1st Layer:

Philosophical approaches.

 Positivism
 Realism

2nd Layer:

Deductive & Inductive:

3rd Layer:

Few Approaches:

 Experimental design = Experimental Group

 Survey Method
 Case Study method
 Action Research = Useful
 Grounded Theory
 Ethnography
 Archive Study

Mono Method or Mixed Method & Multi method:

 When use only one method called Mono method

 Mixture of different methods called Mixed Method
 Two or more methods to use or evaluate called Multi method

Cross Sectional & Longitudinal Study

Data Collection methods: & Analysis

Paradigm and philosophy:

 Set of general theoretical assumptions, laws, and techniques for their application that the
members of a particular scientific Community Adopt.
 A cluster of beliefs and dictates which for scientific in a particular discipline influence
what should be studied, how research should be done, and how results should be
interpreted.
 Paradigms in management Sciences:

Ontological, Epistemological, axiological and methodological Approach

Ontological: based on reality, jo exist krta hai. Jo real ha.

  What’s the nature of reality?
 Or put another way, what are the characteristics of things that exist?
 Or what are the universal characteristics of things that exist?

Epistemological: theory of knowledge, Concerned with what we can know about reality.
Epistemological issue concerns the question of what is (or should be) regarded as acceptable
knowledge in a discipline.

 What is knowledge?
 How I can and what I can know?
 How I can be sure of my knowledge?
 Positivism deals with real facts, and objectivity.

Resources Researcher Feeling Researcher

 Data should be real or fact based
 Data is similar to the natural
scientist.
 Real objects
 Data has existence and value free
 Objective measure
 Based or different attitude, feelings.
 Subjective Measure
 No external existence
 We can’t change measure &
modified.

Realism:

 Measurement based on 5 senses.

Direct Realism Critical Realism:

 What you see? What You Get?  What we see is sensational?
 Experience through our Senses.  Image is not the object directly.

Interpretvism:

Pragmatism:

Axiological: Judgment about values.

 Branch of philosophy that studies judgments about value. The role that your own values
play in all stages of the research process is of great importance if you wish your research.