CRIM 3 MID TERMS REVIEWER
the living from non-living
NATURE AND CONCEPTS OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR
BEHAVIOR – Observable responses of person
to his or her environment
HUMAN BEHAVIOR – Describes a person’s
actions and/or conduct
PSYCHOLOGY – Study of the mind and
behavior
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY – Application of
clinical specialties to the legal arena
ATTITUDE – A feeling or opinion about
something or someone
PERSONALITY – Individual differences in
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and
behaving
 No two people are alike
 Men differ from women
 People differ from day-to-day
Nature of Individual Differences
 Physical
 Ability/Skill
 Personality
 Intelligence
CHARACTER – Combination of qualities in a
person or place that makes them different from
others
COMMON SENSE – Sound and prudent
judgement, Based on a simple perception of
situation or facts
NATURE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
HOMER – “Human behavior as the modern
sense of breath or sign of life”
SOCRATES AND PLATO – “Human behavior
has two parts:
1. Rational Part – can unravel the meaning of
life
2. Irrational Part – deals with emotions
ARISTOTLE – “Human behavior distinguishes
ATTRIBUTES/CHARACTERISTICS OF
BEHAVIOR
1. Overt – Visible; occurs outside of human
being
2. Covert – Not visible; hidden
3. Simple – Small, bite-size behaviors
4. Complex – This can be broken into smaller
behaviors
5. Rational – Acting with reason
6. Irrational – Unreasonable behavior
7. Voluntary – With full volition of will
8. Involuntary – Occurs naturally
9. Molecular – Sudden behavior
10. Molar – Occurs with a thinking process
ASPECTS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
1. Intellectual - Way to thinking, reasoning,
solving problems, processing information, and
coping with the environment
2. Emotional - Feelings, moods, temper,
strong motivational force within the person
3. Social - How a person conducts himself with
other people
4.Psychosexual - Physiological system of an
individual
5. Moral - Concept of what is right or wrong
6. Spiritual - Consciousness of the higher
values in life
7. Physical - Being a man or a woman;
expression of love
8. Political - Ideology toward
society/government
9. Value/Attitude - Interest towards something;
likes and dislikes
THREE FACULTIES OF MAN
WILL – Power of conscious deliberation of
actions
INTELLECT – Power of perception or though
SOUL – Emotional faculty of man
EROS – Love instinct
THANATOS – Death wish
LIBIDO – Sexual craving
INSTINCT – Innate
OBJECTIVES OF STUDYING HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
1. Describe behavior
2. Predict Behavior
3. Determine its causes and effects
4. Control behavior
APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY IN LAW
ENFORCEMENT
1. Public Relation
2. Crime Investigation
3. Group Control
4. Court
5. Alcoholics
6. Crime
STUDYING HUMAN BEHAVIOR MAY HELP:
1. Reduce crime rates
2. Improve educational techniques
3. Treat people with disorder
APPROACHES IN THE STUDY OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
Neurological - emphasizes human actions in
relation to events taking place inside the body,
especially the brain and the nervous system
Behavioral - Focuses on those external
activities of the organism that can be observed
and measured.
Cognitive - Concerned with the way the brain
processes and transforms information in
various ways.
Psychoanalytical - Emphasizes unconscious
motives stemming from repressed sexual and
aggressive impulses in childhood.
Humanistic - Focuses on the subject’s
experience, freedom of choice, and motivation
toward self-actualization.
MEASURES IN ASSESSING HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
1.  Descriptive Method - Describing the
behavior through:
     a. Naturalistic observation - observes the
behavior in the natural setting of the person’s
background
     b. Systematic observation - making use of
the adjective checklists (i.e. skills rating) given
by the guidance counsel
2.  Clinical Method - Diagnose and treatment
of serious emotional or mental disorders or
disturbances.
3.  Experimental Method - Relationship
between variables by way of experimental
(laboratory). Specimens are required for
comparison and for contrast.
4. Statistical Method - Making use of
researches that were conducted; measures of
central tendencies, mean, median, mode tests;
(the use of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR)).
Determinants of Behavior
1. Heredity– genetic inheritance
2. Environment – socio-cultural inheritance
3. Self–fundamental functioning of the self-
structure that we make about ourselves
and our world.
Two Basic Factors Affecting Behavior
1. Heredity/Biological Factors (Nature) –
explained by heredity. 
- The characteristics of an individual acquired
from birth are transferred from one generation
to another (i.e. emotional aggression,
intelligence, ability, potentials). 
- It influences all aspects of behaviors,
including intellectual capabilities, reactions,
tendencies, and stress tolerance. 
- It also considers influences of genetic defects,
and faulty genes, diseases, endocrine
imbalances, malnutrition, and other physical
deprivations carried from one generation to
another.

2. Environmental Factors (Nurture) –
anything around the person that influences his
actions.
a. Family background
b. Influence of childhood trauma
c. Pathogenic family structure – a family with
the high frequency of the problem
 Inadequate family – unable to cope
with ordinary problems of family
living.
 Anti-social family – espouses
unacceptable values
 Discordant/disturbed family –
characterized by the dissatisfaction
of one or both parents.
 Disrupted family – characterized by
incompleteness.
d.  Institutional influences.
e.  Socio-cultural factors
f. Nutrition or the quality of food
Factors influencing evaluation of behavior
1. Social values
2. Different standards set by individual social
groups
3. Incomparable frames of reference used by
individuals
Evaluation to one’s individual mental status
1. Attitude toward the individual self
2. Growth, development, self-actualization
3. Integrative capacity – balance of psychic
forces – ID, EGO, SUPEREGO
4. Autonomous behavior – ability to make his
own decisions and react according to one’s
convictions
5. Perception of reality
6. Mastery of one’s environment – ability to
adapt, adjust, and behave appropriately in
situations and in accordance with culturally
approved standards.
THEORIES ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR
A. PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORIES
 Postulated by Sigmund Freud who
revolutionized the thinking of the
profession on mental illness,
personality development, or
personality disorder
 Crime is a symbolic expression of
one’s inner tension
 Postulated the three parts of the
human psych
1. ID
2. EGO
3. SUPEREGO
OEDIPUS COMPLEX – Young boys
experience rivalry with their father for
their mother’s attention and affection
ELETRA COMPLEX – Young girls sees
her mother as a rival for her father’s
attention
FREUD’s PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
ORAL STAGE – Birth to 1 yr
Erogenous Zone: Mouth
ANAL STAGE: 1 – 3 yrs old
Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder
Control
PHALLIC STAGE: 3 – 6 yrs old
Erogenous Zone: Genitals
LATENT STAGE: 6 to puberty
Erogenous Zone: Inactive
GENITAL STAGE; Puberty to Death
Maturing Sexual Interests
B. LEARNING THEORIES
  It emphasizes the role of
environmental influences in shaping
the way a person develops.
 Childhood growth is significantly
shaped by the efforts of parents,
teachers, and others to socialize
children in desirable ways.
THREE MAJOR TYPES OF BEHAVIORAL
LEARNING
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING – A natural
stimulus is associated with a natural response
2. OPERANT CONDITIONING – A response is
increased ore decreased due to reinforcement
or punishment
3. OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING – Learning
occurs through observation and imitation of
others
C. COGNITIVE THEORIES
 It focuses on the development of
thinking and reasoning as the key to
understanding childhood growth.
 Advocated by Jean Piaget
1. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (0 – 2) – The
child begins to interact with the environment
2. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2 – 6 or 7) –
The child begins to represent the world
symbolically
3. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7-11
or 12) – The child learns rules as conservation
4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (12 –
Adulthood) – The adolescent can transcend the
concrete situation and think about the future
D. SOCIOCULTURAL THEORY
 In this perspective, children acquire
skills valued by their culture (i.e.
reading, managing crops) through
the guidance and support of older
people.
 Highlights how children incorporate
culture into their reasoning, social
interaction, and self-understanding
 Explains why children growing up in
different societies are likely to have
significantly different skills
 One of the pioneers was Russian
psychologist Lev Vygotsky whose
writings emphasized how children’s
interaction with adults contributes to
the development of skills.
E. PERSONALITY THEORIES
1. CG JUNG’S CLASSIFICATION –
classified personality on the basis of
sociability character as
INTROVERTS – Subjective,
Solitude, Idealists, Self-centered,
Better in writing
EXTROVERTS – Objective, Society,
Realists, Interested in other people
AMBIVERTS - Balanced
2. ERNEST KRETSCHMER’S
CLASSIFICATION – correlated
physique and character; certain
body types are associated with
particular types of mental disorders.
He classified personalities into four
types:
(1) PYKNIC
(2) ASTHENIC;
(3) ATHLETIC, and
(4) DYSPLASTIC TYPE.
3. WILLIAM SHELDON’S
CLASSIFICATION – proposed a
theory of personality
correlating temperament and body
type. He divided people into three
types:
(1) ENDOMORPH;
(2) ECTOMORPH, and
(3) MESOMORPH.
 F. ADOLF MEYER - Founder of
Psychobiology.  He emphasized the
Kretschmer’s Sheldon’s Characteristics importance of considering the total individual
Body Types Body Types through a holistic approach.
NEEDS, DRIVES AND MOTIVATIONS
1. Asthenic Ectomorph Lean, Slim,
Shallow-chested DRIVES
and tall in
proportion to their  Aroused state that results from some
weight biological needs.
2. Athletic Muscular  The aroused condition motivates the
Mesomorph individual with person to remedy the need.
broad shoulders,
well developed NEEDS
chest, robust and
strong  These are the triggering factors that
3.Pyknic Endomorph Broad, Rounded drive or moves a person to act.
figure, large head,  It is a psychological state of tissue
heavy neck, rudy deprivation.
face
4. Dysplastic ------------ Abnormal bodies/ MOTIVATION
Abnormal builds
 The causes and “why’s” of behavior
as required by a need.

OTHER THEORIES TYPES OF HUMAN NEEDS

A. GILLILAND – proposed five determinants of 1. BIOLOGICAL OR BIOGENIC NEEDS OF

behavior: THE BODY
(1) intelligence;
(2) aggressive or forceful;  Exist for the maintenance of health
(3) sociability;  For the protection of the body
(4) personal appearance, and  Examples are: Food, Air, Water,
(5) morality. Rest, Sex, Avoidance of pain,
Stimulus seeking
B. ALFRED ADLER – founder of individual
psychology.  He coined the term inferiority
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL OR SOCIOGENIC
complex.
C. KAREN HORNEY - She believed that the  Influenced by the kind of society one
prime motivating factor is the need for security, is raised.
which is not a universal factor but one that  Related to the individual’s happiness
operates when security is threatened. and well-being.
 Examples are: Love and affection,
D. HARRY STACK SULLIVAN - Introduced security, growth, and
that an individual’s self-image, self-concept, or development, recognition
self-dynamism organizes behavior.  He coined
the term acculturation.
E. ERICK FROMM - He believed that the major
need of man is to find meaning in life through
the use of his own powers.

According to ABRAHAM MASLOW who
conceptualized the Hierarchy of Needs,
needs lower down in the hierarchy must be
satisfied before individuals can attend to needs
higher up
Some of the reasons why some people fail
to reach their goals are:
1. Unrealistic goals  
2. Harmful or Anti-social goal
3. Conflicting goals
4. Environmental difficulties, including force
majeure
FRUSTRATION
 An emotion that occurs in situations
where a person is blocked from
reaching the desired outcome.
 Typically, the more important the
goal, the greater the frustration and
resultant anger or loss of confidence.
THE COMMON SOURCES OF
FRUSTRATION ARE:
1. PHYSICAL OBSTACLES – are physical
barriers or circumstances that prevent a
person from doing his plan or fulfilling his
wishes.
2. SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES – are
restrictions or circumstances imposed by other
people and the customs and laws of social
living.
3. PERSONAL SHORTCOMING – such as
being handicapped by diseases,
deafness, paralysis, etc. which serves as a
barrier to the things one ought to do.
4. CONFLICTS BETWEEN MOTIVES
COPING MECHANISM
 An individual’s way of reacting to
frustrations. Reactions to frustrations
may be by:
o 1. by fighting
o 2. by running away (flight)
These reactions to frustrations are sometimes
called fight-flight reactions.
FRUSTRATION-TOLERANCE
 It is generally defined as one’s ability
to manage discomfort. Most normal
persons react to frustration in the
following ways:
1. direct approach
 2. detour
 3. substitution
 4. withdrawal or retreat
 5. developing feelings of inferiority
 6. aggression
 7. use of defense mechanism
DEFENSE MECHANISM
 These behaviors people use to
separate themselves from
unpleasant events, actions, or
thoughts.
 These psychological strategies may
help people put distance
between themselves and threats or
unwanted feelings, such as guilt or
shame.
DEFENSE MECHANISM
1.  DENIAL OF REALITY - Blocking
external events from awareness;
refusal to experience a situation that
is too much to handle.
2. REPRESSION - Unconsciously
choosing to hide unsavory thoughts
in hopes of forgetting them.
3. PROJECTION - Attributing one’s
unacceptable thoughts, feeling, and
motives to another person.
4. DISPLACEMENT - Directing strong
impulses toward a person or object
that doesn’t feel threatening.
5. REGRESSION - Escaping to an
earlier stage of development.
6. SUBLIMATION - satisfying an
impulse with a substitute object in a
socially acceptable way.
7. RATIONALIZATION - Explaining
undesirable behaviors with their own
set of facts.
8. REACTION FORMATION
- Choosing to behave in the opposite
manner of their instincts.
9. ISOLATION/
INTELLECTUALIZATION
- Choosing to remove all emotions
from your responses and instead
focus on quantitative facts.
10. ACTING OUT - Coping with stress
by engaging in actions rather
than acknowledging and bearing
certain feelings.
11. UNDOING - Trying to make up for
what one feels are
inappropriate thoughts, feelings, or
behaviors.
12. FANTASY - the gratification of
frustration desires in imaginary
achievement.
13. EMOTIONAL INSULATION
- Withdrawal into passivity to protect
self from hurt.
14. IDENTIFICATION - Increasing
feeling of worth by identifying the self
with person
or institution.IntrojectionIncorporating
external values into ego structures
so individuals are not at their mercy
as external threats.
15. SYMPATHISM - Apologizing for
wrongs to negate a disapproved act.
16. SUBSTITUTION - Unattainable or
unacceptable goal is replaced by
one that is more attainable or
acceptable.