GROUP 1
Groups: The Heart of Interaction-multiple individuals that does
not interact forms social aggregates but once they form groups.
social aggregates- a simple collection of people who happened
to be together in a particular space but does not interact or
identify with one another.
Social Group- a collection of people who regularly interact with
one another on the based of shared expectations and who
share a common identity.
Primary Group- This is typically a small social group whose
members share close, personal, enduring relationship. This
group consist of the following traits:
a) Small and Informal
b) Frequent Interaction
c) Emotional Bonding
d) Long Term
Secondary Group- This has the opposite characteristics of a
primary group. Secondary group can be small or large and they
are mostly impersonal and usually short-term.
Reference Group- It is with a persons desire to provide a
character connection.
Group Think- A process by which the members of a group
ignore ways of thinking and plans of action that go against the
group consensus-is said to be taking place.
Networks-it is formed by the presence of social linkages
GROUP 2
KINSHIP- It is a social institution that refers to relations formed
between members of society.
kinship by blood- considered as the most basic and general
form of relations.
Principles of descent-kinship can be studied by analyzing the
relationships that exist between persons.
Unilineal descent-a single line of ancestors from either the
male an female line
kinship by MARRIAGE-the type of relations developed when a
marriage occurs.
Marriage across culture-Different societies have developed
traditions, customs, rules, and norms that determine how
marriage will be done.
Endogamy-Compulsory marriage in their own village,
community, ethnic, social, or religious group..
Exogamy- a marriage custom where an individual marries
outside of their own group.
Monogamy-It refers to the marriage or sexual partnering
custom or practice where an individual has only one male or
female partner or mate
Pologamy-refers to the practice of having more than one
partner or sexual mate
Referred marriage-Some find their partners through other
people like friends and relative who act as matchmaker.
Arranged marriage-.The man or woman's parents, community
leaders determine the marital partner of the individual.
kinship by rituals- a ritualized form of forging co-parenthood or
family.
FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD-The family is considered the
basic unit of social organization.
NUCLEAR FAMILY AND EXTENDED FAMILY-a family that’s is
made up of a group of people united by social ties and made up
of two adults and their recognized children.
Blended or reconstituted families-A type of family where the
parents have a child or children from previous marital
relationships but all the members stay and congregate to form
a new family unit.
DIVORCED & ANNULMENT-Go separate ways.
Single parent-A person ringing up a child or children without
partner
cohabitation- Living together before marriage, when a man and
woman live together in a sexual relationship without being
married.
kinship of politics: political dynasties and alliances Politics
have also been influenced by kinship relations. This is known in
politics as political dynasties.
GROUP 3
Political System-where power structures are defined to ensure
that conflicts are managed.
BANDS AND TRIBES-Considered as the simplest political
systems.
BANDS-Usually a small, formed by several families living
together; oftentimes moving from one place to the other to
search for food.
TRIBES-More complex and larger than a band. As the
population increases, there is a shifting from a basic form of
livelihood to a multiple way of living.
CHIEFDOM- defined as a political organization that is more
define.
Simple Chiefdom is characterized by a central village or
community ruled by a single family.
Complex Chiefdom is composed of several simple chiefdom
ruled by a single paramount chief residing in a single
paramount center
NATIONS & STATE The advent of modernity has made the
process of consolidating different individuals into one political
community more difficult and complex.
Nations-despite its being historically constituted and having a
common sense of identification among its members, as well as
the consciousness of having the potential to be autonomous,
nevertheless do not posses political sovereignty.
State-A political unit consists of a government that has
sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well-defined
territor.
Authority- is the right to command.Such act is a response to
that person ' s perceived power.
Legitimacy- is a " value " whereby something or someone is
recognized and accepted as right and proper.
WEBER'S THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY
Traditional- Legitimize from well-establised custom, habits, and
social structures
Charismatic- Legitimize from the charisma of the individual.
Legal-rational- Legitimize from formal rules promulgated by the
state through its fundamental and implementing laws
GROUP 4
SOCIOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW:
Functionalist Perspective-Views economic institutions as vital
component of society as it is involved in the production,
distribution, and purchasing of goods that are essential for
survival.
Conflict Perspective-Argues that economic institutions
emerged to benefit the ruling classes/groups at the expense of
the ordinary laborers with income inequality and deprives them
of decent quality of life.
NONMARKET INSTITUTIONS-RECIPROCITY, TRANSFER, and
REDISTRIBUTION are non-market transactions since they do
not entail the exchange of cash for the rendering of service or
provision of goods.
RECIPROCITY- Exists when there is an exchange of goods or
labor between individuals in an community.
TRANSFER- Entails a redistribution of income that is not
matched by actual exchange of goods and services
REDISTRIBUTION-The economic exchange involves the
collection, pooling, and redistribution of goods among the
same members.
MARKET SYSTEM-A type of economic system that allows the
free flow of goods between and among private individuals and
firms with very limited participation from the government.
MARKET INSTITUTIONS:
 Private property
 Freedom of enterprise and choice
 self-interest
 competition
 markets and prices
 reliance on technology and capital goods
 specialization
 use of money
 active but limited government
PRIVATE OWNERSHIP -
encourages investment, innovation, and efficient use of the
factors of production
FREEDOM OF ENTERPRISE AND CHOICE
- allows all economic actors to pursue activities that will yield
the most benefits for as long as the activities are within legal
limits
INVISIBLE HAND- integrates both the idea of self-interest and
competition in the market place
MARKET-a mechanism and not necessarily a place which brings
buyers and sellers together for a desired transaction
PRICES-serve as signaling device to indicate the value of a good
or service to both the buyers and the sellers and guide their
actions on whether they should buy or not, or supply more or
less
EXTENSIVE USE OF CAPITAL GOODS AND TECHNOLOGY - the
market system rewards technological and innovation by
bringing more profits to whomever the idea of a new product
or production technique came from
SPECIALIZATION-contributes to efficiency by taking advantage
of the differences in each and every person’s abilities
USE OF MONEY - facilitates an easier exchange between
transacting parties (Barter: swapping of goods for goods.)
ACTIVE BUT LIMITED GOVERNMEMT - a market system
promotes efficiency but not a project system
MARKET TRANSACTION- involves parties who sell their goods
and services in exchange for cash from consumers.
MARKET ECONOMY-one where the production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services operate through these
forms of exchange.
FREE MARKET ECONOMY- where the price of a good or service
is determined by the forces of supply and demand
Surplus – whensupply ishigher thandemand
Shortage– whendemandishigher thansupply
OLIGOPOLY – is constrained by the fact that some industries,
due to the level of capital required, ends up involving only a
few seller or producer.
MONOPOLY - is constrained by the fact that some industries,
due to the level of capital required, ends up involving only one
seller
STATE- through the government, comes in to regulate the
prices to protect the interest of the consuming public.
LABOR - a producer good, since it is an input to the production
of goods and services.
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION-in economic institutions is
warranted to protect the interest of consumers and workers.
Monetary Policy – Keynesian theory advocated for a reduction
in interest rates so to encourage investors to borrow money
and invest in business to spur production.
Fiscal Policy – governments are encouraged to increase their
public spending on infrastructures to further spur economic
activity
COMMAND ECONOMY or SOCIALIST ECONOMY - when the
government takes over the functions of the market producing
and distributing goods and services.
TAXES - primary instruments used by governments to
redistribute income tax
Government purchases- expenditures on the private sector at
hat utilizes economic resources which yields domestic output
Transfer payments- government spending on the private sector
that does not require the absorption of utilization of economic
resources
INTERNATIONAL TRADE - USE BY SOVEREIGN NATIONS TO
GAIN BY SPECIALIZING IN THE PRODUCTION OF COMMODITIES
.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE - BENEFITS NATIONS THROUGH
ENABLING ECONOMIES TO EMPLOY ITS RESOURCES IN WAYS
THAT INCREASE ITS TOTAL OUTPUT.
COMMONLY USED PROTECTIONIST MEASURES:
TARIFFS – TAXES ON IMPORTED
GOODS QUOTAS – THE LIMITS SET ON THE QUANTITY OF
IMPORTED GOODS THAT CAN ENTER A DOMESTIC ECONOMY
GROUP 5
Institution- are those that are based on the community and are
in community practices, and operate in the everyday lives of
the people and not at the domain of the state.
Different institutions::
Environmental worldviews-are the system of beliefs as well as
perceptions of the people vis-a-vis the forest resource (how
they see it in relation to their surroundings).
Knowledge systems— the system of knowledge that governs
how the people engage the resource, particularly in terms of
the technology employed to extract products from it.
Tenurial and property systems— the manner by which the
community defines the rules of who has access to and control
of resources.
Conflict management systems—the manner by which the
community manages its conflicts vis-a-vis various issues,
including conflicts that arise from the use of forest resources.
Associations- are the various systems that define the manner in
which individuals establish relationships among them in the
pursuance of a common interest, such as production and social
security. They include reciprocal institutions such as the forms
of exchange labor like bayanihan or turnohan, or patron-client
relationships.
State organizations:
*Executive Branch—the office of the President and the
departments under the Office of the President
*Legislative Branch—the Senate and the House of
Representatives
*Judiciary
*Armed Forces and the Police
*Constitutional Commissions Commission On Audit (COA)'
8Civil Service Commission (CSC) and Commission on Elections
(COMELEC)
*Local Governments
Type of banks:
Savings Banks—These banks are suited for employees with a
monthly salary. Low-waged people may open an account in the
savings bank.
Commercial Banks—These banks collect money from people in
various sectors and give the same as a loan to business men
and make profits in interests these business men pay.
 Industrial Development Banks—committed toward enhancing
the growth of industries by providing loans for a very long
period of time. This is vital for the long-term growth of the
industries.
Land Development Banks—These banks promote growth in the
food sector by giving loans to farmers at a relatively lower
interest rate. The loan is usually given on the basis of the land.
Mortgage Banks—These banks specialize in providing
mortgage loans alone.
Spare Banks—These banks are present Norway. They promote
both savings and commercial facilities to both people and
organizations
Federal or National Banks—These banks control the principles
policies of other banks across the country. These banks are
managed and run by the government. These banks provide
benchmarks which other banks should follow.
Cooperative banks—Cooperative banks as the name suggests
gets money from the general community without any bias and
provide loans to all sections of people in the neighborhood.
Exchange Banks—These banks will be available in more than a
single country. They provide services for the buying and selling
of gold and silver: transactions will be in foreign currencies.
Consumer's Bank—These are consumer-friendly banks; they
encourage the consumer in buying commercial products and
provide options for easy repay of the loan amount.
Community Development Banks—These banks provide
services to the community where there has been nothing or
very little development over the years.
Credit Unions—They act just like a cooperative bank except
they provide services to only one employee union in the
community. Low interest rates and easy installment paybacks
are features of these banks.
Postal Savings Banks—These banks are oriented with postal
services. People save money for a defined period of time and
are paid with standard interest rates.
Private Banks—These banks are not for the general public or
community. They are for private personnel's assets and
transactions alone.
Offshore Banks—They are also private banks except that they
have little tax to pay for their transactions
Ethical Banks—As the name implies ethical banks promote
candid transactions; between various customers of the bank.
Policies and rules are transparent in nature.
Internet Banks—provides banking facilities only via internet.
There will be no physical contact with the bank. All transactions
are permitted only through online.
Corporation-refers to a broad category of nonstate
organizations representing a company or group of people that
engages in a lawful activity in relation to a public function
non-stock corporation-owned by members that join the
organization.
Nonprofit corporations- are always nonstock, while Profit
Corporation are usually stock corporations
A cooperative or coop -refers to an autonomous association
whose membership is voluntary
SEVERAL TYPES OF COOPERATIVE:
1.Housing cooperative: are owned by the cooperatives and
cannot be sold for profit. Examples include: condominiums,
rentals, single-family homes, market rate, and limited equity.
2. Worker cooperatives- are owned and operated by their
employees. Profit distribution to worker-members is based on a
combination of job position, hours worked, seniority, and
salary. Examples: bakeries, retail stores, software development
groups, and aquaculture.
3. Consumer cooperative-A consumer co-op is an autonomous
association of consumers united voluntarily to meet their
common needs and aspirations. Example: Credit Unions Utility
Cooperatives Electric Cooperatives
4.Agricultural cooperative-A business association into which
farmers pool their resources. By doing so, farmers can increase
their revenues, reduce costs or share risks, depending on the
type of cooperative.
Trade or Labor Union- refers to an organization of workers
whose main objective is to protect the welfare of its members
Advance and science based technology- A university-based
organisation that commits clinical and academic expertise and
resources to a particular research initiative
Mass media- refers to a diverse array of media technologies
that reach a large audience via mass communication.
Religious organization- A religious organization or religious
group is a coalition of people who practice a particular religion
who come together in a structured or unstructured group to
accomplish a number of different religious goals.
Nongovernmental organization- voluntary group of individuals
or organizations, usually not affiliated with any government,
that is formed to provide services or to advocate a public
policy.
People’s organization – is a local, grass-roots organization that
has no government sponsorship. No wealthy people sponsor it.
GROUP 6
Education-is the social institution that formally socializes
members of society. It remains a very important support pillar
in society.
2 MAIN TYPES OF EDUCATION:
FORMAL-is based in the classroom and provided by trained
teaching and non-teaching personnel.
NON-FORMAL-is an organized educational activity that takes
place outside a formal setup.
MANIFEST- Manifest function of education is the transmission
of culture, skills, and values.
LATENT- the ability to work in groups, whether as a leader or as
a member.
SOCIALIZATION- is an essential ingredient in creating a society
TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE- through socialization in
school(teachers to learners, learners to learners)
SOCIAL INTEGRATION- function as a social control mechanism
that brings recalcitrant members back to field .
PRODUCTIVE CITIZENRY - refers to the idea that a citizen by
him/herself must create the environment and opportunities to
become productive.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION- it refers to the desire for self-fulfillment,
namely to the tendency might be phrased as the desire to
become more and more.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION PEOPLE:
1 ACCEPTANCE AND REALISM
2 PROBLEM-CENTERING
3 SPONTANEITY
4 AUTONOMY AND SOLITUDE
5 CONTINUED FRESHNESS OF APPRECIATION
ACCEPTANCE AND REALISM-Self-actualization people have
realistic perception of themselves, others and world around
them.
PROBLEM-CENTERING-Self-actualization individuals are
concerned with solving problems outside of themselves.
SPONTANEITY-Self-actualization people are spontaneous in
their internal thoughts and outward behavior while they also
tend to be open and unconventional.
AUTONOMY AND SOLITUDE- characteristics of self-
actualization people is the need for independence and privacy
while they enjoy the company of others, these individuals need
time to focus on developing their own individual potential.
CONTINUED FRESHNESS OF APPRECIATION-Self-actualization
people tend to view the world with a continual sense of
appreciation to be a source of inspiration and pleasure.
GROUP 7
Religion- refers to a person's " adherence to a set of beliefs or
teachings about the deepest and most elusive of life's
mysteries
Emile Durkheim-"A unified system of beliefs and practices
relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and
forbidden.
SUPERNATURALISM ~ Refers to the society's belief in non
material forces that can influence the physical world
ANIMIS-Is the belief in nature spirit, it also emphasizes
ancestor worship.
TOTEMISM-Believed that natural elements, plants, or animals
can influence one's life and the material world.
THEISM-Refers to the people's belief in the divinity.
POLYTHEISM-Refers to the belief of a society to the pantheon
of Gods.
MONOTHEISM-Believes in a a single God.
THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF RELIGION TYPES AND THEIR
BELIEF:
* THEISM
* ANIMISM
* TOTEMISM
* THE NEW AGE
THEISM ( major / big category)- Theistic religions revolve
around one or more deities, usually immortal.
ANIMISM (major / big category)-Animism is a belief system
based on the existence of ghosts and spirits which influence
human behaviour and the natural world, either in the name of
Good or in the name of Evil.
TOTEMISM (major / big category)- based on the worship of
one particular symbol, a totem, which also refers to one tribe
or family.
THE NEW AGE (major / big category)- the collective term for
eclectic belief-based movements that preach the coming of a
new age in spirituality.
CHURCH- a building used for Christian worship services and
other Christian religious activities.
DENOMINATION-A large group of religious congregations
united under a common faith and name, usually organized
under a single administrative and legal hierarchy.
SECT- a religious group that is a subset of a religion or
denomination.
CULT- is an organized group whose purpose is to dominate cult
members through psychological manipulation and pressure
strategies.
CHRISTIANITY-is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on
the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
ISLAM- is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered around
the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad.
HINDUISM - is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and
universal order or way of life by which followers abide.
BUDDHISM- also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya,
is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on
teachings attributed to the Buddha.
GROUP 8
Sociology of Health and Illness -discuss health and illness in
relation to social institutions such as family, employment and
school.
HEALTH SYSTEM in the Philippines-Department of Health as
the regulatory authority that develops national plans, technical
standards, and healthcare guidelines for all Filipinos
Cultural construct of health and their Filipino attributes-They
may even resort to utilizing traditional home remedies such as
alternative or complimentary means of treatment.
Health Beliefs and Behaviors: Theories of Illness Physical and
mental health and illness are viewed holistically as an
equilibrium model.
Mystical Causes-often attributed to experiences or behaviors
such as ancestral retribution for unfinished tasks or obligations.
Naturalistic Causes- include a host of factors ranging from
natural forces (thunder, lightning, drafts, etc.) to excessive
stress, food and drug incompatibility, infection, or familial
susceptibility.
Personalistic Causes- are associated with social punishment or
retribution from supernatural forces such as evil spirit.
BACTERIAL CAUSES-an increasing number of people who are
already swayed by the power of science. The concept virus and
bacteria, hence of infection and allergies, and poisoning.
CULTURAL HEALTH CULTURAL HEALTH ACTORS Cultural healer
actors perform specific activities that are more or less
associated with flushing, heating, and protecting.
CULTURAL HEALER CULTURAL HEALER they " protect" the body
and treat it supernaturally with herbal /medicinal treatments,
incantation,and offerings
The mangluluop- specializes in diagnostic techniques, usually
referring the patients after diqgnos to albularyo, medico, or
manghihilot for definitive treatment.
THE hilot -refers both to the manghihilot and the
magpapaanak. The manghihilot specializes in techniques and
treatments applicable to sprains, fracture, and musculoskeletal
condition. And the magpapaanak besides giving prenatal visits
and delivering babies, often perform the suob ritual or the
ritual of postpartum care.
The Medico-is a hybrid, sort of crossover specialization. He or
she merges age old folkloric modalities with ingredients of
western medicine- ' prescription ' medication, acupuncture,
etc.
Health as Human Rights-Health is a fundamental human rights
protected by international human rights law.
GROUP 9
SOCIAL INEQUALITY: THE HEART OF SOCIOLOGY Society is
composed of different individuals who possess different
characteristicsand are born in different circumstances.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION  Refers to the division of large social
groups into smaller groups based on categoriesdetermined by
economic;
SOCIAL EXCLUSION  Refers to the process by which
individuals are cut off from full involvement in thewider circles
of
TWO PRIMARY SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION  Impose rigid
boundaries between social groups and limit interactions among
memberswho belong to different social groups or occupy
different levels in the social hierarchy.
1. CLOSED SYSTEM  Impose rigid boundaries between social
groups and limit interactions amongmembers who belong to
different social groups or occupy different levels inthesocial
hierarchy.
2. OPEN SYSTEM  Based on achievement, allowing more
flexibility in social roles, increasedsocial mobility and better
interaction among social groups and classes.
OTHER SYSTEM OF STRATIFICATION
1. CASTE SYSTEMS  are closed stratification system because
are unable to change their social standing.
2. CLASS SYSTEMS  Based on the ownership of resources and
the individual’s occupationor profession; and
3. MERITOCRACY  This system is determined by personal
effort and merit; and  Social standing and advancement in this
system is determined by howwell aperson performs his or her
social role.
THREE DIFFERENT THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE
1. FUNCTIONALISM  This perspective examines how the
different aspects of society contributetoensuring its stability
and continued function.
2. CONFLICT THEORY  Takes a critical view of social
stratification and considers society as benefitingonly a small
segment.
3. SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM  It examines stratification
from micro level perspective and attempts to explainhow
people’s social standing affects their everyday interactions
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY  Social Desirability is the tendency for
people to present themselves in generallyfavourable fashion
particularly, within the field of self-report assessment of
personality and attitudes
SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS  Social Desirability bias occurs
when respondents give answer to questionsthat they believe
will make them look good to others.
TWO (2) TYPES OF SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS
1. SELF-DECEPTIVE ENHANCEMENT- Occurs when the
respondents believes something to be true when it is not.
2. IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT- They are aware of their
overconfident self-appraisal and intentionally seekingtokeep up
with social or group norms in order to avoid negative
evaluationor judgment.
AVAILABILITY  This issue can be referred as the absence or
presence of social desirable.
ACCESSIBILITY  This 2 nd issue refers the very actual way of
getting or availing the resourcesneeded.
THE THREE IMPORTANT SOCIAL
1. Wealth - refers to money, properties, and similar tangible
resources.
2. Power - political authority or control, especially that which
exercised by agovernment
3. Prestige - widespread respect and admiration felt for
someone due to his/her achievements or quality.
SOCIOLOGIST’S IDEAS AS TO WHAT CONSTITUTE SOCIAL
CLASS
 Karl Marx - looked at it in terms of wealth produced in
relation to the ownershipof the means of production.
 Max Weber- differentiates them into three: wealth, power,
and prestige.
SOCIAL CAPITAL- is a set of shared values or resources that
allows individualstowork together in a group to effectively
achieve a common purpose.
CULTURAL CAPITAL- in sociology comprises an individual's
social assets (education, intellect, style of speech, dress, etc.)
that “promote social mobility within a stratifiedsociety“.
Rates measure the number of events in a given time period
(generally one or moreyears)divided by the average number of
people at risk during that period.
SOCIAL MOBILITY - has been largely seen as the ability of
someone to go up thesocial ladder or to break loose from the
confines of a marginalized group.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY- is the condition of unequal access to the
benefits of belongingtoany society
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. ABSOLUTE SOCIAL MOBILITY  Measures something entirely
different. It measures how your income compareswith your
parent’s income.
2. RELATIVE SOCIAL MOBILITY  It is a change in social status
relative to one’s current social location withinagiven society.
3. STRUCTURAL MOBILITY  Structural mobility happens when
societal changes enable a whole groupof people to move up or
down the social class ladder.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY  Social inequality refers to the unequal
access to social, political, and symboliccapital of individuals in
society.
SOCIAL CAPITAL  It refers to the characteristics of a social
organization, which include networks, norms, and trust, that
enable coordination and cooperation for the commonbenefits.
SYMBOLIC CAPITAL  It refers to the resources available to an
individual on the basis of honor, prestige, or merit.
POLITICAL CAPITAL  Refers to the benevolence or goodwill of
a politician or political policy whichcanbuild up with the public
through implementation of popular policies.
GENDER STRATIFICATION  Is the unequal distribution of
wealth, power, authority, and privilege between men and
women.
STEREOTYPES  Refers to the strong preconceived idea or
attitude in the minds of people about something.
GENDER STEREOTYPES  Are over simplified but strongly
generalized ideas about the characteristicsof males and
females.
GENDER ROLE  Is society’s concept of how men and women
are expected to behave.
SEXISM  Is a system of beliefs rooted in the assertion that men
and women are naturallydifferent.
PATRIARCHY  Refers to the institutionalization system of male
dominance in a given society, whereby the male “father”
figures are entitled to privileged positions, powers, andstatus in
society.
HOMOPHOBIA  Homophobia is an extreme and irrational
hatred toward homosexuality.
RACE  Refers to the physical differences between people
brought about by biological characteristics of genetic origin.
ETHNICITY  It refers to the grouping of people based on
common identity according totheir language, culture, and
history. Ethnicity pertains to a shared cultural traditionof the
people.
DISCRIMINATION  Is defined an unequal treatment for the
various types of people accordingtoraceand ethnicity.
PREJUDICE  Is defined as a rigid and unfair generalization
about an entire category of people.
REFUGEES  Are people who are made to leave their original
places of residence and countriesdue to various reasons.
RACISM  This belief ignores the social behaviour andmental
and physical capacities of an individual.
GENOCIDE  Is considered as the most extreme form of ethnic
and racial discrimination.
SEGREGATION  Refers to the physical separation of two
groups, particularly in residence, workplace, and social
functions.
DISABILITY  Is a long-term physical, mental, intellectual, or
sensory impairment of a personwhich in interaction with
various barriers may hinder his/her full and
effectiveparticipation in society on an equal basis with others.
Global inequality is the unequal distribution of resources,
opportunities, and power, todistinct inequality within a country
or between countries
3 categories of nationsbaseon their degree of wealth, power,
and level of industrialization and economic development
THE FIRST WORLD  was generally the Western capitalist
democracies of North America and of Europe and certain other
nations .
THE SECOND WORLD  was the communist nations belonging not decrease the exposure and sensitivity, and increase the
to the Soviet Union, while, adaptive capacities of human societies to.
THE THIRD WORLD  was all the remaining nations, almost all RESILIENCE AND SENSITIVITY -capacity of a community in the
of them from Central and South America, Africa, and Asia face of climate change and its adverse impacts.
The second typology placed nations into developed, Sensitivity-on the other hand, is a function of the level of
developing, and underdevelopedcategories, respectively. dependency of the community on activities that are easily
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES  These countries have high economic compromised by climate change events
development with a high level of industrialization GLOBALIZATION -A process that is different from and goes
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES  These are the less economically beyond the process of the transnationalization or
developed countries but are gearing toward industrialization. internationalization of capital.
UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES  These are the countries CULTURAL FLOWS – seen in the spread of locally-based cultural
categorized by United Nation with the lowest socio- symbols.
economicdevelopment. INFORMATION FLOWS – enabled by the internet, and other
medium that enables the global transfer of information.
GROUP 1O CAPITAL FLOWS – also enabled by the globalization of financial
CULTURE DIFFUSION – This is the spread of culture including institutions, as well as in the globalization of the development
aspects such as clothing and food, from one group to another, process.
typically as a result of making contact with a new group for the TECHNOCAPITALISM-It is in this where globalization is longer
first time. no just the global operations of companies or
INNOVATION – This is the process of translating new idea into transnationalization by relocating to other countries.
something that can create value. MIGRATION-Otherwise known as immigrants, of people leaving
KNOWLEDGE – an individual first becomes aware of the new to other countries has become more prevalent. Immigration
innovation but lacks the information and inspiration to utilize has intensified not only due to the relative openness of many
and introduce it. countries towards migrants.
PERSUASION – The individual’s interest in the innovation spikes OFWS (Overseas Filipino Workers)-Referred to as migrant
and he/she begins to research about it. workers, refers to persons who are to be engaged, are
DECISION – The individual weighs the positive and negative engaged, or have been engaged in an employment activity in a
results of changing to the new idea state where he/she is not legal residents.
IMPLEMENTATION – The individuals add the innovation into
the system. At this stage, he/she also begins to determine the
innovation’s usefulness.
CONFIRMATION – The individuals decides to continue with the
new innovation. (Roger 2003)
ACCULTURATION – is a process where the minority adopts the
cultural aspects of the majority without losing its own
traditions and customs.
ASSIMILATION – This refers to the process of where some of
the majority community’s cultural aspect are absorbed and the
home or minority’s cultural aspects gets mitigated or lost.
Social Contradictions and tensions- are ideas or beliefs
that are thought to disrupt and the societal norms and
expectations that are present.
Inter-ethnic conflicts – a dispute between two or more ethnic
groups. The source of conflict may be over political, economic,
social, cultural, or territorial matters.
Class struggle – the political conflict and economic hostility that
occurs among the social groups of society due to socio-
economic rivalry.
Armed conflicts – A political conflict in which armed combat
involves the armed forces of atleast one state.
Terrorism – the deliberate use of violence in a community to
establish a general atmosphere of fear and thus to achieve a
clear political goal.
Protest – A statement or action expressing disapproval of or
opposition to something.
Gender Issues - include all aspects and concerns related to
women’s and men’s lives and situation in society, to the way
they interrelate.
Global warming and climate change-are environmental
realities that have become a global concern.
mitigation and adaptation mechanisms- where human
societies, through their governments, commit both to
reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases by reducing their
carbon emitting activities
Adaptation mechanisms-entail the development of innovative
technologies and lifestyles that would lessen the impact of, if