BETONARME 2 - Ders8 - Eng - 2018

0424511
REINFORCED CONCRETE 2
Murat Serdar Kırçıl

Department of Civil Engineering
www.yarbis.yildiz.edu.tr/kircil
Reinforced Concrete 2 Lecture Notes
CLASSIFICATION Continuous
wall footings
Footings One way with

Shallow 2 columns
found. One way
One way with
Continuous
more than 2
footings
Two way columns
FOUNDATIONS Mat foundations

Mat with beams
foundations
Mat foundations
without beams
Kuyu
temel
Deep
Keson
foundations Sürtünme
temel
kazığı
Kazık
temel
Uç kazığı
ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING WITH TWO COLUMNS / STRIP
FOUNDATIONS WITH TWO COLUMNS
ONE-WAY CONTINUOUS FOOTING WITH MORE THAN TWO
COLUMNS / STRIP FOUNDATIONS WITH MORE THAN TWO COLUMNS
Courtesy of PROF.DR.AHMET TOPÇU

http://mmf2.ogu.edu.tr/atopcu
TWO-WAY CONTINUOUS FOOTING
TWO-WAY CONTINUOUS FOOTING
A B C
1 1
2 2
3 3
A B C
Courtesy of PROF.DR.AHMET TOPÇU

http://mmf2.ogu.edu.tr/atopcu
ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING WITH

TWO COLUMNS
(STRIP FOUNDATIONS WITH TWO
COLUMNS)
İKİLİ KOLON TEMELİ / BİRLEŞİK TEMELLER /

KOMBİNE TEMELLER
ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING WITH TWO COLUMNS
WHY DO WE NEED THE COMBINED
FOOTINGS?
Single footings may be close to each other and it causes
overlapping of soil stress caused by each footing
It should be
1 m at least
WHY DO WE NEED THE COMBINED
FOOTINGS?
High footing dimensions may be required because of the high level
of loads.
ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING

WITH TWO COLUMNS
u l v
L
l is known. However, cantilever lengths u and v are determined
by engineer.
u l v
L
Cantilever lengths should be determined (u and v) to provide uniform

stress distribution so that differential settlement can be prevented.
R
N1 N2
l1 l2
1 2
u l v
L
L/ 2 L/ 2
Pi
If the resultant of column forces coincide with the geometric center of
footing base then the stress distribution is uniform.
Select a proper value for the length of one of the cantilever;
then calculate the other’s length.
u + l1 = v + l2
Moment of all forces with respect to

point 1
l= l1 + l2
Moment of all forces with respect to
point 2
R
N1 N2
M1 l1 l2 M2
1 2
u l v
L
L/2 L/2
P
If the resultant of column forces coincide with the geometric center of
footing base, then; the stress distribution is uniform. If there is bending
moment effect which is transmitted from the columns, then; they must be
taken into account for the calculation of resultant force.
u + l1 = v + l2
Moment of all forces with

respect to point 1
respect to point 2
Safety for soil

1.4G+1.6Q
G+Q+Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y)-0.3Ed(z)
G+Q+Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

Safety for soil

The procedure to be followed for the determination of proper
dimensions of a footing
G+Q+Ed(H)+0.3Ed(z) Ed(H)=±Ed(x)±0.3Ed(y)
G+Q-Ed(H)+0.3Ed(z) Ed(H)=±0.3Ed(x)±Ed(y)
0.9G+Ed(H)-0.3Ed(z)
Ed(z)=(2/3) SDSG
0.9G-Ed(H)-0.3Ed(z)
Ed(H) : Horizontal component of the earthquake load
Ed(x) : Internal action produced by the earthquake load in X direction
Ed(y) : Internal action produced by the earthquake load in Y direction
Ed(z) : Vertical component of the earthquake load
SDS : Short period spectral acceleration coefficient (given by code)
G : Dead load
N1 N2
Pi
-
+ +
An inversely loaded beam model can be used for the

determination of internal actions at critical sections of
foundation
Betonarme 2 Ders Notları
Cantilever
Murat Serdarlengths
Kırçıl must be selected to provide a balance between span
and support moments.
Long cantilever, not

reasonable
+ + +
Short cantilever, not

- reasonable
+ +
reasonable
-
+ +
N1 N2
Ng
N1 and N2 are axial forces corresponding to the load combination

used for the determination of cantilever lengths (l1, l2).
B1 B2
N1 N2
B1q
B2q
a1 a2
Determination of N1d
internal forces N2d
1.4G+1.6Q
1 2
u l v
L
Pd
+ +
N 1d  N 2 d
Pd  - -
L
-
+ +
a1 a2
Determination of N1d N2d
internal forces
1.4G+1.6Q
1 2
u l v
L
N 1d  N 2 d
Pd 
L Pd
V2r=Pd(v+0.5a2)-Nd2
+ +
- -
V1l=Pd(u-0.5a1)
V1r=Pd(u+0.5a1)-Nd1 V2r=Pd(v-0.5a2)
-
+ +
1
M1l  Pd ( u  0.5a1 )2 1 a 1
2 M1r  Pd ( u  0.5a1 )2  Nd 1 1 M 2r  Pd ( v  0.5a2 )2
2 2 2
Determination of internal N1 N2
forces M1 l1 l2
Other load combinations M2
1 2
The uniform stress u l v
distribution may not
L
be provided for
G+Q±E and/or P1 P2
0.9G±E loading
groups since the
existence of the
column bending
moments.

respect to point 1

respect to point 2
Determination of internal e R
N1 N2
forces M1 l1 l2
Other load combinations M2
1 o 2
The uniform stress u l v
distribution may not
L
be provided for
G+Q±E and/or L/2 L/2
0.9G±E loading
groups since the
existence of the P1 P2
column bending
moments.
,
a1 a2
Determination of
internal forces N1 N2
1 2
u l v
L
+ +
- -
-
+ +
1.4G+1.6Q
G+Q+Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y)-0.3Ed(z)
G+Q+Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(x)+0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)
G+Q-Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q+Ed(H)+0.3Ed(z) Ed(H)=±Ed(x)±0.3Ed(y)
G+Q-Ed(H)+0.3Ed(z) Ed(H)=±0.3Ed(x)±Ed(y)
0.9G+Ed(H)-0.3Ed(z)
Ed(z)=(2/3) SDSG
0.9G-Ed(H)-0.3Ed(z)
Ed(H) : Horizontal component of the earthquake load
Ed(x) : Internal action produced by the earthquake load in X direction
Ed(y) : Internal action produced by the earthquake load in Y direction
Ed(z) : Vertical component of the earthquake load
SDS : Short period spectral acceleration coefficient (given by code)
G : Dead load
SECTION DESIGN
Mid-span section: T-
beam or rectangular
beam
Support section: Single

reinforced or double
reinforced rectangular
section design
-
+ +
SECTION DESIGN
A B
60o
A B
Section A As
As,web
As/3
As,additional As,additional
Section B
-
+ +
SECTION DESIGN
σ
Pd
B
Pd

B
SECTION DESIGN
bw
Pd

1m
hf
B
2
1  B  bw 
B M   
2  2 
σ
M M
Calculate the reinforcement for 1 m
width and determine the diameter and
spacing of reinforcement
s ≤ 1.5hf
20cm
SECTION DESIGN
The concrete section should provide enough shear strength alone.

( Vd ≤ Vcr )
If unreasonable large beam size is required to satisfy the requirement above,

then the footing dimensions which require the min. shear reinforcement can
be used.
( Vd = Vw,min + Vcr )
bw
hf
ln
h h f  20 cm
10
ln: Clear length between the column

bw
Min. reinforcement ratio
of RC beams given by
TS500
f ctd
h  min  0.8
f yd
hf
Min. reinforcement ratio of one-way

slabs given by TS500 Min. shear
reinforcement ratio of
 min  0.003  for  S 220  RC beams given by
 min  0.002  for  S 420  and  S 500 TS500
f ctd
 min,w  0.30
Asl ,min  0.001bw d f yd
ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING

WITH TWO COLUMNS and
WITHOUT BEAMS
KİRİŞSİZ BİRLEŞİK
TEMELLER
u l v
LFOOTING
Design principles are same with one-way continuous

foundations with a beam.
SECTION DESIGN
ay+d ay
ax
The section design

of those type of
foundations is
similar to flat slabs.
The span and
support momenst
As
are distributed to
column and edge
strips. Column strip As/3
width can be taken
as (ay+d). Finally, As,ek As,ek
section design of
each strip can be
made using the
-
relevant design
moment. + +
SECTION DESIGN ax+d ax+d
ay+d ay
ax
It is assumed that there

are two hidden-beams
with the width of (ax+d)
under the columns
perpendicular to strip
foundation. The As
reinforcement ratio for
hidden-beams should
not be less than 0.002 As/3
for each 1 meter. For As,ek As,ek
span section this ratio
can be considered as
0.001.
-
+ +
SECTION DESIGN ax+d ax+d
ay+d ay
ax
Foundation slab
thickness can not be
less than 30 cm.
Furthermore, punching
safety must be
satisfied. The section As
must be sufficient to
sustain all the shear
force without shear As/3
reinforcement. As,ek As,ek
-
+ +
STRIP FOUNDATIONS
Foundations can be combined in case of low allowable soil stress and

high superstructure loads.
Strip foundations can not be designed as ordinary continuous beams

because of the soil-structure interaction (yapı-zemin etkileşimi).
Soil stress distribution can be different according to superstructure

stiffness, foundation stiffness and soil type.
The real stress distribution of soil can be determined by coinciding the

deformation profile of foundation and soil.
However, the problem is complex since the deformation profile of

foundation changes with the superstructure loads and the superstructure
loads change with the deformation of foundation.
SOLUTION?
Foundation beams on elastic soil
Foundation stiffness
(EI); it depends on
the foundation
material and section The spring which
represents the
soil. The stiffness
of the spring
K
depends on the
soil properties.
The hand calculation is difficult; computer calculation is almost always

required.
The determination of the exact value of stiffness of the spring is not easy.
However, the results of analysis strongly depend on this value.
The assumption of elastic soil is NOT always realistic. Soil also has an
elastic limit.
Rigid foundations
This approximation assumes that the foundation deformation is negligible
comparing to the soil deformations. In such a case, foundation can be
designed as continuous beam.
How can we decide when we should prefer the elastic or rigid

foundation design?
We need to understand whether the foundation deformations are

negligible or not comparing to the soil deformations. For that purpose, we
must compare rigidity of foundation and soil. The engineering parameter
we can use for this comparison is RELATIVE STIFNESS.
L=Total length of foundation (m)

E=Elastic modulus of concrete (kN/m2)
I= The moment of inertia of foundation (m4)
B= Foundation width (m)
Ko= stiffness of the spring (kN/m3)
4 EI
Elastic length of foundation Lel  4
Ko B
4 EI
Elastic length of foundation Lel  4
Ko B
L
Ratio is effective on the foundation
L el behavior
1 4 EI L Ko B
Lel  4  L  4
 Ko B Lel 4 EI

L  Rigid foundation design (Short beam)
4

 L   Foundation on elastic soil (Mid-length beam)
4
  L Long beam design

Long beam design
Soil stress values are higher around the columns.
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7
u l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 v
Each column load are distributed uniformly along the tributary

length of the considered column.
N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7
u l1 l2 l3 l4 l5 l6 v
N3 N7
P3  P7 
l 2 l3 l6
 v
2 2 2

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0424511

Murat Serdar Kırçıl

Footings One way with

FOUNDATIONS Mat foundations

Courtesy of PROF.DR.AHMET TOPÇU

Courtesy of PROF.DR.AHMET TOPÇU

ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING WITH

İKİLİ KOLON TEMELİ / BİRLEŞİK TEMELLER /

ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING

Cantilever lengths should be determined (u and v) to provide uniform

Moment of all forces with respect to

Moment of all forces with

Safety for soil

G+Q-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q-Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

Safety for soil

An inversely loaded beam model can be used for the

Long cantilever, not

Short cantilever, not

N1 and N2 are axial forces corresponding to the load combination

Moment of all forces with

Moment of all forces with

G+Q-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(x)-0.3Ed(y) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G+Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

G+Q-Ed(y)-0.3Ed(x) +0.3Ed(z) 0.9G-Ed(y)+0.3Ed(x) -0.3Ed(z)

Support section: Single

The concrete section should provide enough shear strength alone.

If unreasonable large beam size is required to satisfy the requirement above,

ln: Clear length between the column

Min. reinforcement ratio of one-way

ONE-WAY CONTINIOUS FOOTING

Design principles are same with one-way continuous

The section design

It is assumed that there

Foundations can be combined in case of low allowable soil stress and

Strip foundations can not be designed as ordinary continuous beams

Soil stress distribution can be different according to superstructure

The real stress distribution of soil can be determined by coinciding the

However, the problem is complex since the deformation profile of

The hand calculation is difficult; computer calculation is almost always

How can we decide when we should prefer the elastic or rigid

We need to understand whether the foundation deformations are

L=Total length of foundation (m)

B= Foundation width (m)

Ko= stiffness of the spring (kN/m3)

  L Long beam design

Each column load are distributed uniformly along the tributary

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