Life Processes

Full Chapter - 30
Minutes!
Nutrition
 What is the main difference between
autotrophic and heterotrophic mode of
nutrition?

List down different mode of

heterotrophic mode of nutrition along
with one example each.
Autotrophic mode : The mode of nutrition in
which organisms synthesis their own food
from simple inorganic substances like carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight
is called as Autotrophic . For e.g. Plants and
Blue-green algae.

Heterotrophic mode : Mode of nutrition in

which an organism cannot make its own food
and depends on other organisms for its food.

Parasitic Saprophytic Holozoic

Cuscuta Mushrooms Humans

 Answer the following questions :

1. What is photosynthesis

2. Write down its balanced chemical

equation

3. What are the raw materials

required for it apart from water?
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN PLANTS

It is a complex process by which green plants

synthesize their own food.

Some of it
Raw Materials : is used
1. Carbon Dioxide and some
2. Water is stored
in form of
End Products: starch.
1. Glucose
(carbohydrates)
2. Oxygen
 What are Chloroplasts? What
function do they perform during
photosynthesis?
● Cells in green parts of the plants have
organelles called as Chloroplasts. They are
the site of Photosynthesis.

● These Chloroplasts contain a green pigment

called as Chlorophyll.

● Chlorophyll capture falling sunlight on it

which is utilised during Photosynthesis.
Label the following parts :

a
b
c

f
 Draw a neat and well labelled
diagram of stomata and explain
their opening and closing.
Stomata has two main functions:

1. Gaseous exchange i.e. intake of carbon

dioxide and release of oxygen.

2. Process of transpiration in plants, i.e.,

that is loss of excess water from the
aerial parts of the plant.
 Open: A plant cells becomes turgid (high
water pressure) due to high sugar content in
it. This causes the guard cells to swell up and
the stomatal pore to open.

Closed: When guard cell loses water (shrinks).

The stomatal pore closes.
 Which mode of nutrition does
Amoeba show? Explain its steps.

How does nutrition in amoeba differ

from that in paramecium?
Amoeba shows holozoic mode of nutrition.

Ingestion: With the help of pseudopodia, Amoeba

encircles the food and engulfs it forming a food
vacuole. This process is known as phagocytosis.

Digestion: Food vacuoles are transported deeper into

the cell and with the help of the digestive enzymes, the
large insoluble particles are broken down to the
simplest molecules.
Absorption: Nutrients from the digested food material
are absorbed into the cell’s cytoplasm by leaving
behind the undigested particles. This process is called
diffusion.

Assimilation: It is a process of obtaining energy from

the absorbed food molecules.

Egestion: In amoeba, this process is carried out by

rupturing the cell membrane to remove the undigested
food material from its body.

The only difference is: paramecium doesn't “engulf”

its food like amoeba does but take in particles of
food through its “mouth” ( the oral groove).
The process of obtaining food by
Amoeba is known as:

a) Dialysis
b) Cytokinesis
c) Phagocytosis
d) Amoebiasis
Draw a well labelled diagram of Human
digestive system and label :

● Small intestine
● Large intestine
● Stomach
● Food pipe
● Pancreas
Where does the digestion of starch
start in human body?

How does digestion takes place in

different parts of large intestine?
Digestion of starch start in human mouth itself
due to the presence of salivary amylase present
in saliva.

Large intestine : It is wider than small intestine

(hence, the name).

1. Caecum: Partly digested food moves through

the cecum into the colon.
2. Colon: removes water and some nutrients and
electrolytes from partially digested food.
3. Rectum: serves as a temporary storage site for
undigested food.
 ALIMENTARY CANAL

Parts Functions Components & its functions

Digestion first takes place in-
Mouth
Mouth. Food enters into body
through mouth.
Tongue: Muscular structure, present at the floor of
buccal cavity. Helps in mixing food with saliva.
Teeth: Hard structures & present on both upper and
lower jaw. They help in the crushing of food (mastication)
through grinding, cutting and chewing of food.

Longest part of alimentary canal. It 1. Duodenum: Receives secretion from liver & pancreas.
Small Intestine
is very coiled in a small space
(hence, the naem). Main site of 2. Jejunum: Coiled mid-section of small intestine.
digestion. Receive secretion from
Liver & Pancreas. 3. Ileum: Final portion that leads to large intestine.

1. Caecum: Partly digested food moves through the cecum

Large Intestine It is wider than small intestine into the colon.
(hence, the name). 2. Colon: removes water and some nutrients and
electrolytes from partially digested food.
3. Rectum: serves as a temporary storage site for
undigested food.
 ALIMENTARY CANAL

Parts Functions Components & its

functions

It is the last chamber

Rectum that stores fecal
matter (digested food)
temporarily.

Anus It is the end point to

our alimentary canal.
It helps in the exit of
undigested food from
our body.

They are aided by

anal sphincter
(external and
internal).
 DIGESTIVE GLANDS
GLANDS FUNCTION

Salivary

Produce saliva.

Contains an enzyme called salivary amylase which digests the starch

present in food into sugar.

Gastric (found in wall of HCL: Kill bacterias present in food (if any) , and creates an acidic medium of
stomach) pH about 2, facilitating the action of pepsin.

Pepsin: This enzyme does the digestion of proteins.

Mucus: Protect the stomach wall from its own secretions of HCL.
 DIGESTIVE GLANDS

GLANDS FUNCTION

Liver (Largest gland) Secretes bile juice. It is a greenish yellow liquid made in liver
But it is stored in the gallbladder.

Pancreas Lies parallel to and beneath the stomach. Contains digestive enzymes
pancreatic amylase, trypsin, lipase.

Intestinal Glands The walls of the small intestine contain numerous glands that secrete
intestinal juice containing amylolytic, proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes.
(a) State the role played by the following
in the process of digestion :

(i) Enzyme trypsin

(ii) Enzyme lipase

(b) List two functions of finger-like

projections present in the small intestine.
 a) (i) Enzyme trypsin : This enzyme is produced by the
pancreas in an inactive form called trypsinogen.
Trypsin converts remaining proteins into peptones
and the peptones into peptides and amino acids.

(ii) Enzyme lipase : Lipase converts fats into fatty

acids and glycerol.

(b) Internally, the wall of the small intestine is provided

with long finger-like projections called villi. Two functions
of villi are :

● (i) The villi greatly increase the absorptive surface

area of the inner lining of small intestine.
● (ii) The large surface area of small intestine helps
in rapid absorption of digested food.
Why do herbivores have a longer small
intestine than carnivores?
Herbivores have a longer small intestine to
facilitate cellulose digestion.

Carnivores have shorter small intestine as

meat gets digested easily.
Respiration
What is respiration? And what are
oxidative substrates?

Write down the steps of two types of

respiration in a diagrammatic
manner?
The process in which the FOOD is broken down in the
cells with the help of oxygen to release energy is known
as RESPIRATION.

● It is a catabolic process.

The organic substances undergoing oxidative

breakdown during respiration are known as Respiratory
Substrates, e.g. Glucose.

Food + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

Steps in Respiration
What is the other name of Trachea?
What prevents it from collapsing?
 Trachea is also known as WINDPIPE. It
has Rings of Cartilage. These ensure that
the air-passage does not collapse.
 Rate of breathing in aquatic
organisms is much faster than that in
terrestrial organisms. Give reasons.
Aquatic animals like fishes obtain oxygen
from water present in the dissolved form
through their gills.

The amount of dissolved oxygen is quite

small as compared to the amount of oxygen
in the air.

Therefore, to obtain required oxygen from

water, aquatic animals have to breathe much
faster than the terrestrial organisms.
 Why do we get cramps after
vigorous exercise?

It happens because muscle cells do

not get enough oxygen while exercising and
thus anaerobic respiration takes place in
them which produces LACTIC ACID as an
end product.

Accumulation of lactic acid in muscle cells

causes:

● Fatigue

● And, Muscle cramps.

Transportation
What is Transpiration? Why is
it called a necessary evil?
Transpiration:

It is the loss of water through the aerial parts of the

plant. The water is typically lost in the form of water
vapours through tiny opening present on leaves i.e
stomata

Transpiration is called necessary evil because:

● It causes around 90% of water loss for the plant.

● But it is necessary for the plant since it causes a
suction force known as transpirational pull.
● This suction force helps in transporting water up
to larger heights in plants against the force of
gravity.
● It also leads to excessive loss of water sometimes
causing the wilting of leaves.
● Thus, transpiration is termed a necessary evil.
How is food translocated
in plants ?
● The transport of soluble products
of photosynthesis is called
translocation.

● It occurs in the part of the

vascular tissue known as phloem.

● Components of Phloem : companion

cells, phloem fibres, phloem
parenchyma cells and sieve tubes

● Food (sugar) is loaded in sieve

tubes by using the energy (ATP)
which is then transported
throughout due to higher osmotic
pressure in the tissue.
 Answer the following questions :

● Which instrument is used to measure

blood pressure?

● Differentiate between pulmonary and

systemic circulation

● Which blood vessel carries

oxygenated blood from lungs to the
heart?
 Instrument to measure to blood pressure :
Sphygmomanometer

Pulmonary circulation
It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to
absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. The
oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.

Systemic circulation
Systemic circulation moves oxygenated blood
from the heart and the rest of the body.

● Pulmonary Artery: It takes deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary Vein: It carries oxygenated blood
to the lungs.
● Aorta: It carries oxygenated blood to the body
from lungs to heart
tissues.
● Pulmonary Vein: It carries oxygenated blood
from lungs to heart
● Vena Cava: It takes deoxygenated blood from
body parts to heart
Assertion: The muscular walls of the
ventricle are thicker than auricles.
Reason: This helps in preventing the
backflow of the blood.

a) Both A & R are true and R is the correct

explanation of A
b) Both A & R are true, but R is not the
correct explanation of A
c) A is true, but R is false
d) A is false, but R is true
Differentiate between blood and
lymph
 Lymph Blood

● It is a colourless fluid. ● It is a reddish coloured fluid.

● It is part of the lymphatic system ● Part of circulatory system.

● It helps in body defence and is a part of ● It is involved in the circulation of nutrients,

the immune system. hormones, oxygen and carbon dioxide,
wastes and other toxins.

● It contains plasma and a lesser number ● It contains plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and
of WBCs and platelets. platelets.

● Carries less oxygen and digested food.

● Carries more oxygen and digested food.
● Nutrients are supplied from the cells,
tissue to the blood, through lymphatic ● Nutrients are supplied to different organs.
vessels.

● The movement of lymph is in a single ● The movement of blood is in a circular

direction. motion.
Excretion
Name any four excretory body
parts/organs in humans

● Lungs
● Skin
● Liver
● Kidneys
Label the Following parts of Human
kidney :
Choose the correct path of urine in our body

(a) kidney →ureter →urethra →urinary bladder

(b) kidney →urinary bladder →urethra →ureter

(c) kidney →ureters →urinary bladder →urethra

(d) urinary bladder →kidney →ureter →urethra

 How is Urine formed in Human
beings? Explain in detail with the
help of a diagram.
 Urine formation takes place in Kidneys in
Nephrons. Kidney has thousands of nephrons.

Each nephron performs following three functions:

A) Glomerular Filtration
B) Reabsorption
C) Secretion

Step 1 : Glomerular filtration-

● Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus
where blood is filtered.

All the constituents of the plasma reach the Bowman’s

capsule, except proteins.

This process is also known as Ultrafiltration.

Step 2 : Reabsorption- ● The urine forming in each
kidney eventually enters a
Glomerular filtrate enters the tubule where long tube, the ureter, which
essential substances such as glucose, amino connects the kidneys with
acids, salts and a major the urinary bladder.
amount of water, are selectively reabsorbed as
the urine flows along the tube. ● Urine is stored in the
urinary bladder until the
pressure of the expanded
bladder leads to the urge
to pass it out through the
Step 3 : Tubular secretion- urethra.

When the filtrate goes to the distal part urea, ● The bladder is muscular, so
potassium ion and some hydrogen ions are secreted it is under nervous control,
in the form of urine. and we can thus control
the urge to urinate.
This helps in OSMOREGULATION.
Explain any 2 ways in which
excretion occurs in plants.
Gaseous Waste Products:
● Such as Co2, and water vapours.
● They are excreted through stomata and
lenticels.

Liquid Waste Products:

● They can get rid of excess water by
transpiration.
 TEST YOURSELF (ANSWERS IN DESCRIPTION BOX)

● What is Osmoregulation?

● Difference between egestion and excretion?

● What is the dental formula for an adult Human?

● What are peristaltic movement?

● In which part of Small Intestine, liver and pancreas

give their secretions?

● What is Ascent of Sap?

● Where does Glycolysis happen in anaerobic

respiration?

● Write one advantage of having 4 chambered heart.

● How does the food get transported in plants?