[SILICON ATom Wie... | gp =~ Stkteon_.18 Mer. Me ose erNG AND Im PoRTANT ELECTRONIC loomPONENTS._ARE MADE FROM. GRYSTALS. CALLED [SEmeon0uCTORS, DEPENDING ON CERTAIN. CONDITIONS, A -SEMiCONOUCTOR _CAN.__ACT LIKE _A_ Compucr oR. FOUR... ELECTRONS. IN. IT.S_. OUTERMOST SHELL, Ru or. [WOULD LiKE 7D HAVE. lEIGHT. THEREFORE , DE...ATS. ~ UP wit. a SHARE ELECTROWS.3. MEIGHBORS... OUTER... ELECTRONS A. REGULAR. ARRANGED. CALLED. A cRysrét. SILICON... FORHS___27.7 %.._OF__THE__EARTH’?S___CRus: OXYGEN. IS ORE Common. _/T)S._. —fOuMp.. PURE STATE. WHEN SILICON AND... DIAMOND. SHARE. THE.. SAME CRYSTAL. STRUCTURE. AND. OTHER. \iity.. PROPERTIES.._BuT. —CRYSTALS..Ir's (ut _INTD.WAEERS FOR _ TRANSPARENT. 2ti fit LS. CALLE | ELECTRON DEFICIENT lor Swicon ATOMS EAVES A. D SILICON RECIPES — PURE Sii@on ISAT VERY USEFUC. THATS. WHY. SILICON) MAKERS SPICE UP THEIR... SILLCON. RECIPES WITHA PHOSPHORUS, BOROAL...OR __GOo01ES. THIS. 1S CALLED. THE ___S1LtGON, WHEN __ INTO. CRYSTALS, DOPED —-SILLCON... HAS VERY YSEEUL ELECTRONIC... PROPERTIES. fi E BORON... PHOSPHORUS... AAD Can Tus_with Sicicon_ ATOMS. TO HERS'S._ THE CATCH: A BORON... ATOM. HAS ONLY THREE ELECTROW JA) JTS ___ OUTER. SHELL. _ANO_ A. PHOSPHORUS. ATOM. HAS. EWE ELECTRONS IN ITS OUTER SHELL, SILIConL..WITH EXTRA PHOSPHORUS. ELECTROMS NS TYPE SILL. COW.(.N.2. NEGATIVE). SILICON WITH BORON...ATOMS.. IS CALLED. Rees |A_gofon. ATOM IN_A__CLUSTER VACANT ELECTRON OPENING 175. POssiBLe laces CAN Move THROUGH. | Sicicon (aust AS sussies Hose. {MOVE THROUGH WATER)... LHL LTTE LY lpowaTes AN ExTeA. ELECTRON...) THIS. EXTRA__ELECTRON. Be-BOTH TYPES IS DETERMINED Ry HOLES _O8 SuRMUS ELECTRONS, BY FORMING Some P-TYPE SILICON In) A CHIP OF N= [Tyee OM, ELECTRONS With FLOW THROUEM THE. SILICON JN_ONLY ONE RECT IOAL THIS 1S THE PRINCIPLE oF THE._DIODE . THE P-N. INTERFACE. |S CALLED THE PAL TUNCTION. OQ How THE Diope woRKS— HERE'S A SIMMIEIED. CONDUCTS. ELECTRICITY. _ | gi _uoutace _exceeos THE TUNGCTION._ THERE = |___ REPELS. HOLES ANO ELECTRONS TOWARO.THE JUNCTION, ELECTRONS AWAY FROM. O.G-VoLr (Sitcom), THEN. Fore, No nn ELECTRONS” WILL CRoss AN THE__SUNcTion AnD — j—-COMBIME..WITH HOueS, A_CURRENT THEN ELows._ BA Pic al piobe = Dione sane ODER S.A DARK BAND MARKS, — CURRENT. Lous WHEN ANODE 1S aw Moae.PosiTve /_ANODE THAN CATHODE, |Comnoney.. ENCLOSED IN SMALL GLASS |THE CATHODE _TERMWAC. THE = OPPOSITE TERMINAL iS THE ANODE aay .DORE OPERATION = You. ALREADY KNOW A _DIDDE._1S__ [Like An ErectRaNic ONE=WAYVALVE.._LT?S._In1PORTANT [re UNDERSTAND. SOME ADDITIONAL ASPECTS. —[oreranon. MERE ARE. —{ 1A Dope wit. —|-vorraGe REACHES. A CERTAIN. {| -SILiCon.._ O/00ES THIS. VOLTAGE. | EXCESSWE , THE SEmiconnucToR MAY CRACK OR MELT! AND... THE. CONTACTS._MAY SEPARATE... AIP MECTS., THE _DIOOE._ MAY._SUODENLY. CONOUCT._IN..BOTH DIRECTIONS... THE | RESULTING HEAT MAY VAPORIZE THE Ol SumMING up Diove | THIS GRAPH SUMS UP. ¢-2 FORWARD CURRENT [Ie = REVERSE CURRENT _(SILICON) _ Hed gaeeesaness|. TYPES OF DIODES - -_MANY DIFFERENT. _KINDS__OF [DIODES ARE._AVALASLE, HERE ARE Some OF THE SMALL SIGNAL. DIODES ARE USED rp TRANSFORM... LOW..CURRENT...AC TO DC, Derect —CQEMODULATE)..RADIO.. SIGNALS, MUCTIPLY VOLTAGE, PERFORM. .LOGIC, AGSORE VOLTAGE SPIKES, ETC. Power RECTIFIER. IDENTICAG, SMALL SIGNAL POWER RECTIFIERS..CAN. HANDLE MUCH MORE. CURRENT... THEY. ._ARE._ IN STALLED. zi IW CARGE METAL... PACKAGES..._THAT.__SoAK uP. : EXCESS.HEAT..AND... TRANSFER IT 7D A. METAG HEAT. SINK» ..USE0 MAINLY IN POWER. SUPPLIES, SIGNED. TD. HAVE. A ~C.Gonouer-lon). VOLTAGE, THIS .MEANS. ZENER. O1ODES.... CAN FUNCTION LIKE. =a A... VOLTAGE SENSITIVE SWITCH. ZENER DIODES HAVING. BREAKDOWN VOLTAGES (Va).OF FROM ABouT. 2-VOLTS TO. ATION. WHEN FORWARD BIASED. DIODES MADE FROM. CERTAIN SEMICONDUCTORS. (LIKE GALLIUM ARSENIDE PHOSPH/DE) EMIT CONSIDERAGLY MORE. | RATION Than _SiUIcON DIODES. THEY'RE CALLED fT = Et tin PkeTopiopeS. THEY INCLUDE A GLASS oR a ———-RLASTIC._WINDow... THROUGH WHICH me LIGHT. —ENTERS.__OFTENL THRY HAVE _A__LARGE , ExPosED JUNCTION REGION. __SWICON MAKES G00) PHOTDDIDDES._HOW. DIODES ARE. USED ——|im_cuneter —You'te SEE HOW VARIOUS TYPES OF DIODES ARE INMANY APPLICATIONS... FOR Mow HERE ARE TWO OF AE MOST IMPORTANT... ROLES..FOR Smale SIGNAL Diape SAND RECTIFIERS? NUNDULATING. CAC) SIGNAL COR VOLTAGE) __ Cpe our S RECTIFIED INTO A ie HALEoF SIGNAL. SINGLE PoLAR\Ty Coc) 1SBLOCKED_. ICL. FULL = WAVE... RECTIFIER, @R_BRIDGE_RECTIELER) RECTIEIES 907A HALUES De out OF AN AC SIGNAL. AC.IN AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT 1S THE MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS. TAROUGA A__CONDUCTOR. 02 SEMICONDUCTOR. SINCE ELECTRONS MOVE. FROM. A NEGATIVELY CHARGED TDA POSITIVELY CHARGED REGION, WHY DOES THE _ARROWHEAD..IN A DIODE SYMBo. POINT INTHE lopeosize DIRECTION? TAERE .ARE_.TWO_REASONS: -WUTH BEN TAMIN.. “ERANKLIN, it WAS. “TRADITION ALLY. ASSUMED ELECTRICITY Flows FROM A POSITIVELY CHARGED. To A _|NEGATIVELY CHARGED REGION. THE DISCOVERY 0& THE ELECTRON CORRECTED. THAT...( BT. MOST. EGECTRICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS.TDDAY __ __|STILA FOLLOW THE OLD TRADITION. IN.WHICH..THE...POSITIVE POWER. ISuPAY CONNECTION. 1S PLACED ABOVE. THE NEGATIVE... CONNECTION |AS_1F GRAVITY. SOMEHOW _INELUENCES THE ELOW..0F..A..CURRENT.) 2. A. SEMICONDUCTOR, AS SHOWN ON PAGE iN THE DIRECTION. OPPOSITE THAT OF ELECTRON FLO} FHEREEORE. COMMON. 1D..REFER TO. PosiTIVE SEMICONDUCTORS. i: FOR ACCURACY, IN. THIS. BOOK." CURRENT. FLOW." REFERS..TO ELEGIRON \FLOW..BUT.._.WE'RE _STUCK._WITH SYMBOLS THAT INDICATE HOLE FLOW. \ \ \\