ABSTRACT

The definition of cloud computing is the storage and use of data and computing
resources via the internet. It does not save any information on your computer. It refers
to the on-demand availability of computer services such as servers, data storage,
networking, and databases. The primary goal of cloud computing is to provide
numerous users with access to data centres. Users can also gain access to data
stored on a distant server. Rather than keeping files on a proprietary hard drive or local
storage device, cloud-based storage makes it possible to save them to a remote
database. As long as an electronic device has access to the web, it has access to the
data and the software programs to run it. Cloud computing is a popular option for
people and businesses for a number of reasons including cost savings, increased
productivity, speed and efficiency, performance, and security.
INTRODUCTION

Applications, servers (both real and virtual), data storage, development tools,
networking capabilities, and other computer resources are all housed at a distant data
centre under the control of a cloud services provider and are available on demand
over the internet (or CSP). The CSP makes these tools available for a monthly
subscription fee or charges a use fee. Cloud computing is named as such because
the information being accessed is found remotely in the cloud or a virtual space.
Companies that provide cloud services enable users to store files and applications on
remote servers and then access all the data via the Internet. This means the user is
not required to be in a specific place to gain access to it, allowing the user to work
remotely. Cloud computing offloads all of the heavy lifting associated with crunching
and processing data from the device you carry about or sit at to work on. It also offloads
all of that work to massive computer clusters in cyberspace. The Internet transforms
into the cloud, and your data, work, and apps are accessible from any device that can
connect to the Internet, wherever in the globe. Cloud computing can be public or
private. For a price, public cloud providers offer their services through the Internet.
Private cloud services, on the other hand, only serve a limited number of users. These
services are a network system that provides hosted services. A hybrid option is also
available, which includes components of both public and private services.

Regardless of the kind of service, cloud computing services provide users with
a series of functions including email, storage, backup and data retrieval, creating and
testing apps, analysing data, audio and video streaming, delivering software on
demand. Cloud computing is still a relatively new service, but it is being utilised by a
wide range of organisations, including large enterprises, small businesses, NGOs,
government agencies, and even individual consumers.
 Figure 1 : Cloud computing

There are several types of clouds, each with its own characteristics. Public
clouds offer services and storage on servers connected to the Internet. These are
managed and controlled by third-party firms, which handle and control all hardware,
software, and general infrastructure. Clients gain access to services through accounts
that anybody may access. Private clouds are normally designated for a single
enterprise or organisation. The cloud computing service might be hosted by the
company's data centre. A private network is used to deliver several private cloud
computing services. Hybrid clouds, as the name suggests, combine public and private
services. This approach gives the user greater freedom and aids in the optimization of
the user's infrastructure and security.
TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is not a single piece of technology like a microchip or a cellphone.

Rather, it's a system primarily comprised of three services: software-as-a-service
(SaaS), infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), and platform-as-a-service (PaaS).

• SaaS (software-as-a-service) refers to the licencing of a software programme

to clients. Licenses are often supplied on a pay-as-you-go or on-demand basis.
This type of system is available in Microsoft Office 365.

• Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) is a means of offering everything from

operating systems to servers and storage as an on-demand service via IP-
based connection. Clients can avoid purchasing software or servers by
obtaining these resources through an outsourced, on-demand service. IBM
Cloud and Microsoft Azure are two popular examples of IaaS systems.

• Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) is the most complicated of the three levels of

cloud computing. PaaS is similar to SaaS, with the main distinction being that
instead of delivering software online, it is a platform for developing software that
is supplied through the Internet. Platforms like as Salesforce.com and Heroku
fit within this approach.
GENERAL HISTORY

The phrase "cloud computing" was first used in a Compaq internal document in 1996.
The term "cloud" was initially associated with the notion of distributed computing,
which became popular in the early 1990s at Apple-spawned General Magic, with older
allusions in academic work prior to that. According to Computerworld, the notion was
first proposed by J.C.R. Licklider, the first head of the Information Processing
Techniques Office of the Pentagon's ARPA division in the 1960s.

In its early beginnings, the cloud was utilised to represent the gap between the
end user and the supplier. Emory University Professor Ramnath Chellapa
characterised cloud computing in 1997 as a new "computer paradigm in which the
limitations of computing will be dictated by economic reasons rather than technological
restrictions alone." In depicting the development of the cloud, this fairly verbose
account rings accurate. As businesses developed a greater knowledge of the cloud's
offerings and use, it grew in favour. Salesforce sprang to prominence as a successful
example of cloud computing in 1999. They utilised it to pioneer the concept of
delivering software packages to end customers through the Internet. Anyone with
Internet connection may access and download the software (or application).

Figure 2 : J. C. R. Licklider
 In 2002, Amazon introduced its web-based retail services. It was the first major
business to think of using only 10% of its capacity (which was commonplace at the
time) as a problem to be solved. The cloud computing infrastructure model allowed
them to use their computer’s capacity much more efficiently. Soon after, other large
organizations followed their example.

Although private clouds were initiated in 2008, they were still undeveloped, and
not very popular. Concerns about poor security in public clouds was a strong driving
force promoting the use of private clouds. In 2010, companies like AWS, Microsoft,
and OpenStack had developed private clouds that were fairly functional. (2010 was
also when OpenStack made an open-sourced, free, do-it-yourself cloud, which
became very popular, available to the general public.)

By 2014, cloud computing had developed its basic features, and security had
become a major concern. Cloud security has become a fast-growing service, because
of its importance to customers. Cloud security has advanced significantly in the last
few years, and now provides protection comparable to traditional IT security systems.
This includes the protection of critical information from accidental deletion, theft, and
data leakage. Having said that, security is, and may always be, the primary concern
of most cloud users.
PROBLEM STATEMENT

Cloud service is a technology that has reached the age of more than 20 years. While
this shows how rapidly our civilisation is advancing technologically, the increase in
data has resulted in some problems for businesses and consumers regarding
maintenance, storage and security.

These are major issues in Cloud Computing:

• Privacy: The host firm can access the user data with or without authorization.
At any moment, the service provider has access to the data stored in the cloud.
They may inadvertently or purposefully modify or destroy data.

• Security: Cloud resources are typically available to anyone; security and privacy
are always the main concerns and risks. Although cloud providers use state-of-
the-art technologies, standards, and best practices to make their services as
secure as possible, no public service is 100% immune to attacks, breaches and
security flaws. For many people, security is the main concern when using cloud
computing services

• Sustainability: Sustainability relates to limiting the environmental impact of

cloud computing. Citing the server's effects on the environmental effects of
cloud computing, countries with favourable conditions, such as Finland,
Sweden, and Switzerland, are attempting to attract cloud computing data
centres in areas where climate favours natural cooling and renewable electricity
is readily available.