A

SMILE
 GROUP 5
REPORTERS:
NUGUID, JOMAR JAMES
PASILABAN, SHANNEL
OMAMBAC, JOVIGEN
OFRIL, CARL ANDREI
PUNAY, EGEIH
RUIZ, DHENCEL
SABEJON, JONALYN
SECUYA, JUNE CHRISTIAN
PITOGO, MATT ANDREW
 GROUP 5

ELECTROCHEMISTRY
• Electrochemistry is the scientific discipline studying
the relationship between chemistry and electricity. It
includes all technologies and techniques such as work
on electrolysis, corrosion, batteries, fuel cells,
accumulators, and electroplating.
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL
AND
GALVANIC CELL
 Electrochemical cell
• A device that produces an electric current from energy
released by a spontaneous redox reaction.

• two types: galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic.

• Has two conductive electrodes, called the anode and the

cathode. The anode is defined as the electrode where
oxidation occurs. The cathode is the electrode where
reduction takes place. In between these electrodes is the
electrolyte, which contains ions that can freely move.
Galvanic Cell
is defined as:

• a cell, such as in a battery, in which an irreversible chemical reaction generates electricity; a cell that cannot be recharged.

• is used as sources of DC electrical power.

A simple galvanic cell may contain only one electrolyte separated by a semi-porous membrane, while a more complex version
involves two separate half-cells connected by a salt bridge.

The half-cells are connected by a salt bridge that allows the ions in the solution to move from one half-cell to the other, so that
the reaction can continue.
Galvanic Cell
• According to the mnemonic “Red Cat An Ox”, oxidation occurs at the anode and
reduction occurs at the cathode.

• The voltaic cell uses two different metal electrodes, each in an electrolyte solution. The
anode will undergo oxidation and the cathode will undergo reduction.

• The two electrodes must be electrically connected to each other, allowing for a flow of
electrons that leave the metal of the anode and flow through this connection to the ions
at the surface of the cathode.

• This flow of electrons is an electrical current that can be used to do work, such as turn a
motor or power a light.
 EXAMPLE
Take a look at the equations of half-reactions shown below:

Two reduction potentials for the anode and cathode are given. Most data tables listing cell potentials will list reduction
potentials.

Since they are both reduction potentials, we need to decide which one needs to be flipped.

By flipping the zinc half-reaction, we have the two EMF values as +0.382 V and +1.221 V.

Add them together to give us an approximate value of 1.5 V, which we already know to be the EMF of an alkaline AA
battery.

Since voltage is an intensive property, which is one that does not depend on the system size or the amount of material in
the system, we do not have to multiply the EMF by any stoichiometric coefficient to cancel out the electrons in calculating
EMF.
 Calculating the Gibbs Free Energy
from EMF
GIBBS FREE ENERGY EQUATION

+ Spontaneous or not +
• We've seen the favorable condition for a spontaneous
reaction in terms of enthalpy and entropy individually
• We've seen situations were only one of the two condition
s is favorable , so how can we predict?
Situation: Consider this

• + enthalphy and + entropy

• - enthalphy and - entropy

Situation: Consider this

• + enthalphy and + entropy

• - enthalphy and - entropy

Calculating the
Equilibrium
Constant from
EMF
Suppose we are asked to calculate the equilibrium
constant (K) at standard conditions.

E°= refers to the cell potential of a cell at standard

conditions (V) [Note: 1 volt = 1J/C]
E= cell potential at any given conditions
ΔG°’= free energy change of a reaction under “ standard
conditions” ( Gibb’s Free Energy) (KJ)
T= standard temperature of 298 K or 25 C°
R= gas constant of 8.31 J/mol*K
F= Faraday’s constant of 96,485 C/mol
K= Equilibrium constant
n=moles transferred (e-) to balance the reaction
FORMULA 1 (Finding K when cell FORMULA 2 (Finding K with
potential is provided) standard conditions and free
energy change)

Use J/mol
Formulas to remember
Calculating Gibbs Free energy from EMF
or Standard cell potential

Calculating Gibbs free energy using

equilibrium constant

Derived formula calculating

equilibrium constant if cell
potential is given

Derived formula for calculating

equilibrium constant if free energy
change is given
EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the equilibrium constant K
associated with the overall reaction of the
galvanic cell if the electrons transferred is 3e-
and E°cell = + 0.93 V.
2. Calculate the standard cell potential of a galvanic
cell that uses the half reactions shown below.
Calculate the equilibrium constant K associated with
the overall reaction.

K= e3(96485)(0.93 V)/(98.3145)(298K)
K= e 29193.15/2477.721
K= e
K= 1.53 x 1047
Remember
• A galvanatic cell standard cell potential can be either positive or 0
• When solving a galvanatic cell problem at standard condition that has
given reactions, make sure that once you add up the given EMF’s, the
result would be positive or 0. Otherwise, flip a reaction that would
suffice these conditions. If a reaction is flipped, the sign of the EMF is
also inverted.
• Electrons should not be in the same side.
• One reaction should be oxidation while the other is reduction.
• The reaction should be balance.
• At standard condition, use 298K (T) when solving for thermodynamics
problem such as entropy, enthalpy and gibbs free energy change.
3. The standard emf of galvanic cell involving 3 moles of electrons in its redox
reaction is 0.59 V. Find its equilibrium constant.
Logarithmic
Approximations
Logarithmic Approximations
Concentration Cells
and Nernst Equation
Concentration Cell
where,
E = cell potential of interest
E0= the standard cell potential
R = the gas constant
T = the absolute temperature
n = the moles of electrons transferred in the reaction
F = Faraday’s constant
Q = the reaction quotient
EXAMPLE
ELECTROLYTIC
CELL
• It is an electrochemical cell in which the energy from an external
power source is used to drive a normally non-spontaneous redox
reaction.
• In comparison to the galvanic cell, the electrodes of an
electrolytic cell can be placed in a single compartment
containing the molten or aqueous electrolyte.
• In addition, since the external battery source is what drives the
electrons through the circuit, the electrodes will match the
positive and negative terminal of the battery. While the anode
remains the site of oxidation, it becomes the positive terminal,
and the cathode becomes the negative terminal.
Difference between the Galvanic and Electrolytic Cell
 Molten of Electrolysis
• Molten electrolysis is a technique in analytical
chemistry that uses an electric current to
separate the chemical elements in an analyte
substance in its molten state.
• Generally, ionic compounds are used in this
type of electrolysis method. This technique
provides information on how we can extract
metals such as aluminum and sodium from their
molten ionic compounds using an electric
current.
 The Aqueous Electrolysis
• Aqueous electrolysis is a technique in analytical chemistry
that uses an electric current to separate the chemical
elements in an analyte substance in its aqueous state. This
type of electrolysis is important in obtaining particular
substances or gases.
The table below shows a content of Cation and
Anion several types of aqueous solution
Factors affecting of Selective Discharge
• Position of ions in the electrochemical series
• Concentration of ions
• Types of electrode
Position of ions in the Electrochemical Series
Concentration of ions
Types of electrodes
The Difference between the Molten and Aqueous Solution.
Electroplating and
Faraday’s Law
Electroplating and Faraday’s Law

• Another common use of electrolysis is in electroplating, which always

occurs at the cathode.
For example:
To plate Ag over Stainless steel
To plate Au over Cu or Ni
To plate Cr over Fe
Q (charge of e- from the battery) = Q (charge of e- for reduction)
It = nF
Suppose we are asked to figure out the amount of platinum metal in grams that are deposited when 5.0 amps of
current are passed through the electrolyte for 1 hour.
Applying the equation, we plug in the following values:

(5. 0 𝐴)(60 𝑚𝑖𝑛)( 60/𝑠𝑒𝑐 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑛 (96, 485 𝐶/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒− )

(5)(3600) = 𝑛 (100000)
(18000) = 𝑛 (100000)
𝑛 = 0. 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒
(0. 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒)( 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑡/2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒 𝑃𝑡 ) = 0. 09 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑡
(0. 9 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑒)(195 𝑔𝑃𝑡/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑡 )
(0. 9 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑡)(200 𝑔𝑃𝑡/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑡 ) = 18𝑔𝑃𝑡
Summary of Electrochemical Cells