PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER 1.

Matter is composed of discrete

● All kinds of matter are particulates in nature. These particles.
particles may be in the form of molecules, atoms, or 2. There is an empty space between
ions. Atoms are the building blocks of matter. particles of matter.
3. The particles of matter are in
ION constant motion.
● Refers to a charged particle or a set of charged 4. There are forces that act between
particles. the particles.
● Either positively or negatively charged atoms or
molecules. PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER
● A block of wood can be easily observed as hard, and
ATOMS based on its internal composition, it is made up of
● These are the building blocks of matter. compact particles.

MOLECULES EMPTY
● Combinations of two or more atoms.

MATTER
● Made up of particles which may be atoms, molecules,
or ions.
● Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
● Ancient Greek philosophers were the first to
speculate the nature of matter.
● They only speculate on the nature of materials around
them as they were not able to conduct experiments
that will validate their assumptions.
○ Materials are made up of one primal
matter.
SPACES BETWEEN PARTICLES
● The particles that make up matter have spaces in
between them.
● These spaces may be little or huge, depending on the
kind of matter.
MOTION OF PARTICLES
● The spaces between particles dictate the kind of
movement that particles in matter can do.
● Particles that are close to one another move in
vibratory motion while particles that are far apart
move fast and in random directions.
● As the temperature increases, particles gain kinetic
energy which results in their fast movement. (Heat
and Kinetic Energy Increases)

FORCES BETWEEN PARTICLES

1. Air
2. Fire INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
3. Water ● Forces that exist between particles may be attractive
4. Earth or repulsive.
● The water particles (inside) attract one another.
ANCIENT VIEWS ON MATTER ● The glass particles and
● Aristotle suggested that all space is filled up with the water particles
matter, thus, implying that there are no empty spaces. (outside) repel one
● He described each element as a balance between another.
two qualities. ● example: formation of
water droplets in cold
CONTINUITY OF MATTER glass of water.
● Since matter is not void, this means that it is divisible
and can be cut into pieces over and over again.
● This started the principle of continuity of matter,
wherein matter can be broken down into pieces and PARTICULATE NATURE OF
as you do so, you will not be able to obtain its THE THREE STATES OF MATTER
smallest parts
SOLID
THE GREEK CONCEPT OF ATOM ● Arrangement of particles: compact and arranged in an
● Leucippus and Democritus thought that all materials orderly manner; very little spaces between particles.
are made up of tiny bits of matter which cannot be ● Intermolecular Forces: strong
divided further. ● Motion of Particles: vibrating in fixed positions
● Greeks referred to this as atom (Greek word atomos, ● Energy of Particles: low
meaning indivisible).
LIQUID
HOW DOES THE IDEA OF DEMOCRITUS RESULT IN THE ● Arrangement of particles: close together but not
FORMULATION OF THE PARTICULATE NATURE OF arranged in an orderly manner; moderate spaces
MATTER? between particles
● The idea of Democritus paved the way in establishing ● Intermolecular Forces: moderate
that matter is made up of particles instead of a primal ● Motion of Particles: sliding past one another
material. ● Energy of Particles: moderate

DISCONTINUITY OF MATTER GAS

● Matter is made up of particles instead of primal ● Arrangement of particles: far apart and arranged
material.\ randomly; huge spaces between particles.
● Intermolecular Forces: very minimal
○ Four Main Ideas: ● Motion of Particles: move quickly and randomly
● Energy of Particles: high
The arrangement of particles, its motion, and intermolecular
forces dictate the kind of state in which matter exists.
HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
● MIXTURE
○ It is a blend of two or more substances
combined together through a physical
process.
● HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
○ It is a combination of two or more
substances that cannot be distinguished
from one another. It has uniform composition
and properties. Homogeneous mixtures are
also called solutions.
● HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
○ It is a combination of two or more
substances that can be distinguished from
one another. It has varying composition and
properties.
○ A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture
whose solutes do not completely dissolve.
The insoluble particles settle into clumps or
layers when left undisturbed.
○ A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture whose
solute-like particles are dispersed in a
medium.
● COMPOUNDS
○ consist of atoms of different elements that
are chemically combined together in a fixed
ratio.
○ Mixtures are combinations of two or more
substances where there is no chemical
combination or reaction.
■ Compounds have their own specific
chemical and physical properties
that are distinct from their
constituent elements. Mixtures do
not. They reflect the properties of
their constituent substances, which
retain their original properties.
■ Compounds have specific mass
ratios. Mixtures have variable mass
ratios.
■ Compounds are created by
chemical reactions. Mixtures are
made by physically combining pure
substances whether they be solids,
liquids or gases.
■ Mixtures can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous. Compounds can be
separated into simpler substances
by chemical methods or reactions.
Mixtures can be separated into
simpler substances by physical
methods.
SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
Homogeneous mixtures or solutions are mixtures composed of
two or more substances combined together in a manner that
the components are indistinguishable from each other.
They appear in only one phase. Many commercial products
that we use in our everyday lives are solutions.
Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures whose composition and
appearance is not consistent all throughout since components
of a are visually distinct from each other. It can have two or
more phases. They can be further classified as suspensions or
colloids. Many commercial products that we use in our
everyday lives are heterogeneous mixtures.
Separation techniques on homogeneous and heterogeneous
mixtures play an important role in several industrial processes.
● Homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures may be
separated by evaporation or by recrystallization.
○ Evaporation is the phase transition from
liquid to vapor. It is done by heating the
solution to dry up the solvent and crystallized
the substance of interest.
● Recrystallization is a separation technique
based on the difference in solubilities of
substances in an appropriate solvent at an
elevated temperature.
● Homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures may be
separated by distillation or by chromatography.
○ Distillation is a separation technique based
on the difference of boiling points between
two liquid components.
○ Chromatography is a separation technique
that relies on the differential partition of the
components between the two important
phases in chromatography: the mobile phase
and the stationary phase.
● Different methods can be used to separate
heterogeneous solid-solid mixtures. Components
of some mixtures of this type can be separated by
manual picking, sieving or by using a magnet.
● Different methods can be used to separate
heterogeneous solid-liquid mixtures such as
filtration, sedimentation, decantation, and
centrifugation.
○ Filtration is a process of separating solids
from liquids by allowing the mixture to pass
through a filtering material.
○ Sedimentation is the process in which
suspended solids will eventually separate
from liquids by gravity.
○ Decantation is the removal of the liquid
component from the solid sediment by
pouring the liquid out of the container gently
to avoid the solid particles to suspend again.
○ Centrifugation is a process in which the
suspension is rotated at very high speeds,
allowing the components to separate into
layers based on their densities or particle
size.
● Combustibility
○ Refers to the ability of a material to combust
or burn.
● Malleability
○ Capability of being shaped or extended by
hammering, forging, etc.
○ Example: Metal can be flattened into thin
sheets due to its malleability.
● Solvent
○ It is the dissolving medium.
○ Example: water
● Solute
○ The substance that is being dissolved.
○ Example: salt, sugar