CH2 Powerpoint Presentation

Chapter 02
Motion Along A Straight line
PowerPoint® Lectures for

University Physics, Fourteenth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman
Lectures by Lhoussaine Tenghiri

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.
Goals for Chapter 2
1. How the ideas of displacement and average velocity help us
describe straight-line motion.
2. The meaning of instantaneous velocity; the difference between
velocity and speed.
3. How to use average acceleration and instantaneous
acceleration to describe changes in velocity.
4. How to use equations and graphs to solve problems that
involve straight-line motion with constant acceleration.
5. How to solve problems in which an object is falling freely under
the influence of gravity alone.
6. How to analyze straight-line motion when the acceleration is
not constant.
Introduction
• We begin our study of physics with mechanics, the study of
the relationships among force, matter, and motion.
• In this chapter and the next we will study kinematics, the part
of mechanics that enables us to describe motion.
• Our concern in this chapter is with motion along a straight

line only, so we won’t need the full mathematics of vectors
just yet
• We’ll develop simple equations to describe straight-line

motion in the important special case when acceleration is
constant.
• We’ll also consider situations in which acceleration varies
during the motion
Displacement, time, and average velocity
• To study the object’s motion, we need a coordinate system.
• Suppose a drag racer drives her dragster along a straight

track






Trip Segments
Distance between Des Moines, Iowa, and Iowa City, is listed as
106.0 miles or 170.5 km.
Straight line, to very good approximation Malcom is approximately halfway
between: the two cities, where I80 crosses highway US63, is the city of
Malcom, 89.9 km (55.9 miles) from Des Moines.
If we drive from Malcom to Des Moines and then go to Iowa City, what are
the total distance and total displacement for this trip?

Trip Segments
Take a horizontal x-axis:
xD – Des Moines
xM – Malcom
xI – Iowa City

Trip Segments

Instantaneous Velocity
• Sometimes average velocity is all you need to know about
a particle’s motion.
• The average velocity of a particle during a time interval
can’t tell us how fast, or in what direction, the particle was
moving at any given time during the interval.
• For that we need to know the instantaneous velocity, or
the velocity at a specific instant of time or specific point
along the path.


Velocity and Speed
• “Velocity” and “speed” are used interchangeably in

everyday language, but they have distinct definitions in
physics.
• Speed is the absolute value of the velocity vector
• For a moving object, speed is always positive.

• Velocity is a vector, speed a scalar!
• Relationship to distance:

Example 2.1: Average and instantaneous velocities
A cheetah is crouched 20 m to the east of a vehicle. At time t=0 the
cheetah begins to run due east toward an antelope that is 50 m to the east
of the vehicle. During the first 2.0 s of the chase, the cheetah’s x-
coordinate varies with time according to the equation:
a) Find the cheetah’s displacement between t1 = 1.0 s and t2 = 2.0 s.

b) Find its average velocity during that interval.
c) Find its instantaneous velocity at t1 = 1.0 s by taking Δt = 0.1 s, then
0.01 s, then 0.001 s.
d) Derive an expression for the cheetah’s instantaneous velocity as a
function of time, and use it to find vx at t = 1.0 s and t = 2.0 s.

Identify and set up
Shows our sketch of the cheetah’s motion. We use the equation for
displacement and the equation for average velocity as well as the one for
instantaneous velocity.

Execute
a) At t1 = 1.0 s and t2 = 2.0 s the cheetah’s positions x1 and x2 are:
a) The average x-velocity during this interval is:
c) With Δt = 0.1 s the time interval is from t1 = 1.0 s to a new t2 = 1.1 s. At

t2 the position is:


Finding Velocity on an x-t Graph



a) P, Q, and S, R
b) P
c) R
d) Q and S
e) R, P, Q, and S

Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
• Acceleration describes the rate of change of velocity with
time.
• Like velocity, acceleration is a vector quantity.
• Acceleration in straight-line motion can refer to either
speeding up or slowing down.

Average Acceleration

Example 2.2: Average acceleration
An astronaut has left an orbiting spacecraft to test a new personal
maneuvering unit. As she moves along a straight line, her partner on the
spacecraft measures her velocity every 2.0 s, starting at time t = 1.0 s:
Find the average x-acceleration, and state whether the speed of the
astronaut increases or decreases over each of these 2.0 s time intervals:
(a) t1 = 1.0 s to t2 = 3.0 s;
(b) t1 = 5.0 s to t2 = 7.0 s;
(c) t1 = 9.0 s to t2 = 11.0 s;
(d) t1 = 13.0 s to t2 = 15.0 s .


Instantaneous Acceleration

Example 2.3: Average and instantaneous accelerations
Suppose the x-velocity vx of the car at any time t is given by the equation:
a) Find the change in x-velocity of the car in the time interval t1 = 1.0 to t2
= 3.0 s. Find the average x-acceleration in this time interval.
b) Find the instantaneous x-acceleration at time t1 = 1.0 s by taking t to be
first 0.1 s, then 0.01 s, then 0.001 s.
c) Derive an expression for the instantaneous x-acceleration as a function
of time, and use it to find ax at t = 1.0 s and t = 3.0 s.



Finding Acceleration on a vx-t Graph or an x-t Graph






a) S
b) Q
c) P and R
d) P, ax = 0.
Q, ax<0
R, ax = 0
S, ax>0
Motion with Constant Acceleration
• The simplest kind of
accelerated motion is
straight-line motion with
constant acceleration
• In this case the velocity
changes at the same rate
throughout the motion.
• A falling body has a constant
acceleration if the effects of
the air are not important.
• The same is true for a body
sliding on an incline or
along a rough horizontal
surface,








• We can get one more useful relationship by equating the two
expressions for vav-x ,and multiplying through by t:
• Equations of Motion with Constant Acceleration

Example 2.4: Constant-acceleration calculations
A motorcyclist heading east through a small town accelerates at a
constant 4.0 m/s2 after he leaves the city limits. At time t = 0 he is 5.0 m
east of the city-limits signpost while he moves east at 15 m/s.
a) Find his position and velocity at t = 2.0 s.
b) Where is he when his speed is 25 m/s?
Identify and set up

The x-acceleration is constant, so we can use the constant-acceleration
equations. We take the signpost as the origin of coordinates (x = 0) and
choose the positive x-axis to point east.

Freely Falling Bodies
• The most familiar example of motion with (nearly) constant
acceleration is an object falling under the influence of the earth’s
gravitational attraction
• In the fourth century B.C., Aristotle thought that heavy objects fall faster
than light objects, in proportion to their weight.
• Galileo argued that an object should fall with a downward acceleration

that is constant and independent of its weight
• Experiment shows that if the effects of the air can be ignored; all
objects at a particular location fall with the same downward
acceleration, regardless of their size or weight.
• The idealized motion that results under all of these assumptions is

called free fall,
• In a free fall motion, if the effect of air resistance is ignored, the

acceleration is constant.
Careful measurement shows that the
velocity change is the same in each time
interval, so the acceleration of the freely
falling ball is constant.

• The constant acceleration of a freely falling object is called the
acceleration due to gravity, and we denote its magnitude with the letter
g
• We’ll frequently use the approximate value of g at or near the earth’s

surface:
• On the moon’s surface, the acceleration due to gravity is caused by the

attractive force of the moon rather than the earth, and g = 1.6 m/s2.
Near the surface of the sun, g = 270 m/s2.
• The gravitational acceleration g is always a positive number Because g

is the magnitude of a vector quantity, it is always a positive number.
• If you take the positive y-direction to be upward, as we do in most

situations involving free fall, the y-component of the acceleration is
negative and equal to -g.
Example 2.6: A freely falling coin
A one-euro coin is dropped from the Leaning Tower of Pisa and falls freely
from rest. What are its position and velocity after 1.0 s, 2.0 s, and 3.0 s?
Ignore air resistance.

Identify and set up
• “Falls freely” means “falls with constant acceleration due to gravity,” so
we can use the constant-acceleration equations.
• We take the origin at the starting point and the upward direction as
positive. Both the initial coordinate y0 and initial y-velocity v0y are zero.
• The y-acceleration is downward (in the negative y-direction),
so ay = -g = -9.8 m/s2
Execute
At a time t after the coin is dropped, its position and y-velocity are

Evaluate
All our answers are negative, as we expected. If we had chosen the
positive y-axis to point downward, the acceleration would have been ay =
+g and all our answers would have been positive.


You can confirm that the numerical answers are t = +3.36 s and t = -0.30 s.

Velocity and Position By Integration







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Chapter 02

Motion Along A Straight line

PowerPoint® Lectures for

Lectures by Lhoussaine Tenghiri

• Our concern in this chapter is with motion along a straight

• We’ll develop simple equations to describe straight-line

• Suppose a drag racer drives her dragster along a straight

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

• “Velocity” and “speed” are used interchangeably in

• For a moving object, speed is always positive.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

a) Find the cheetah’s displacement between t1 = 1.0 s and t2 = 2.0 s.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

a) The average x-velocity during this interval is:

c) With Δt = 0.1 s the time interval is from t1 = 1.0 s to a new t2 = 1.1 s. At

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

• Equations of Motion with Constant Acceleration

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

Identify and set up

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

• Galileo argued that an object should fall with a downward acceleration

• The idealized motion that results under all of these assumptions is

• In a free fall motion, if the effect of air resistance is ignored, the

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education Inc.

• We’ll frequently use the approximate value of g at or near the earth’s