The Basics of the

Methodologies in Writing
a Research Study
By

Menandro T. Manalo
A Rich Father Learns A Big Lesson From His Son
▪One day a very wealthy father took his
son on a trip to the country for the sole
purpose of showing his son how it was
to be poor. They spent a few days and
nights on the farm of what would be
considered a very poor family.
▪After their return from the trip, the
father asked his son how he liked the
trip. “It was great, Dad,” the son
replied. “Did you see how poor people
can be?” the father asked. “Oh Yeah,”
said the son.
▪ “So, what did you learn from the trip?” asked the
father. The son answered, “I saw that we have one
dog and they had four. We have a pool that
reaches to the middle of our garden, and they
have a creek that has no end. We have imported
lanterns in our garden, and they have the stars at
night. Our patio reaches to the front yard, and
they have the whole horizon.
▪ “We have a small piece of land to live on and they
have fields that go beyond our sight. We have
servants who serve us, but they serve others.”
▪ “We buy our food, but they grow theirs. We have walls
around our property to protect us, they have friends to
protect them.” The boy’s father was speechless. Then
his son added, “It showed me just how poor we really
are.”
▪ Too many times we forget what we have and
concentrate on what we don’t have. What is one
person’s worthless object is another’s prize possession.
It is all based on one’s perspective.
▪ Sometimes it takes the PERSPECTIVE of a child to
remind us what’s important.
LTA (Lifetime Advice)

“TLC with an S”

T - hink
L - earn
C - hase
S - hare
 Marketing Research
▪ The course explores the topics including; problem definition, secondary
information, exploratory research, qualitative information primary research and
quantitative research.
▪ This course that deals with the study of the planning, collection and analysis of
data relevant to marketing decision making and communicating the results of
this analysis to management.
▪ It further deals with the function which the consumer, customer and public to the
marketer through information that is used to identify and define marketing
opportunities and problems; generate, refine and evaluate marketing actions;
monitor marketing performance and improve understanding of marketing as a
process.
▪Prerequisite: Marketing 1
▪Credits: 3 units
▪Numbers of Hours: 54
Learning Objectives
By the end of this course, students will:

1. Understand fundamental principles, concepts, and measurement tools

essential to planning, conducting, and evaluating marketing research
activities.
2. Learn how to design marketing research studies in a logical and
systematic manner.
3. Learn the difference between qualitative and quantitative research
methods.
4. Be able to utilize exploratory research and secondary information
sources to formulate relevant research questions.
5. Be able to operationalize concepts for the purpose of developing
testable propositions.
6. Be able to collect, organize, and analyze data, and interpret findings to
address marketing research problems.
7. To conduct an independent publishable research project.
 DATA GATHERING and DEFENSE GUIDLINES

1. Groupings (composed of 5 members), submission and

approval of Title and Propose topic is on FEB 28, 2023.
2. There will be two (2) scheduled defense. March 05,
Title and Proposal and WEEK 15-FINAL DEFENSE.
3. Once APPROVED, students are not allowed to change
topic, change group members, without any written
permission from the panelist and your professor.
 DATA GATHERING and DEFENSE GUIDLINES
4. In the event that the group decided to remove one or more
members for any reason, a petition letter should be submitted
to your professor for approval stating reason/s for removing
the person affixing the signature of the group leader and
members.
5.If the group need to coordinate with different local / private
organizations, secure a request letter addressed to concern
person, signed by group members, Professor, Department
Head and Dean (if required).
 DATA GATHERING and DEFENSE GUIDLINES

6. Data gathering can be done online using Gform, or F2F.

7.There will be a F2F defense composed of (3) PANELIST,
Statistician, Area Expert and Panel Chair, each will receive
HONORARIUM of 1,000.00/each.
8. Three (3) hardcopy should be submitted to the panelist at
least 3 days before the schedule defense.
 DATA GATHERING and DEFENSE GUIDELINES
During Defense
The group will get “Passed with revisions” or “Re-defense” remarks
A. If the group get the PASSED mark, the members will proceed to
revisions of the paper.
B. Strictly revise and follow all the suggestion of the panel members.
C. One (1) copy should be printed and presented to the panel member
for checking together with the old folder for counter checking.
D. The panel member will affix their signature as a proof that the
document had been checked and approved. (Then proceed to Data
Gathering, SURVEY or FINAL PRINTING)
 DATA GATHERING and DEFENSE GUIDLINES
▪ E. Forward the documents to Language Editor for editing only
upon certification by the instructor/adviser that comments
and recommendations of the Panel have been complied with.
▪ F. Language Editor will issue a certification that the
manuscript has been edited and proofread.
▪ G. Final copy of the manuscript will be printed in MC Letter
head and submitted to Thesis Instructor/Adviser.
▪ E. INC mark will be given to those who failed not submit the
FINAL REQUIREMENTS at the end of the semester (3copies
hardbound and softcopy)
 IMPORTANT NOTE
▪ If the researcher get a “Re-defense” remarks in the
title/proposal and final defense. The group will be
rescheduled for a re-defense.
▪ A. A RE-DEFENSE will be rescheduled by the Instructor
depending on the availability of the panel members. “The
group will again prepare the HONORARIUM for the
PANELIST for the re-defense”.
▪ B. During the re-defense, the group members will only get
either “Passed” or “Failed” remark.
Moral Lesson from…
▪ There was once an
Emperor from China who
had no children and
needed to choose a
successor.
▪ Thousands of children
from across the kingdom
came to the palace and
were surprised when the
Emperor exclaimed that
he was going to choose
one of them.
▪ He gave them all a seed.
▪ They were to go home to
their villages, plant the
seed in a pot and tend it
for a year.
▪ When they return in a
year, the Emperor would
judge their efforts and
choose his successor.
▪ Once a week, the children of the
village would get together to
compare their plants. After a few
weeks, there were signs of life in all
but Ling’s pot.
▪ The weeks passed and Ling continued
to water his pot every day.
▪ After a few months, the pots really
came to life.
▪ Some had trees starting to grow, some
▪Poor boy Ling still had
nothing growing in his
pot, leading the other
children to make fun of
him.
▪Ling continued to water
his pot every day.
▪ A year passed and it was
time to return to the
palace to show what had
grown and decide on the
new heir.
▪Ling was anxious as his
pot still showed no signs
of life.
▪“What if they punish me?
▪ They won’t know that I’ve
watered it every day, they’ll
think that I’m lazy.”
▪ His mother looked him in
the eye and explained that
whatever the consequences
were, he had to return and
show the Emperor his
BARREN POT.
▪Ling and the other
children entered the
palace gates.
▪By now, some of the
plants were looking
magnificent and the
children were wondering
which one the Emperor
would choose.
 ▪Ling was
embarrassed as
other children
looked at his
lifeless pot and
scoffed.
▪The Emperor came
out and started to
make his way
through the crowd,
looking at the
many impressive
trees, shrubs and
flowers that were
on display.
▪The boys all puffed
their chests out and
tried to look as regal
as possible, hoping
that they would be
chosen as the
heir to the empire.
▪ Then the Emperor came
to Ling.
▪ He looked at the pot then
he looked at Ling.
▪ “What happened here?”
He asked.
▪ “I watered the pot every
day, but nothing ever
grew.” Ling muttered
nervously.
▪Then he grumbled
something to
himself and moved
on.
▪After a few hours,
the Emperor finally
finished his
assessment.
▪ He stood in front of the
children and congratulated
them on their efforts.
▪ “Clearly, some of you
desperately want to be
Emperor and would do
anything to make that
happen, but there is one
boy that I would like to
point out as he has come
to me with NOTHING.
▪ Ling, come here please.”
▪ “Oh no,” thought Ling. He slowly
sauntered to the front of the group,
holding his barren pot.
▪ The Emperor held up the pot for all
to see and the other children
laughed.
▪ Then the Emperor continued, “A
year ago, I gave you all a seed.
▪ I told you to go away, plant the seed
and return with your plant.
▪ The seeds that I gave
you all were BOILED
until they were no
longer viable and
WOULDN’T GROW,
but I see before me
thousands of plants
and only
ONE BARREN POT.
▪HONESTY, INTEGRITY and
COURAGE are the most
important values in LIFE
than PROUD DISPLAY
▪LING is the
RIGHTFUL HEIR.
 LASTLY…………………………………

Preserving the originality of the document is the

responsibility and accountability of each and every
member of the group. AUTOMATIC FAILING MARK is
the consequence to any group proven to have engaged
in the act of plagiarism. Likewise, each member of the
group must have to the full knowledge of the status of
their document at any given time of their endeavor

Timeline
▪ Week 3- Jan 30 to Feb 04
▪ Jan 30– Orientation and Introduction
▪ Feb 01 – Chapter 1 and 2
▪ Week 4- Feb 06 to 11
▪ Week 5-Feb 13 – 19 Foundation Week
▪ Week 6-Feb 20 and 22- open for topic ▪ Week 15- Submission
consultation
▪ Week 7- Feb 27 – Submission of
Chapter 1 and 2
▪ March 02 PROPOSAL DEFENSE
▪ Week 8 to 12
▪ Mar 06 to April 08-Data
Gathering / Preparation for
Chapter 3 and 4
▪ Week 13 to 14 – April 10 to 22
Consultation/Finalization of
Manuscript
▪ Week 16- FINAL DEFENSE
▪ Week 17 and 18 Revision
▪ CONSIDER ALL CLASS
SUSPENSION AND HOLIDAYS
 The Basics of the
Methodologies in Writing
a Research Study
 DISCLAIMER

1. The following discussions are only in the context of MC Thesis Writing

Rules and Policies

2. Technical aspect of writing a research is not within the scope of this

discussion

3. The following is not the proper way to make a power point presentation
Marketing research refers to the
process by which an organization
gathers information about its ideal
customer and larger market in order
to come-up with market strategy.
This research might include
gathering data from current or
former customers, consumers in your
target market, or even marketing
activities of competitors.
 Importance of Market Research

▪ Marketing research helps a business by giving it insights into what

customers say they like and dislike, what they say they want.
▪ These insights come in both quantitative and qualitative forms and
can play a massive role in empowering a business’s decision-making.
▪ Marketers play a significant role in both gathering and interpreting
the data used in marketing research.
▪ In most organizations, the marketing department in conjunction with
sales has a pulse on the customer base.
▪ Marketers are well positioned to reach the people needed to perform
market research.
Market Research Methods
Qualitative marketing research VS Quantitative marketing research

• Qualitative marketing research explores a topic from a descriptive or conceptual

lens.
• With this type of marketing research, participants describe from their perspective how something
is or behaves, rather than putting numbers to it.

• Quantitative marketing research is a purely numbers-driven approach.

• This type of research gathers data from responses that can be counted or quantified.
• Ethnographic marketing research is any effort that attempts to gauge the
marketing initiative or product in a natural environment or with anthropology as its
basis.
• Business to business (B2B) marketing research is any of the above or other
methods or steps applied in a B2B context.
• This category has a new set of challenges: getting any responses at all can be difficult, and
getting honest ones can in some situations be challenging.
 Research Title
Business/Marketing Research
Sem2-2022-2023
▪ Neglect of duty / product…. (motivation of the employees)
COMPETITORS QUALITY AND PRICE
SATISFACTION (PRODUCT QUALITY)
SHIFTING TREND
TOP MANAGEMENT / IMPROPER HANDLING
 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Choosing a Topic/Making a Title
● must be of your interest / passion
● must be something new
● must be relevant
● must be useful for concerned people in a particular field
● new trends in formulating a title:
- the output of the study is the title
- the shorter, the better
- can be in question format

● no redundancy of terminology in the title

● “effect” = 1 year; “impact” = 5 years

 Elements of a Research Problem
§ Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation. This answers the
question “WHY?”. Why is there an investigation, inquiry or study?
▪ The subject matter or topic to be investigated. This answers the question
“WHAT?” What is to be investigated or studied?
▪ The place or locale where the research is to be conducted. This answers the
question “WHERE?” Where is the study to be conducted?
▪ The period or time during which data are to be gathered. This answers the
question “WHEN?” When is the study to be carried out?
▪ Population or universe from whom the data are to be collected. This
answers the question “WHO?” or “FROM WHO?” Who are the
respondents? From whom are the data to be gathered?
▪ The elements of a research problem are therefore the aim or purpose,
subject matter or topic, place or locale, period of time, and population
or universe.
▪ EXAMPLE OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM: TO DETERMINE THE STATUS
OF TEACHING SCIENCE IN THE HIGH SCHOOLS OF PROVINCE A
DURING SCHOOL YEAR 2008-2009.
▪ Aim or purpose = To Determine the Status of
▪ Subject matter/topic = The teaching of science
▪ Place/locale = In the High Schools of Province A
▪ Period or time =During the School year 2008-2009
▪ Population = the respondents are implied as either the teachers or
pupils or both.
 Topic to consider….

1. A study on determination of consumer buying behavior toward any brand.

2. A study of on customer loyalty.
3. A study of on customer satisfaction.
4. Comparative study between two brands.
5. A study on how TV advertising affects the consumer buying preference.

RESEARCH SHOULD START WITH IDENTIFIED

PROBLEMS THAT NEEDS A SOLUTION
Satisfaction and the Continuance Intention of Meycauayan
College Students in using HERA (Meycauayan College’s
Enrollment System): Basis for Quality Improvement
▪ WHAT-
▪ WHEN-
▪ WHERE-
▪ WHO-
▪ WHY–
▪ The elements of a research problem are therefore the aim or purpose,
subject matter or topic, place or locale, period of time, and population or
universe.
▪ EXAMPLE OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM:
▪ Aim or purpose =
▪ Subject matter/topic =
▪ Place/locale =
▪ Period or time =
▪ Population =
▪ “Satisfaction and the Continuance Intention of
Meycauayan College Students in using HERA (Meycauayan
College’s Enrollment System): Basis for Quality Improvement”
 PARTS OF A THESIS
CHAPTER I

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Review of Related Literature and Studies
1.3 Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework and the Research
Paradigm
1.4 Statement of the Problem
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope and DeLimitation
1.7 Definition of Terms
 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
▪ The background of a study is the first section of the paper and
establishes the context underlying the research.
▪ It contains the rationale, the key problem statement, and a brief
overview of research questions that are addressed in the rest of the
paper.
▪ The background forms the crux of the study because it introduces an
unaware audience to the research and its importance in a clear and
logical manner.
▪ Relevant information that the readers need to know before examining
the paper should be made available to them in the background.
 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
• Gives a general description of the study
- discussed from general to specific: deductive method of discussion
• Provides an idea of what the study is all about and the circumstances
surrounding the study
• Discusses what brought you to the study
• Should contain the TIPS
• T –opics
I –ssues/Problems
P –urpose
S –ignificance
▪ Explains the reason why (Rationale) you want to conduct the study – place
towards the end of the Introduction
 How to write the BOS ?
remember my T I P S ! ! !
▪ What is the TOPIC all about?
▪ What is the ISSUE/Problem about the topic that you need to
investigate?
▪ Where do you get the idea? From the related literature (express in
your own word)
▪ Objective / PURPOSE of your research (THE NEED TO UNDERTAKE
RESEARCH)
▪ SIGNIFICANCE or Benefits of you research. (it should be useful,
utilized by people, the contribution to the body of knowledge. ( state
the specific benefit can be derived from your research.
 Simple Example of Deductive and Inductive
▪ DEDUCTIVE (PROVE A THEORY)
▪ from general premises to the specifics that prove/disprove the premise
▪ from abstractions to specifics. (TOP-DOWN APPROACH)
▪ INDUCTIVE (DEVELOPING A THEORY)
▪ From specific instances to a general conclusion (BOTTOM-UP APPROACH)
Inductive Deductive
Example: Joe is a writer. Joe Example: All writers struggle with
struggles with procrastination. procrastination. Joe is a writer.
Therefore, all writers struggle Therefore, Joe struggles with
with procrastination. procrastination.
 Topic/s

Example BOS
▪ Product development is created through hard work of thought and action made
within a process. In this chapter, the researchers will introduce the topic of
individuals engaging in a product development process and define the purpose of
this thesis by promoting the Vortex Tumbler and knowing the acceptability of the
consumers and its marketability in the market. (Issues/Problem)
▪ Vortex Tumbler is a self-stirring tumbler that can be used by body builders and gym
goers who are body conscious………………………………….
▪ The Innovated Vortex Tumbler seem like the clear choice for environmentally savvy
consumers and people looking to enjoy a cool way of drinking your gym beverage. A
Vortex Tumbler can be an ideal companion for morning rides for your supplements or
while doing your gym workouts. Anytime you need a time saver gym beverage to cool
you down, your Vortex Tumbler will be there and waiting.
▪ In the developing province of Bulacan, most specifically in “Pound for
Pound Marilao, Bulacan” product development is often not about
something brand new but something new to society, which, if and when
broadly disseminated, brings significant economic, social, or
environmental change.
▪ This paper aims to provide inputs for the formulation (Objective /
PURPOSE )of Vortex Tumbler in the on how the acceptability of the
innovated product of the researchers can be accepted in the “Pound for
Pound Marilao, Bulacan” by firstly looking at the current status of
innovation activity across business and industry in Marilao, Bulacan and
based on a survey that is conducted by the researchers. The study
reviewed how the researchers promote the Vortex Tumbler product in the
said location of the study and discussed exemplary cases of product
development activities that is helpful to draw lessons for formulating a
coherent set of explanation that foster Tumbler innovation.
▪ This study is also a great benefit to the researchers and other students
in Meycauayan College with the information on how to make effective
marketing strategies. (Significance)
1.2 Review of Related Literature and Studies
 1. What is REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ?

▪ According to Galvan (2005), literature review is "a process of

finding the sources of relevant material for particular topic or
subject.“
▪ According to Lawerence & McEvoy (2008), literature means "it is
an evidence-based review of relevant reference material."
▪ A review of related literature (RRL) is a detailed review of
existing literature related to the topic of a thesis or dissertation.
▪ In an RRL, you talk about knowledge and findings from existing
literature relevant to your topic.
 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
▪ To undertake an RRL, therefore, you first need to identify
relevant literature. You can do this through various sources,
online and offline.
▪ The review is a careful examination of a body of literature
pointing towards the answer to researcher's question.
▪ Literature reviewed typically includes scholarly journals,
scholarly books, authoritative databases and primary
sources. Sometimes it includes newspapers, magazines,
other books, films, and audio and video tapes, and other
secondary sources.
 3. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

▪ Examples include interview transcripts, statistical data, and

works of art. A primary source gives you direct access to the
subject of your research.
▪ Secondary sources provide second-hand information and
commentary from other researchers. Examples include
journal articles, reviews, and academic books. (A secondary
source describes, interprets, or synthesizes primary sources.)
▪ Organize the review, discuss the resources by themes and
extent of relevance.
 4. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE &
STUDIES
Conceptual Literature – ideas/concepts of Authors
• Literature
Research Literature – actual studies/researches
• talks about the variables in your study
• provides information about aspects of the problem which have
been investigated and explored before as well as those which
are not (research gaps)
• provides information about the findings of the researchers and
the ideas and concepts of the major authors on the topic of
your research
 5. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
& STUDIES
• Serves as a validation of the results and findings of your study
• must be Thematic
- discussion is by theme
- the themes are the variables of the study
- there should be at least 3 – 4 themes
- with 7 or 5 authors in each theme
• Conceptual literature must only be up to (10) ten years
old and when quoting:
- it must always be in present tense
- author, date then the idea
Must EXPRESS in your OWN WORDS
Literature (10 local / 10 foreign) each
 6. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
& STUDIES
• Research literature must only be up (5)years old and when
quoting:
- it must always be in past tense
- should include the following:
1. author, date
2. main objective
3. respondents/sampling
4. method
5. instrument
6. result/conclusion/recommendation
(you can choose three or all)
Must EXPRESS in your OWN WORDS
Studies (10 local / 10 foreign) each
 7. Importance of RRL/RRS for Backtracking
▪ The results can be discussed in terms of whether and how
they agree with previous findings.
▪ If the results contradict previous findings, you can describe
differences between your study and the others, providing a
rationale for the discrepancy
▪ If your results are consistent with other findings, your report
should include suggestions for the next step; if they are not
consistent, your report should include suggestions for studies
that might resolve the conflict.
8. Proper Citation

▪REFER to uploaded APA-7

Guidelines
 Example Title Business Research

“Satisfaction and the Continuance Intention of Meycauayan

College Students in using HERA (Meycauayan College’s Enrollment

System): Basis for Quality Improvement ”

Maximum no. of 16 words

▪ Themes: Customers Satisfaction, Continuance Intention, Service

Improvement, Pandemic, Online Enrollment, HERA, Meycauayan

 Example Title Marketing Research
Continuance Intention on the preferred mode of shopping
of customers in Marilao Bulacan in the time of pandemic.
Maximum no. of 16 words
Themes:
Continuance Intention
Mode of Shopping
Pandemic / Online Shopper /
 Sample RRL / RRS
▪ Themes:

▪ Customers Satisfaction

Customer satisfaction measures how effective a firm matches the expectations of its

customers when delivering a certain product or service. It is one of the most important predictors

of customer buying and repurchase intent, as well as brand loyalty. (Marta Szyndlar 2021)

Customer Satisfaction: Why It’s Still Important in 2021

▪ Continuance Intention

According to expectation confirmation model (ECM) (Oliver, 1993), a customer’s

behavioral intention of repurchase is preceded by customer satisfaction which is directly

affected by disconfirmation resulted between a customer’s pre-purchase expectations and

post-purchase performance of a product or service. Satisfaction is believed to influence

post-purchase attitude and repurchase intention. ECM has been adopted in the IS literature

to explain the relationships among expectation, disconfirmation, and satisfaction with

information technologies (ITs) use (Oliver, 1981).

▪ Service Improvement

Continual Service Improvement (CSI) focuses on quality-of-service maintenance, evaluation and

improvement on a regular basis taking care of the maturity of the overall ITSM service lifecycle and the

processes underlying. (Arraj, 2010; Cartlidge & Lillycrop, 2007)

According to The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Service improvement

can be facilitated by the accumulation of individual process improvements in ITSM. In the evaluation

of software quality, it is recognized that assessing and improving a process is a means to improve

product quality, and evaluating and improving product quality is one means of improving the system

quality (ISO/IEC 2011b).

▪ Pandemic

COVID - 19 is one of the most recent public health emergencies worldwide, which started in China and almost

infected every country in the whole world. This disease is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously

known as 2019-nCoV) that attacks the respiratory system of our body to make it harder to breathe. (WHO,2021)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) 2020 when the government decides to lock down every city to handle the sudden

outbreak. The pandemic has resulted in a significant loss of human life around the world, and it poses an unprecedented

threat to public health, food systems, and the workplace. The pandemic has taken out jobs and put millions of people's

lives in stake. (WHO,2020) The impact of COVID-19 on global health goals They also suspend transportation to avoid

covid infection and also suspend face to face classes. In response to significant demand, many online learning platforms

are offering free access to their services. (UNICEF,2020) Education and COVID-19
▪ Online Enrollment

Online enrollment is the new development of in the modern age that takes place over the internet. Online enrollment

can be accessed even at home. It is less hassle for every student. We can use cell phones, laptops, tablets or even computers with

internet access. (Joshua Stern, Ph.D., 2019) Introduction to Online enrollment

The Philippines Department of Education (DepEd) introduced distance learning modes in response to the COVID-19

pandemic to assure learning continuity. The Department of Education, entails the use of technology and access to the internet to

assist students in continuing their education using online/offline platforms, TV and radio, and printed modules. They also

supply tablets for the online class to use. Many schools use google classroom for a blended learning platform that developed by

Google for educational institutions that aims to simplify creating, distributing, and grading assignments. Millions of families,

especially those who are poor are the one who suffer the most in this kind of situation. (Cho, Yoonyoung et al., 2021) Philippine

Basic Education System: Strengthening Effective Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond.
▪ HERA

With the new semester fast approaching and the demand for online transactions rising, on May 17, 2021, Meycauayan College (MC)

developed its new online enrollment system namely Hera. “Hera” is a sophisticated automated online system which offers convenience and faster

enrollment transactions to avoid unnecessary contact and exposure since our country is still experiencing a pandemic. Before the HERA online

enrollment system opened there was pioneer enrolling and making payment in which students filled out their applications with Google forms that are

being handed out online while the payment transactions are done traditionally. The desire of Meycauayan College to provide and maintain the provision

of excellence service, they improve the online process enrollment system and even the payment transactions are now done within the HERA portal. This

online enrollment system will teach you on how to enroll at the safety of your home or at the nearest supported over the counter places near you. Every

student who wants to start a new qualification must apply for admission at the Meycauayan College via their online application portal. This Meycauayan

College online application window is open for first-time Meycauayan College applicants, Meycauayan College students changing to a new qualification

or specialization, applicants who previously applied for admission and were not offered a space or who were offered a space accepted the offer and did

not register and students completing a higher certificate or any other programmed and who wish to continue with further undergraduate studies.
▪ Meycauayan College

Meycauayan College was first established in 1925 namely Meycauayan Institute and the first

private high school in the municipality of Meycauayan. Throughout the years, as the institution

continued to its excellence and dedicated to service, permits were granted to open the tertiary level in

1980 and the institution was renamed as Meycauayan College. The institution specifically aims that

the graduates of Meycauayan College have been nurtured in accordance with its mother and child

philosophy and its service and dedication to the moral, spiritual, cultural and educational

improvement to the youth in its mission and vision.

▪ SYNTHESIS
▪ To synthesize is to combine two or more elements to form a new
whole. In the literature review, the “elements” are the findings of
the literature you gather and read; the “new whole” is the
conclusion you draw from those findings
▪ Synthesis means to combine a number of different pieces into a
whole.
▪ Synthesis is about concisely summarizing and linking different
sources in order to review the literature on a topic, make
recommendations, and connect your practice to the research.
SAMPLE SYNTHESIS
Title: “MILLENNIALS’ LEVEL OF PREFERENCE IN USING CASHLESS TRANSACTION
AS THE MODE OF PAYMENT IN ONLINE FOOD PURCHASE IN RESTAURANTS”

These indicators provide relevance to this study. Cashless transaction is use for payments without using hard cash. Credit/debit cards, cheques, GCash,

shopee pay or any other form of online payment are some examples of cashless transaction. Today cashless transactions are continuously rising with the help of

technological advancement. It is widely use in some part of the world because of the benefits or advantages that consumers gain in using cashless transactions, such

as safety and security, transparency, perceive trust, fast and convenient, discount offerings and etc. Even though cashless transactions are helpful to the consumers

there are cost or disadvantages such as, vulnerability to hackers, technological error, trust issue, delay processing of transaction, overspending and etc. Some parts of

the world are still not ready to stop using paper money because internet facilities have not yet reached every region, in addition to the fact that people are used to

using paper money and there is little public awareness of the use of non-cash transactions. However cashless transaction is still merging quickly. With the adoption

of the new normal, cashless transactions are gradually becoming the preferred mode of payment. It is because the consumers will pay in a safer way, more

convenient, and rewarding when QSRs use digital payment solutions, whether the transaction is for dine-in, drive-thru, or orders placed via website or chat.

Furthermore, cashless transactions are commonly used in online purchasing especially in food ordering. Some food service providers such as, McDonald’s, Jollibee,

KFC, Starbucks, and etc. are offering online food services and cashless transaction as well. Those food service providers have innovated and adopt to this current

time due to the effect of COVID-19 and other factors such as safety and security, convinced to their customers.
Encoding Instruction

▪ Times New Roman

▪ Font size 12
Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework
 1. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK, CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK & PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
• Research Framework- provides an underlying structure or
model to support our collective research efforts.
▪ A research framework clearly illustrates the structure of the
research plan and helps the researcher formulate relevant
research questions.
- particular perspective or point of view, in accordance
to which a researcher conducts his research analysis
- a guide in exploring and interpreting data to finally
arrive at a desired result
- it can be a theoretical or conceptual framework
 2. THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

• Theoretical Framework
- theory or theories where the study is founded
- it is broader in dimension
▪ Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand
phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing
knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding assumptions.
▪ The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or
support a theory of a research study.
▪ The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory
which explains why the research problem under study exists.
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

▪A theoretical framework is
analogous to the frame of the
house.
▪ Just as the foundation supports a
house, a theoretical framework
provides a rationale (foundation)
for predictions about the
relationships among variables of a
research.
 4. What is a theoretical framework?

❖Theoretical framework can be considered as a conceptual model that

establishes a sense of structure that guides the research process.
❖It includes the variables a researcher intends to measure and
relationships he/she seeks to understand. Essentially, this is where a
researcher develops a “theory” and build his/her case for investigating
that theory.
❖The theoretical framework is the researcher’s presentation of a
theory that explains a particular problem and it is not based on his/her
suspicions alone.
5.Example of Theory- EDT by Oliver
6. Example Theory Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow
 7. Conceptual Framework
▪ A conceptual framework represents the RESEARCHER’S SYNTHESIS of literature on how
to EXPLAIN a phenomenon. It MAPS OUT the actions required in the course of the study
given his previous knowledge of other researchers' point of view and his observations on the
subject of research
-is the set of various specific concepts and their relationships that guide the analysis
of the research study
-provides a DIRECTION for the study; its like a MAP leading you to your
DESTINATION.
-form the research paradigm or the entire model for a research.
▪ The conceptual framework, on the other hand, embodies the specific direction by which the
research will have to be undertaken.
▪ Statistically speaking, the conceptual framework describes the relationship between
specific variables identified in the study or how the variables in his study connect with each
other.
▪ The conceptual framework is also called the research paradigm.
8. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
▪ It’s the researcher’s own position on
the problem and gives direction to
the study.
▪ Consists of concepts that are placed
within a logical and sequential
design.
▪ It is based on specific concepts and
propositions, derived from empirical
observation and intuition.
8. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
▪ Deductive research is a study in which theory is
tested by empirical observation.
▪ The deductive method is referred to as moving from
the general to the particular.
▪ variables are conceived a priori, and research
question/hypothesis comes first.
▪ Inductive research is a study in which theory is,
"developed from the observation of empirical reality;
▪ general inferences are induced from instances, it
involves moving from individual observation to
statements of general patterns or laws“.
▪ In inductive research, there are no preconceived
assumptions.
▪ pure induction (theory-building) to pure deduction
(theory-testing)
9. Input – Process - Output
 10. THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS

THEORETICAL CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK
Generic Branded

Broader scope Narrower scope

General, less structured, loosely Specific, structured, well-defined

defined
Derived from theory/ies
Provides the basic foundation of
the research study
Derived from interrelated
concepts
Provides the structure for a
research analysis
 1.3 THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
(ILLUSTRATION)

• Theoretical framework
• AIDA Model AIDA is an acronym that stands
for Attention, Interest, Desire and Action.
▪ Conceptual framework
Acceptability and Marketability of the Newly
Developed Innovated Vortex Tumbler
▪ The AIDA model was introduced by businessman Elias St. Elmo Lewis in the late 19th
century. As an acronym, AIDA breaks down into the steps required for successful
marketing: Attention, Interest, Desire and Action. The AIDA marketing model is a
cornerstone of modern marketing, to the extent that missing one step is thought to
almost guarantee an unsuccessful result.
The AIDA Model Hierarchy
▪ The steps involved in an AIDA model are:
▪ Attention: The first step in marketing or advertising is to consider
how to attract the attention of consumers.
▪ Interest: Once the consumer is aware that the product or service
exists, the business must work on increasing the potential customer’s
interest level.
▪ Desire: After the consumer is interested in the product or service,
then the goal is to make consumers desire it, moving their mindset
from “I like it” to “I want it.”
▪ Action: The ultimate goal is to drive the receiver of the marketing
campaign to initiate action and purchase the product or service.
▪ Therefore, the AIDA model says that Awareness leads to Interest, which leads to Desire, and finally, Action.
 11. PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
Paradigm of the Study or Research Paradigm -is “the set of
common beliefs and agreements shared between scientist. about
how problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn, 1970)
- is the diagrammatic representation of the study
- made up of lines, arrows, figures but no 3D
- it shows the relationships of the variables of the study; it is not
procedural
- it should illustrate every research question in the SOP
- sometimes a researcher can adopt the model of the theory
where his study is founded
- this is the researcher’s own view of his study
 The Researchers will conduct a demonstration to the members of Pound for
Pound Marilao branch for them to try and to be fully aware of the specifications
of the Innovated Vortex Tumbler.
After being aware of the Innovated Vortex Tumbler this is the
part where the members who tried the Innovated Vortex Tumbler
will show interest on the product.
When the members of Pound for Pound show
interest to Vortex Tumbler, this is where the
idea of desire takes place.
The members might
buy or not the
1.3 THE RESEARCH Innovated Vortex
Tumbler.
PARADIGM
(SAMPLE)

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm of the Study : Concept of AIDA

 1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
(SOP)
• states the general goal or purpose of the study which is usually the
title of the study
• Composed of three (3) research questions whose formulation
should be based on how it will ultimately answer the research
problem (always in present tense)
-no questions that are answerable by yes or no
-no questions that will require a narrative answer unless
qualitative or mixed method type of research.
-no questions that are irrelevant to the topic
-only questions that can be answered using Likert scale
• Demographic profile will only be necessary if the study is about
correlation, or the profile will be utilized in the following research
question/s
1.4 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM (SAMPLE)
TITLE : Acceptability and Marketability of the Newly Developed Innovated Vortex Tumbler
SOP: Statement of the Problem
▪ This study aim to determine the Acceptability and Marketability of the Newly Developed Innovated
Vortex Tumbler at Pound for Pound Marilao Branch located at Ibayo, Marilao Bulacan
▪ The researchers will aim to seek an answer the following questions.
1. What is the assessment of the respondents to the Innovated Vortex Tumbler in terms of:
A. Product
B. Price
2. Based on the assessment, what is the level of the acceptability of the respondents to the Vortex Tumbler in
terms of:
A. Product
B. Price
3. Based on the acceptability of the respondents to the Innovated Vortex Tumbler what is the level of
marketability in terms of:
A. Product
B. Price
4. What is the possibility that the Innovated Vortex Tumbler will be actually purchased when out in the market?
A. Product
B. Price
 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• The significance of the study implies the importance of the

study for the broader area of study, the specific question of the
study, and the target group under study.
• statements to whom the study will be important and why
• identifies who will benefit from the result of the study
• enumerates to whom the study will be helpful or useful;
• starts with the group to whom it will be most helpful or useful\
• Note: The significance is written in the BOS of the paper, after
providing the background (context) of the study.
 1.6 SCOPE & DELIMITATION

• Statements of the coverage of the study:

-setting (physical or social context within which research is
conducted)
-number of people involved
-the variables included
-instrument used (Survey Questionnaire, Interview etc.)
-duration of the study
❖Delimitation – set by the researcher
❖Limitation – beyond the control of the researcher, natural limitations
 Limitation VS Delimitation
▪ Delimitations refer to the boundaries of the research study,
based on the researcher’s decision of what to include and
what to exclude. They narrow your study to make it more
manageable and relevant to what you are trying to prove.
▪ Limitations relate to the validity and reliability of the study.
They are characteristics of the research design or
methodology that are out of your control but influence your
research findings. Because of this, they determine the
internal and external validity of your study and are
considered potential weaknesses. (Insufficient sample size,
Lack of Data, Literature etc.
 Guidelines on How to Write a Scope

▪ A good scope statement will answer the following six questions:

▪ Why – the general aims and objectives (purpose) of the research.
▪ What – the subject to be investigated, and the included variables.
▪ Where – the location or setting of the study, i.e. where the data will be gathered and
to which entity the data will belong.
▪ When – the timeframe within which the data is to be collected.
▪ Who – the subject matter of the study and the population from which they will be
selected. This population needs to be large enough to be able to make generalisations.
▪ How – how the research is to be conducted, including a description of the research
design (e.g. whether it is experimental research, qualitative research or a case study),
methodology, research tools and analysis techniques.
 How to Start Writing Your Study Scope

▪ This study is to focus on…

▪ This study covers the…
▪ This study aims to…
How to Start Writing Your Study Delimitations
▪ This study does not cover…
▪ This study is limited to…
▪ The following has been excluded from this study…
 Example Scope and Delimitation
▪ Why- The main purpose of this study is to identify the common problems that
students encounter and to propose possible solutions regarding these
problems.
▪ What- Quantitative descriptive research design will be utilized in this research
to describe every aspect of students’ personal information that has an impact
on their academic performances such as their parents’ educational
background, their parents’ income, sex, age and home location.
▪ Where- Out of 189 second year accounting students of Saint Mary’s University,
100 students will be used as a sample respondents using a structured self-
made survey questionnaires, using appropriate statistical tool the data will be
treated to generalize the result, findings and conclusion.
▪ Who/When- The coverage of this study is limited to the second year
accounting students that are currently enrolled this School Year 2021-2022.
 Sample Scope and Delimitation of the study
The main purpose of this study is to identify the common problems
that students encounter and to propose possible solutions regarding these
problems. Quantitative descriptive research design will be utilized in this
research to describe every aspect of students’ personal information that
has an impact on their academic performances such as their parents’
educational background, their parents’ income, sex, age and home
location. Out of 189 second year accounting students at Saint Mary’s
University, 100 students will be used as a sample respondents using a
structured self-made survey questionnaires. Using appropriate statistical
tool, the data will be treated to generalize the result, findings and
conclusion. The coverage of this study is limited to second year accounting
students that are currently enrolled this SchoolYear 2021-2022.
 1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
May include:
• Conceptual meaning (coming book if it is the a
jargon/technical terminology in your field or from a
dictionary)
OR/AND
• Operational or Functional meaning (defined in accordance to
its usage in the study)
• According to research specialist there should be 50%
operational and 50% conceptual distribution in the DOT
• BUT the best way to define a term is the combination of both
 CHAPTER II
Methods
2.1 Research Design
2.2 Participants of the Study
2.3 Research Instrument
2.4 Data Gathering Procedure
2.5 Statistical Treatment of
Data
Methods
Research methodology defines the
research methods and logic steps -
What to do and how to solve the
problem and achieve proposed
objectives?
Which research methods (e.g.
survey, modeling, case study …)
 1
2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Designs - are types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods
approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in a research study (Creswell, 2014)
A research design is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical data.
Creating a research design means making decisions about:
Your overall aims and approach
The type of research design you’ll use
Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects
Your data collection methods
The procedures you’ll follow to collect data
Your data analysis methods
Undergraduate Research is usually:
● Quantitative in approach (non-experimental)
● Descriptive
● Correlation
 2 2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
● Seldom use correlation but ALLOWED to do correlational
study
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two
or more variables.
Null hypothesis (H0) implies a statement that expects no
difference or effect.
A null hypothesis is a statement, in which there is no relationship between
two variables.
It is what the researcher tries to disprove.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1) is one that expects some difference or
effect.
The alternative hypothesis statement in which there is some statistical
significance between two measured phenomenon.
It is what the researcher tries to prove.
Example: ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SALES PROMOTION
AND PURCHASING DECISION TOWARDS SKIN CARE PRODUCTS AMONG
COLLEGE STUDENTS
 3
Example
▪ Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the two groups with
respect to age, sex, symptom duration. (researcher tries to disprove)
▪ Null hypothesis: The presence of a mentoring relationship does not influence
first-generation students’ intention to remain at their university. (researcher
tries to disprove)
▪ Alternate hypothesis: The presence of a mentoring relationship influences
first-generation students’ intention to remain at their university. (researcher
tries to prove)
▪ Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the two
groups with respect to age, sex, symptom duration. (researcher tries to prove)
▪ T-TEST / PEARSON CORRELATION
 4 2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Types of Research Methods
▪ Descriptive research is defined as a research method that
describes the characteristics of the population or phenomenon
that is being studied.
▪ This methodology focuses more on the “what” of the research
subject rather than the “why” of the research subject.
▪ In other words, descriptive research primarily focuses on
describing the nature of a demographic segment, without
focusing on “why” a certain phenomenon occurs.
▪ In other words, it “describes” the subject of the research, without
covering “why” it happens.
 5 2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Types of Research Methods
▪ Quantitative research
▪ Descriptive research is a quantitative research method that attempts
to collect quantifiable information to be used for statistical analysis of
the population sample. It is a popular market research tool that allows
to collect and describe the nature of the demographic segment.
▪ Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to
test or confirm theories and assumptions. This type of research can be
used to establish generalizable facts about a topic.
▪ Common quantitative methods include experiments, observations
recorded as numbers, and surveys with closed-ended questions.
6
2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Types of Research Methods
▪ Qualitative research
▪ Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth
understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting.
▪ It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies
on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their
every day lives.
▪ Qualitative research is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts,
thoughts or experiences. This type of research enables you to gather in-depth
insights on topics that are not well understood.
▪ Common qualitative methods include interviews with open-ended questions,
observations described in words, and literature reviews that explore concepts
and theories.
 7
2.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
Types of Research Methods
▪ ‘Mixed methods’ is a research approach whereby researchers collect and
analyse both quantitative and qualitative data within the same study
▪ Mixed methods research draws on potential strengths of both
qualitative and quantitative methods
8
The differences between quantitative and qualitative research
Quantitative research
Focuses on testing theories and
hypotheses
Analyzed through math
and statistical analysis
Mainly expressed in numbers,
graphs and tables
Requires many respondents
Closed (multiple choices) questions
Qualitative Research
Focuses on exploring ideas and
formulating a theory or hypothesis
Analyzed by summarizing,
categorizing and interpreting
Mainly expressed in words
Requires few respondents
Open-ended questions
 9 Example2.1 Research Design
(use present tense in your proposal paper)
▪ (Overall aims and approach) The main purpose of the study is to find out the perception
of college students on online enrollment at Meycauayan college during the pandemic. To
reach the intended objective. (Type of research design) A mixed method approach was
chosen as the research question contained numerical data which is indeed needed in the
study, and to determine the participants’ views based on subjective manner.
▪ This study used a mixed-method to determine the perception of college students on the
online enrollment process of Meycauayan college, since the present study is intended to
respond to research questions of mixed method, data collection and data analysis
techniques from methodologies are implemented.
▪ (data collection methods)Quantitative and qualitative methods were deployed as part
of this research: data handled quantitatively were gathered via the online questionnaire
and qualitative data were gathered via the semi-structured interviews, but also via some
open-ended questions of the questionnaire.
Your sampling methods or criteria for selecting subjects, Your The procedures you’ll follow to collect data, Your data analysis methods
1
2.2 PARICIPANTS OF THE STUDY

- gives the information about the group of people who will answer
the research instrument (survey questionnaire):

●how many are they

● criteria

● sampling technique

- random sampling

- non-random sampling
2
Types of Sampling Methods and Techniques in Research
▪ Sampling is a statistical process whereby researchers choose the type of the sample..
▪ Population is a set of units that we are interested in studying. These
units should have at least one common characteristic. The units
could be people, cases (organizations, institutions), and pieces of
data (for example – customer transactions).
▪ Sample is a part of the population that is subject to research and used to
represent the entire population as a whole. Only a sample is studied when
conducting statistical or marketing research. SLOVENS FORMULA / CRONBACH
ALPHA /
▪ There are two basic types of sampling methods:
▪ 1. Probability sampling
▪ 2. Non-probability sampling
 3

▪ 1. Probability Sampling (also known as random sampling or

chance sampling) utilizes random sampling techniques and
principles to create a sample.
▪ This type of sampling method gives all the members of a
population equal chances of being selected.
▪ For example, if we have a population of 100 people, each one of
the persons has a chance of 1 out of 100 of being chosen for the
sample.
4
▪ Types of Probability Sampling Methods
A. Simple Random Sampling
▪ This is the purest and the clearest probability sampling design and
strategy. It is also the most popular way of a selecting a sample because
it creates samples that are very highly representative of the population.
▪ An example of a simple random sample would be the names of 25
employees being chosen out of a hat from a company of 250
employees.
B. Stratified Random Sampling
▪ A stratified random sample is a population sample that involves the
division of a population into smaller groups, called ‘strata’. Then the
researcher randomly selects the final items proportionally from the
different strata.
▪ stratified random samples are used with populations that can be easily
broken into different subgroups or subsets, (Male and Female)
▪ 1000 enrolled sample population 200
▪ Area 1 250 25% 50
▪ Area 2 100 10% 20
▪ Area 3 200 20% 40
▪ Area 4 150 15% 30
▪ Area 5 300 30% 60
5 Types of Probability Sampling Methods
C. Systematic Sampling
▪ This method is appropriate if we have a complete list of sampling subjects
arranged in some systematic order such as geographical and alphabetical
order.
▪ For example, if you as a researcher want to create a systematic sample of
1000 workers at a corporation with a population of 10000, you would choose
every 10th individual from the list of all workers.
D. Cluster Random Sampling
▪ This is one of the popular types of sampling methods that randomly select
members from a list which is too large.
▪ A typical example is when a researcher wants to choose 1000 individuals
from the entire population of the U.S. It is impossible to get the complete list
of every individual. So, the researcher randomly selects areas (such as cities)
and randomly selects from within those boundaries.
6 2. Non-probability Sampling
▪ Non-probability sampling is a group of sampling techniques where the
samples are collected in a way that does not give all the units in the
population equal chances of being selected. Probability sampling does
not involve random selection at all.
▪ For example, one member of a population could have a 10% chance of
being picked. Another member could have a 50% chance of being
picked.
▪ Most commonly, the units in a non-probability sample are selected on
the basis of their accessibility. They can be also selected by the
purposive personal judgment of you as a researcher.
▪ The key difference between non-probability and probability sampling is
that the first one does not include random selection.
7
Types of Non-Probability Sampling Methods
A. Convenience Sampling
▪ As the name suggests, this method involves collecting units
that are the easiest to access: your local school, the mall, your
nearest church and etc. It forms an accidental sample. It is
generally known as an unsystematic and careless sampling
method.
▪ Respondents are those “who are very easily available for
interview”. For example, people intercepted on the street,
Facebook fans of a brand and etc.
▪ This technique is known as one of the easiest, cheapest and
least time-consuming types of sampling methods.
8
Types of Non-Probability Sampling Methods
B. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling methodology aims to create a sample where
the groups (e.g. males vs. females) are proportional to the
population.
The population is divided into groups (also called strata) and the
samples are gathered from each group to meet a quota.
For example, if your population has 40% female and 60%
males, your sample should consist those percentages.
Quota sampling is typically done to ensure the presence of a
specific segment of the population.
9

C. Judgment Sampling
▪ Judgmental sampling is a sampling methodology where the
researcher selects the units of the sample based on their
knowledge. This type of sampling methods is also famous as
purposive sampling or authoritative sampling.
▪ In this method, units are selected for the sample on the basis of
a professional judgment that the units have the required
characteristics to be representatives of the population.
▪ Judgmental sampling design is used mainly when a restricted
number of people possess the characteristics of interest. It is a
common method of gathering information from a very specific
group of individuals.
10

D. Snowball Sampling / Virtual Snowball Sampling

▪ Snowball sampling isn’t one of the common types of
sampling methods but still valuable in certain cases.
▪ It is a methodology where researcher recruits other
individuals for the study. This method is used only when the
population is very hard-to-reach.
▪ For example, these include populations such as working
prostitutes, current heroin users, people with drug
addicts, and etc. The key downside of a snowball sample
is that it is not very representative of the population.
 2.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
➢refers to the survey questionnaire which is:
- constructed by the researchers;
- validated by area experts; and
- administered to the respondents in order to gather the
necessary data that will answer the research questions.
-since the research study at PDM/MC is usually quantitative
in approach,
-research instrument uses the Likert scale as a tool of
measuring the variable (that is needed to be measured) in the
study
 Example

The researchers will use self-made survey questionnaires to be

validated by the panelist in gathering data to determine satisfaction
of Lazada and Shopee customers.
The survey questionnaire contains 3 parts (explain the contents
of every part) and the method to be used to treat the data
statistically is Likert scale by Rensis Likert.
The researchers will conduct an online survey to observe safety
protocols in that sense, no physical interaction will be made during
the whole process of gathering data.
 2.4 Data Gathering Procedure
▪ Data collection is defined as the procedure of collecting, measuring and
analyzing accurate insights for research using standard validated techniques.
▪ Explains the procedure the researcher undertake to be able to gather the
necessary data
The researchers first asked the dean of CHTM the list of all alumni who are
currently working as managers in food service establishments. The researchers
then submitted a letter to the office of the administration, and office of the
Program Director and asked permission for surveying and conducting an initial
interview with the PDM HTM Alumni.
The researchers gave questionnaire to the participants; the researchers
personally gave the questionnaires to their participants after being approved. The
researchers briefly explained to the participants the requirements of the survey,
the researchers assure the answer of the participants to be strictly confidentiality.
The questionnaire was tallied, given statistical treatment, analyze and
interpreted.
 2.5 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA
➢ the identified statistical formula used to treat the
raw data (collected data from the questionnaire) for
analysis and interpretation
➢weighted mean is the usual statistical treatment
used to the gathered data through questionnaire
➢Percentage, Mean, Median, Mode, Ranking,
PearsonR., Standard Deviation etc.
➢Range, Assign value, Verbal Interpretation
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
& APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL TREATMENT
(SAMPLE)
A. Assessment on Innovated Vortex Tumbler in terms of B. Acceptability, Marketability and Possibility of purchasing the
product and price. Innovated Vortex Tumbler.
Scale Mean Value Verbal Scale Mean Value Verbal Interpretation
Interpretation 5 4.50-5.00 Very High
5 4.50-5.00 Very Good 4 3.50-4.49 High
4 Good 3 2.50-3.49 Average
3.50-4.49
3 2.50-3.49 Average
2 1.50-2.49 Low
2 1.50-2.49 Low 1 1.00-1.49 Very Low
Very Low
1 1.00-1.49 ∑𝑓𝑥
𝑥ҧ𝑤 =
𝑛
where 𝑥ҧ𝑤 = weighted mean
f = frequency of response
x = weight of response
n = total number of participants
 Etcetera…..

❖ Ideally the following alignment should be observed:

Research Question #1 Finding #1 Conclusion #1 Recommendation#1

 Thank You…
Enjoy the Learning in your
Journey to Research Writing
See you in your Proposal Defense
Goodluck.......