2018. Campbell Essential Biology with
Physiology. 6th ed. Pearson Education
• D. E. SadavaD. E. Sadava, D. M. HillisD. E. Sadava, D. M. Hillis, H. C. HellerD. E.
Sadava, D. M. Hillis, H. C. Heller and S. D. Hacker. 2016. Life: The Science of
Biology. 11th ed. W. H. Freeman.
• https://www.toppr.com/guides/science/respiration-in-= organism/respiration-and-its-
types/
• https://byjus.com/biology/respiration/
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/the-citric-acid-
krebs-cycle/