THREAT TO BIODIVERSITY

 Wetland convention Iran

 Monoculture plantation- growing of a single type of plant
 1960-80 policy, State govt started cutting trees to generate revenue, lead to mass
deforestation of sal teak, their market value is high because used for building, they
are durable, so this lead to monoculture, only growing sal and teak, lead to
biodiversity loss, single wildlife conflict
 1980 Forest protection act, no state govt can promote monoculture, or go ahead
with mass deforestation, permission from central govt required
Silk worm single type of plant needed,
In case of Monoculture, microorganisms and animals won’t survive cause of specific food
habits , insect population dead

- Exotic species
Alien species/Foreign species- species from different space introduced in another
environment, Introduced in new ecosystem

Eg tiger more in jim corbett, moved to another national park so he will be exotic
species there

When number of exotic species increases rapidly, local species declines so exotic
species is called INVASIVE SPECIES
 Eg kaziranga national park - Rhinoceros, Jim corbett - tigers
 o Rhino ko jim corbet mai dal diya, rhino is exotic species in jim corbett, now if
rhino rapdly increases its population, local variety/species declines, killed, so
rhino becomes INVASIVE SPECIES.

 Congress Grass, biodiversity loss , insect jo Indian grass pe feed karte the survive ni
kar paye.
o Congress grass- invasive species

 Lantana- flowering plant, exotic species, rapidly spreads, little biodiversity loss, bird
population decreases

 Mallard bird- it was introduced in North America, introduced botanical garden, zoos,
duck + mallard = new species; more similar to Mallard,

o mallard no. increased rapidly, no. of ducks decreased, MALLARD hence became
INVASIVE SPECIES.

 Pathogen ho sakta hai, possibility exists, when one specie is introduced in

another ecosystem if it carries pathogen then it will spread.

- Poaching
Tiger, Rhinocerous, Elephant
 Tiger- skin, teeth, bones
Ornamental use, Bones used to treat paralysis esp in China & Vietnam, Teeth also
demand high for ornamental use- brings good luck
 Rhinocerous- horn
Ornamental use, China Vietnam high demand: to treat cancer
 Elephant- tusk , canine, incisors

- Over-exploitation
Population increasing day by day
EG cancer treatment, microorg plants researched, plant ___n________ treats ,
plantation increased to meet demand

- Pollution
Chemical contaminants, pesticides, fertilizers, microorg biodiversity decreasing

- Hybridisation
Loss of biodiversity
Breeding possible, sexually compatible
Green rev, acchi variety ko hi cultivate kara
 Eg. Rice new variety
Two diff variety ko cross karke new varity create kara, new variety more food grains,
more cultivation, the original two varieties were forgotten, loss of biodiversity
 Eg, mallard bird, male introduced in North America, Duck female, First generation
more like Mallard, Mallard population increased, indigenous specie duck decreased,
almost instinct
 Lion Tiger hybrid – liger
 Eg. Dog variety
ENDEMIC SPECIES
Only found in one particular area, country
Eg. Kiwi- New Zealand, Kangaroos- Australia
India- Lion tailed macaque, found in Western Ghats, Goa maha tamil nadu
Kerala specifically
Nil Giri Langur – Tamil Nadu, WG
Niligiri Tahr – Tamil Nadu, WG
Kashmir Stga , Hangul – Kashmir endemic specie
WG
Andaman Nicobar
NE region
Himalayan region

Q. difference btw exotic species, endemic species

Amphibians – land and water pe survive kar sakte hai

BIOLOGICAL HOTSPOT
Biological diversity hai, but threat to biodiversity is also high

Biologicla hotspots are rich in endemic species. Endemic species in threatened

condition.

Eg lion tailed macaque in Western Ghats, Kerala to be specific.

 Total Hotspots in the world- 34 (2 added in 2021)
4 hotspots in India
1. Western Ghats, Goa, Maharashtra, TN, Sri Lanka
2. Sundaland – Andaman and Nicobar, Thailand- Singapore extends till there, rich in
biodiversity
3. Eastern Himalaya
4. Indo-Burma- Myanmar mai extend karte hai

Threatened Species
1. Critically Endangered Species
2. Endangered Species
3. Vulnerable species

Criteria
- Population reduction rate
- Geographical range
- Population size
- Probability of extinction

In situ Conservation
On site
Entire environment of the specie is protected
5 names remember each

- Sanctuary 553
Small in size, entire forest protection, bird then only bird,
Okhla Bird Sanctuary, Delhi
Wildlife sanctuary, Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary
Ghariyal Sanctuary
Musk Deer (perfume in navel- reason for illegal poaching) Musk Deer Sanctuary
Sanctuary is specie specific, hence small in size, more in nuber
- National Park 101
Bigger than sanctuary, not specie specifc, but every NP is famous for one specific
specie.
Eg Jim Corbett, Kanha famous for tigers, Kaziranga NP- One horned rhino,
Ranthambore National Park- Rajasthan, Sunderban National Park- Bengal tiger,
Manas NP, ASSAM- Elephant, Silent Valley NP – Lion tailed macaque, Kerala.
Three zones
Transition/ Tourism zone
Buffer sone, can go with permission
Core zone, prohibited zone cause wildlife threat to life
- Biosphere Reserve18
Govt cant declare BR, a particular organisation declares according to a specific
criteria, minimum 3,000km max 11-12,000 km
Considered a complete ecosystem
Area covered huge, hence number less

Ex Situ Conversation
- Tissue culture
Lab condition maintaining survival

- Seed Bank
Angiosperm
IARI Indian Agriculture Research Institute

- Sperm/Ovum Bank
Preserve
Future mai utilise

Nil giri biosphere reserve Tamil Nadu, Karnataka , Kerala

Endangered species- Nil giri thar, langur TN
Nand Devi BR, NP- UK
Sunderbans NP, BR , West Bengal
Rann of Kutch- Hot desert, Gujarat
Ladakh BR, Cold Desert, HP

Sanctuary
Specie specific
Chillika Lake Bird Sanctuary, different migratory birds
Wetland, soil is saturated with water, water logging always, unique variety plants and
animals.
Wetland- Agricultural Land, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, Convention
Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary , Goa
Okhla Bird Sanctuary
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary
Mount Abu Bird Sanctuary
Ken Ghariyal Sanctuary MP, Ghariyal

Extinct in the Wild

In no forest, BR,S,NP
Maybe off site, ex situ conservation, not in forest

Extinct, completely disappeared off earth

Eg dinosaurs

Project Tiger

Project Elephant , Year only, baaki not important

Launched in year 1992

Crocodile conservation