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)"*+0(?%"#/&*+(&?(0??0*$&"D(L-#(0\=&0*$D6(?.EE-#$&*+(Y.0#&0?(D--'&*+(.E("(#"*+0(-L(#-G?
@"?0/(-*(=-D.C*(H"D.0?($%"$("#0(D0??($%"*9(+#0"$0#($%"*(-#($%"$(D&0(@0$G00*(?-C0(.?0#
?E0=&R0/(H"D.0?F(<.@`0=$&*+(?.=%(Y.0#&0?($-("(?=%0C0($%"$(&?(*-$(#"*+0(?%"#/0/(=-.D/(@0
E#-%&@&$&H0(&*(E0#L-#C"*=09(?&*=0(&$(C&+%$(%"H0($-(E0#L-#C("(L.DD($"@D0(?="*F(3%&?(C"'0?($%&?
?$#"$0+6(0??0*$&"DF

[%0*(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+(&?(E&='0/(&*(?=0*"#&-?($%"$(/-(*-$(#0Y.&#0($%0(E#&C"#6('06?($-(@0
-#/0#0/9("EED&="$&-*?(#.*(&*$-(?="D"@&D&$6(@-$$D0*0='?("?(C0*$&-*0/(&*($%0(=-*?(?0=$&-*
"@-H0F(>*(-L$0*(#0=-CC0*/0/(G-#'"#-.*/(&?($-(&CED0C0*$(%"?%(?%"#/&*+(-*($-E(-L(#"*+0
?%"#/&*+F(P.$(&*(E#"=$&=09(.?0#?(/-(*-$("DG"6?(#0C0C@0#($-(&CED0C0*$(%"?%(?%"#/&*+(-*
$-E(-L(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+F

a&H0*($%"$(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+(&?(.?0L.D(&*(=0#$"&*(?=0*"#&-?9(G0(/0=&/0/(N.+"@6$0OP(?%-.D/
?.EE-#$(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+F

Putting it all together

X"?%(?%"#/&*+(0*"@D0?(.$&D&M&*+(C.D$&ED0(*-/0?(0H0*D6(L#-C($%0(+0$(+-9("*/(&?(H0#6(0I0=$&H0
"$(E#0H0*$&*+(%-$(?E-$?F()"*+0(?%"#/&*+(&?(+--/(L-#(E0#L-#C&*+(#"*+0(?0"#=%0?(TL-#
0K"CED09('06(#"*+0(&*(@0$G00*($G-(H"D.0?W9("*/(&?(`.?$(-*0(-L(C"*6("==0??(E"$$0#*?
E-??&@D0(&*("(/&?$#&@.$0/(/"$"@"?0F(3%0($"@D0(@0D-G(?.CC"#&M0?($%0('06($#"/0-I?(@0$G00*
#"*+0("*/(%"?%(?%"#/&*+F

Support for consistent hash and range sharding

P0=".?0("DD(-L($%0("@-H0(E#-E0#$&0?("#0(/0?&#"@D09(G0(/0=&/0/($-(&*=D./0(@-$%(=-*?&?$0*$
%"?%("*/(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+(&*(N.+"@6$0OPF(3%&?(+&H0?($%0(.?0#(L.DD(=-*$#-D(-H0#(%-G($-(?%"#/
/"$"(G%0*(=#0"$&*+("($"@D0F(B0$(.?(#0H&0G($%0?0(?$#"$0+&0?($%#-.+%(0K"CED0?(-L(N.+"@6$0OP
$"@D0?(L-#("*(02-CC0#=0("EED&="$&-*F(3%0(L-DD-G&*+(0K"CED0?("#0(L#-C($%0(?$"*/"#/(<AB
/"$"?0$('*-G*("?(c-#$%G&*/?F

X"?%(?%"#/&*+(&?(&/0"D(L-#("(C"`-#&$6(-L($"@D0?9(?.=%("?($%0(=.?$-C0#?9(E#-/.=$(="$"D-+("*/
$%0(?%-EE&*+(="#$F(3%0(0K"CED0(@0D-G(?%-G?(=#0"$&*+("(=.?$-C0#($"@D0(G&$%(%"?%(?%"#/&*+F

CREATE TABLE customers (

customer_id bpchar NOT NULL,
company_name character varying(40) NOT NULL,
contact_name character varying(30),
contact_title character varying(30),
address character varying(60),
city character varying(15),
region character varying(15),
postal_code character varying(10),
country character varying(15),
phone character varying(24),
fax character varying(24),
PRIMARY KEY (customer_id HASH)
);

c-G9(D0$(.?(?"6(G0(G"*$($-(E0#L-#C(#"*+0(Y.0#&0?(-*($%0(-#/0#?($"@D0(T$%06(G"6(&$(&?
/0R*0/(&*($%&?(/"$"?0$W9("*/($%0#0L-#0(G"*$($-(#"*+0(?%"#/(&$F(3%&?(="*(@0(/-*0("?(L-DD-G?b

CREATE TABLE order_details (

order_id smallint NOT NULL,
product_id smallint NOT NULL,
unit_price real NOT NULL,
quantity smallint NOT NULL,
discount real NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (order_id ASC, product_id),
FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products,
FOREIGN KEY (order_id) REFERENCES orders
);

Consistent hash as the default sharding strategy

3%0(*0K$(Y.0?$&-*(G"?(%-G($-(E&='($%0(/0L".D$(?%"#/&*+(?$#"$0+6F(O0L".D$?("#0(C0"*$($-
?0#H0($%0($"#+0$(.?0(="?0F(f?0#?($.#*($-(N.+"@6$0OP(E#&C"#&D6(L-#(?="D"@&D&$6(#0"?-*?F(V-?$
.?0(="?0?(#0Y.&#&*+(?="D"@&D&$6(-L$0*(/-(*-$(*00/($-(E0#L-#C(#"*+0(D--'.E?(-*($%0(E#&C"#6
'069(%0*=0(G0(E&='0/(=-*?&?$0*$(%"?%(?%"#/&*+("?($%0(/0L".D$(&*(N.+"@6$0OPF(f?0#(&/0*$&$6
T.?0#(&/?(/-(*-$(*00/(-#/0#&*+W9(E#-/.=$(="$"D-+(TE#-/.=$(&/?("#0(*-$(#0D"$0/($-(-*0
"*-$%0#W("*/(?$-='($&='0#(/"$"(T-*0(?$-='(?6C@-D(&?(&*/0E0*/0*$(-L("DD(-$%0#(?$-='(?6C@-DW
"#0(?-C0(=-CC-*(0K"CED0?F

J*(.?0(="?0?(G%0*(#"*+0(D--'.E?("#0(/0?&#0/9(N.+"@6$0OP("DD-G?(?E0=&L6&*+(#"*+0
?%"#/&*+9("D-*+(G&$%(-E$&-*"DD6(E#0Q?ED&$$&*+($%0(/"$"F(J*(="?0?(G%0*(#"*+0(Y.0#&0?(@0=-C0
&CE-#$"*$("L$0#($%0(/"$"(&?("D#0"/6(D-"/0/(&*$-("(%"?%(?%"#/0/($"@D09("(#"*+0(?%"#/0/
?0=-*/"#6(&*/0K(="*(@0(=#0"$0/(-*($%"$(=-D.C*F(4*=0($%0(?0=-*/"#6(&*/0K(&?(#0@.&D$9(#"*+0
Y.0#&0?(G-.D/(@0=-C0(0\=&0*$F

Future work

c-$0($%"$(".$-C"$&=($"@D0$(?ED&$$&*+(&?("*(0??0*$&"D(L0"$.#0($-(0*"@D0(=-*$&*.-.?(?%"#/&*+(-L
/"$"9(0?E0=&"DD6(L-#(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+F(>.$-C"$0/($"@D0$(?ED&$$&*+(G"?(&*=D./0/(&*(N.+"@6$0OP
#0D0"?0?(?$"#$&*+(&*(H0#?&-*(:F:9("*/(G-#'(=-*$&*.0?($-(C"'0($%&?(L0"$.#0(+0*0#"DD6("H"&D"@D0
"*/(0*"@D0/(@6(/0L".D$9(=.##0*$D6(?=%0/.D0/(L-#($%0(.E=-C&*+(:F8(#0D0"?0F(U&?&$($%0(ED"**0/
#-"/C"E($-(L-DD-G("D-*+9("*/g-#(ED0"?0(?.@?=#&@0($-($%&?(a&$X.@(&??.0F

Conclusion

2-*?&?$0*$(%"?%("*/(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+("#0($%0(C-?$(.?0L.D(/"$"(?%"#/&*+(?$#"$0+&0?(L-#("
/&?$#&@.$0/(<AB(/"$"@"?0F(2-*?&?$0*$(%"?%(?%"#/&*+(&?(@0$$0#(L-#(?="D"@&D&$6("*/(E#0H0*$&*+
%-$(?E-$?9(G%&D0(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+(&?(@0$$0#(L-#(#"*+0(@"?0/(Y.0#&0?F(N.+"@6$0OP(?.EE-#$?
@-$%(%"?%("*/(#"*+0(?%"#/&*+(-L(/"$"("=#-??(*-/0?($-(0*"@D0($%0(@0?$(-L(@-$%(G-#D/?9(G&$%
%"?%(?%"#/&*+("?($%0(/0L".D$F

What’s Next?

2-CE"#0(N.+"@6$0OP(&*(/0E$%($-(/"$"@"?0?(D&'0(2-='#-"=%OP9(a--+D0(2D-./(<E"**0#
"*/(V-*+-OPF
a0$(?$"#$0/(G&$%(N.+"@6$0OP(-*(C"=4<9(B&*.K9(O-='0#9("*/(!.@0#*0$0?F
2-*$"=$(.?($-(D0"#*(C-#0("@-.$(D&=0*?&*+9(E#&=&*+(-#($-(?=%0/.D0("($0=%*&="D(-H0#H&0GF

JANUARY 14, 2020  

! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , &- % * . ) / * 0 $ ) , % & . 1 " &- 2(/)*)*#'*'3& - 2#.)3/,.1"

!"#$%&'()"*+"*"$%"* | ,-.*/0#(1(234
5"*."#6(789(:;:;

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