Digestion and absorption of Carbohydrates.

FOOD

MOUTH

DIGESTED INTO THE STOMACH

SMALL INTESTINE FOR CARBOHYRATE FORMATION

BREAKDOWN OR COVERTION DISACCHARIDE TO MONOSACCHARIDE THAT OCCURS IN THE OUTHER

MEMBRANE

Glycolysis

GLUCOSE

ATP TO ADP

FORMATION OF GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE

FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE

ATP TO ADP

FRUCTOSE 1.6 BISPHOSPHATE

DIHYDROXYACETONE PHOSPHATE TWO GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE

2NADPLUS+2Pi
 TWO FORMATION OF 3 PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

2ADP CONVERT INTO 2ATP

TWO PHOSPHOGLYCERATES

TWO 2 PHOSPHOGLYCERATE

2H20

TWO PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATES

2ADP CONVRTED INTO 2 ATP

TWO PYRUVATES

REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS

GLUCOSE

COVERTION OF GLUCOSE TO GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE INVOLVES THE ENZYME OF HEXOKINASE

CONVERSION OF FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE TO FRUCTOSE 1.6 BISPHOSPHATE BY

PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE

CONVERSION OF PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE TO PYRUVATE BY PYRUVATE KINASE

PYRUVATE End product

Glycogen synthesis and degradation

GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND DEGRADATION

GLUCOSE

GLUCOSE 6 P

PHOSPHOGLYCUMUTASE

GLUCOSE 1 P

GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORELASE

GLYCOGEN
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY
GLUCAGON

DECREASE OF BLOOD GLUCOSE

RELEASE OF GLUCOSE

Glucagon binds to membrane receptor

Activation of adenylate cyclase

Increase in Camp

Activation of cAMP kinase Activation glycogen phoshorylase

and inhibition of glycogen synthase

Release of glucose into bloods

EPINEPHRINE

Epinephrine release from adrenal medulla

cAMP-mediated activation of PKA and phosphorylation of

Phosphorylase Kinase

Phosphorylase

(active) increased glycogenolysis

INSULIN

Release of Insulin Increase in the rate of glycogen synthesis

Binds to proteins receptors

entry of the glucose into the cells

Increase permeability to glucose

Removal of glucose from blood and its storage as glycogen