NCM 110 – NURSING INFORMATICS 1

• 1950s
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF - Computer industry grew
NURSING AND COMPUTERS - Nursing also made major changes
- Computers are used by healthcare facilities
What are the uses of computer in nursing for basic business functions:
profession?
Punch cards (store data)
- In nursing, Computer is the most powerful - a piece of stiff paper that
technological tool to transform the nursing holds digital data
profession prior to the new century. represented by the
- Used to manage information in patient care, presence or absence of
monitor the quality of care, evaluate the holes in predefined
outcomes of care. positions.
- Used to support nursing research, test new
systems, design new knowledge databases, Card Reader (read
and advance the role of nursing in the health computer programs) –
care industry. sort and prepare data for
processing especially by
4 Major Historical Perspective of Nursing and a computer to retrieve,
Computer transform, or classify
• Six time periods information.
• Four major nursing areas
Teletypewriters
• Standard initiatives
(print output) - is an
• Significant landmark events
electromechanical
device that can be
SIX TIME PERIODS
used to send and
i. Prior to 1960s
receive typed
ii. 1960s
messages through various communications
iii. 1970s
channels
iv. 1980s
v. 1990s
1960s
vi. Post 2000s
- The use of computers is being questioned.
Questions like:
Prior to 1960s
“Why computers?”
(Use of computers in the healthcare industry
“What should be computerized?”
did not occur until the 1950s and 1960s.) Only a
- Introduction of Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
few experts who formed a cadre of pioneers that
terminals, online data communications, and
attempted to adopt computers to health care and
real-time processing.
nursing.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING AND COMPUTERS CENIZA, QUIESHA FAYE E. BSN 2L


Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – an analog computer
displays or television set with a large, deep casing. personal computer (PC), or a device based on a
single-chip microprocessor.
1990s
Hospital Information Systems (HIS) – used
developed to primarily process financial
transactions and serve as billing and accounting
systems.
1970s
- Nurses began to see the value of computers
in the profession
- Computers are perceived as cost saving
technologies
- HIS’s further advanced
- Computer-based MIS in public health
developed
1980s
- Nursing informatics emerged
- Need of data standards, vocabularies, and
classification schemed for computer-based
patient record system (CPRS which is an
EHR) identified
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING AND COMPUTERS
NCM 110 – NURSING INFORMATICS 2
Microcomputer or
Personal Computer -
a complete computer
on a small scale,
designed for use by
one person at a time.
An antiquated term, a
microcomputer is now
primarily called a
- HIS emerged with nursing subsystems
o Order entry (like KARDEX)
o Results reporting
o Vital signs
o Narrative nursing notes
- Computer technology became an integral
part of health care settings, nursing practice,
and the profession
- Nursing informatics was approved in 1992
by ANA as a new nursing specialty
- Demand for NI expertise increased greatly
- Use of innovative technologies for all levels
and types of nursing and patient education
demanded
- Laptops and notebooks were utilized at the
bedside and all point-of-care setting
- LAN (local area network) was developed in
hospitals
- WAN (wide area network)
- Internet is widely used and helped
information and knowledge databases to
integrated into bedside systems
1995 – internet was brought to social milieu
o E-mail
o File transfer protocol (upload and
download)
CENIZA, QUIESHA FAYE E. BSN 2L

- The internet was used to exchange data
between CPRS, while the web became the
means to communicate online services and
resources to the nursing community.
POST-2000s
- Development of wireless point-of-care
system with focus on open-source solution
- Clinical Information System (CIS) became
individualized in the electronic patient record
(EPR) and patient specific systems
considered for lifelong longitudinal record or
the HER
- Mobile technology advances
o Wireless tablet computers
o Smartphones
o VOIP (voice over internet protocol
o Health Smartcards
- Telenursing became popular
o Remote monitoring of ICU patient,
community patients
FOUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS
Significance of Nursing Informatics
- Nursing Informatics can be applied to all
areas of nursing practice, which include;
clinical practice, administration, education,
and research
1. Nursing Clinical Practice (Point-of-Care
Systems and Clinical Information
Systems)
- Work lists to remind staff of planned nursing
interventions
- Computer generated client documentation
- Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and
Computer-Based Patient Record (CPR)
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING AND COMPUTERS
NCM 110 – NURSING INFORMATICS 3
2. Nursing Administration (Health Care
Information Systems)
- Automated staff scheduling
- Email for improved communication
3. Nursing Education
- Computerized record-keeping
- Computerized-assisted instruction
- Interactive video technology
4. Nursing Research
- Computerized literature searching and web
sources
- The adoption of standardized language
related to nursing terms NANDA, etc.
STANDARD INITIATIVES
1. Nursing Practice Standards
ANA (American Nurses Association) –
considered as the official nursing organization
that contributes in the development and
recommendation of standards of nursing
practice worldwide
JCAHO (Joint Commission on Accreditation
of Hospital Organizations) – focuses on the
need for adequate records in patients in
hospitals and practice of standards in
documentation of care
2. Nursing Data Standards
- Emerged as a new requirement for HER
- 13 nursing terminologies that have been
recognized by the ANA for this 4th edition
- The ANA is responsible for the recognition
of the terminologies and for determining if
they have met the criteria to be included
3. Healthcare Data Standard Organization
- American national standard institute
CENIZA, QUIESHA FAYE E. BSN 2L
 NCM 110 – NURSING INFORMATICS 4

- The national committee on vital and

statistics work group on computer-based
patient records

4. Early computer-based nursing

applications
- Developed before the mid-1970s
- Different nursing applications focused on
documentation of nursing practice and
management of patient care.

LANDMARK EVENTS IN NURSING AND

COMPUTERS

More than 35 years ago, computers were

introduced to the nursing profession. Significant
milestones in nursing are intertwined with the
development of computer and information
technology, the rising need for nursing data, the
creation of nursing apps, and the emergence of
autonomous nursing as a field. By program effort or
organizational initiative, the significant
advancements in the application of information
technology and nursing and the introduction of NI
were presented in chronological order.

The landmark events were described by the

following categories: (a) early conferences,
meetings, (b) early academic initiatives, (c)
initial ANA initiatives, (d) initial National League
for Nursing (NLN) initiatives, (e) early
international initiatives, (f) initial educational
resources, and (g) significant collaborative
events.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF NURSING AND COMPUTERS CENIZA, QUIESHA FAYE E. BSN 2L