Key Terms:

1. Element
A substance that cannot be decomposed into anything simpler by chemical means. It is
a substance made up of atoms all of which have the same atomic number.
2. Compound
A substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed
proportions in mass.
3. Mixture
Contains two or more substances (elements or compounds) which can be present in
variable proportions.
4. Substance
A general term that refers to elements, mixtures and compounds.
5. Solution
A liquid which contains a substance or substances dissolved in it.
6. Solvent
A pure liquid.
7. Solute
The dissolved substance in a solution.

Chapter 2.1: Mixtures, solutions, and solvents

Elements
- Periodic Table consists of elements only
- Each element has a chemical symbol
- Metals & Non-metals

Property Metal Non-metal

Physical state at room Solid (except mercury) Solid, liquid (bromine only)
temperature or gas

Malleability Good Poor, usually soft or brittle

Ductility Good Poor, usually soft or brittle

Appearance Shiny (lustrous) Usually dull

Melting point/boiling point Usually high Usually low

Density Usually high Usually low

Conductivity (electrical & Good Poor (except graphite)

thermal)
Compounds
- Two or more elements which are chemically combined (Elements are joined by ionic or
covalent bonds)
- Have a chemical formula
- E.g.:
- Sodium Chloride NaCl
- Carbon Dioxide CO2
- Copper (II) Nitrate Cu(NO3)2
- E.g.
Iron (II) Sulfide (FeS)
Relative Atomic Masses (Ar):
Fe - 56
S - 32
Relative Molecular Mass (Mr) 56 + 32 = 88
Percentages of iron and sulfur in Iron (II) Sulfide:
Fe = (56 / 88) x 100 = 63.6%
S = (32 / 88) x 100 = 36.4%

Mixtures
- Contains two or more elements and/or compounds in variable proportions
- The substances are only mixed together, not chemically combined
- No chemical formula
- E.g.:
- Air (mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and small amounts of water vapour, carbon dioxide,
argon, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide)

Solutions
- Solute + Solvent = Solution
- Solubility of every substance is different
- E.g.: Sugar (solute) + Water (solvent) = Solution
- Sugar dissolved in water (soluble) giving a mixture called solution; Chalk powder is
insoluble in water, this is not a solution
- If a compound is present in an aqueous solution, it is a mixture because it contains two
substances that are not chemically combined.
- A solution is called saturated when it can dissolve no more solute, at that temperature
- A soluble solid usually gets more soluble as the temperature rises

Solvent
- Water is the most common solvent. A solution in water is called an aqueous solution.
Solvent It dissolves

White spirit Gloss paint

Propanone (acetone) Grease, nail polish

 Ethanol Glues, printing inks, the scented
substances used in perfumes &
aftershaves
- These three solvents are volatile - evaporates easily at room temperature.

Chapter 2.2: Pure substances & impurities

Pure substance
- No other substance mixed with it.

Impurity
- An unwanted substance mixed with the substance you want.

-
Chapter 2.3 & 2.4 & 2.5: Separation methods
1. Filtration (separate insoluble solid from liquid) [sand + water]
2. Evaporation (separate solute from solvent) [solution]
3. Crystallization (separate solute (crystals) from solvent/solution)
4. Simple Distillation (separate solvent from solution) [getting water from salt water]
5. Fractional Distillation (separate miscible [soluble - water + ethanol] liquids with different
boiling points)
6. Paper Chromatography (separate a mixture of substances - in small amounts)

Method of separation Example of mixture that is Property that the method

separated depends on

Paper chromatography Dyes in ink Adsorption by paper/Solubility

in solvent

Dissolving, filtration & Sand and salt Solubility

crystallisation

Simple Distillation Sodium chloride solution Boiling point

Fractional Distillation Ethanol and water Boiling point

Chromatography uses in industry:
- Identify substances
- Check the purity of substances
- Help in crime detection
- Identify pollutants in air or samples of river water
- Separate pure substances from tanks of reaction mixtures (factories) - making medical
drugs or food flavourings
- Separate individual compounds from the groups of compounds (fractions) obtained in
refining petroleum