II.2.3.1.

1 Satellite and Terrestrial Components of IMT-2000 The satellite and terrestrial components of
IMT-2000 in general complement each other by providing service coverage to areas which either may
not economically serve. Each component has particular advantages and constraints. The satellite
component can provide coverage to areas which may not be within the economic range of the
terrestrial component; this applies particularly to rural and remote regions, in particular for developing
countries. Additionally, in providing this complementary satellite coverage, the satellite component
may, in more densely populated areas, precede and could encourage later coverage by the terrestrial
component. Satellite systems can also provide a multicast layer as a complement to the terrestrial
mobile networks. The method of evolution may therefore be regarded in two ways: one to augment the
IMT-2000 terrestrial component and the other as a precursor to the IMT-2000 terrestrial component.
There are currently six satellite systems defined as part of the IMT-2000 family through their radio
interfaces (see Recommendations ITU-R M.1455-2 and ITU-R M.1457-3) and each can be expected to
operate independently from one-another. All aim to provide coverage for regional, multiregional or
global service areas and hence there may be several satellite systems, capable of providing service in
any country. Report on Question 20-1/2 49 There are many scenarios for evolution; in particular the
following points are being studied further by ITU-R: • The effect of the expected large development of
the IMT-2000 infrastructure of terrestrial-based components on the implementation and evolution of
IMT-2000 mobile satellite systems. • Initially there is more likely to be commonality at the network
levels than other levels. At what level will a system be considered IMT-2000? • The impact and
practicality of dual mode user terminals capable of operating on a number of systems providing voice
and data services, whichever the mobile network used (satellite or terrestrial). • The use of satellite for
the internet applications in rural areas, sparsely populated areas, etc., is under study by the ITU-R in
response to the Agenda item 1.19 of the next World Radio Conference in 2007. II.2.3.1.2 IMT-2000
Service Enhancements It is expected that IMT-2000 standards, technologies and services will also further
evolve. Following are several examples of such enhancements that are now being developed. Further
evolution of UMTS is already being considered. The UMTS radio access technology will be enhanced to
support High Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet Access, enabling transmission at speeds of up to 14.2
Mbit/s. In the same way that EDGE increases spectral efficiency compared to GPRS, HSDPA increases
spectral efficiency compared to IMT-2000 CDMA Direct Spread. The higher spectral efficiency and higher
speeds not only enable new classes of applications, but also support a greater number of users accessing
the network, with HSDPA providing over twice the capacity. There will be other complementary
technologies in order to provide really high data rates and very high user densities, such as would be
found in conference centres, including Wireless Local Area Networks (W-LAN), which can complement
IMT-2000 technologies in the future, offering theoretical bit-rates up to 54 Mbit/s. Although public
WLAN networks will also be deployed independently from the mobile networks, there are built-in
advantages for the mobile operators that come from the ability to provide mobility management,
subscriber management, high security and roaming. Another enhancement is the IP Multimedia
Subsystem (IMS). It enables real-time, person-to-person services, such as voice or video telephony, to be
provided by means of packet switched technology in common with information and data services, by
using IP multimedia Call Control. It allows the integration and interaction of telecommunications and
information services as well as enabling communications sessions to be established simultaneously
between multiple users and devices. Further evolutions of CDMA2000 are also considered. For example,
with the inclusion of new Selectable Mode Vocoders (SMV) and antenna diversity techniques,
CDMA2000 1X can provide a voice capacity nearly three times that of the IS-95 Systems62. CDMA2000
1xEV-DO is an enhancement to CDMA2000 that is primarily optimized for data services and enables data
transmission at higher speeds. The CDMA2000 1xEV-DO air interface is designed to provide complete
interoperability with CDMA2000 1X networks and provides peak data rates of up to 3.1 Mbit/s in
____________________ 62 “SMV Capacity Increases”, Andy Dejaco, Qualcomm Inc., CDG-C11-2000-
1016010, October 16, 2000. 50 Report on Question 20-1/2 the forward link and 1.8 Mbit/s in the reverse
link in a frequency carrier bandwidth of 1.25 MHz. In addition, CDMA2000 1xEVDO can now provide
multicast/ broadcast (point-to-multipoint), and point-to-point voice, data, and multimedia content.
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO allows operators an economical option to deliver the wide range of IMT-2000 data
services at affordable costs. The 1xEV-DO systems that are already commercially deployed63 implement
many advanced features of wireless communication system design. The high data capacity of 1xEV-DO is
due to incorporation of higher order modulation schemes such as 16-QAM, dynamic link adaptation,
adaptive modulation, incremental redundancy, multi-user diversity, receive diversity, turbo coding and
other channel-controlling mechanisms64. CDMA2000 1xEV-DV is an enhancement to the IMT-2000
CDMA Multi-Carrier systems that combines the features of CDMA2000 1X and CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
systems. Thus, it provides an option to provide either the higher voice capacity of CDMA2000 1X
systems or the higher data capacity of CDMA2000 1xEV-DO systems or even provide a balanced mix of
high capacity voice and data in one single carrier of 1.25 MHz. Just as the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
of IMT-2000 Direct Spread enables real-time, person-to-person services, such as voice or video
telephony, provided by means of packet switched technology, so does the Multimedia Domain (MMD)
in IMT-2000 Multi-Carrier by enabling distribution of a suite of multimedia and data intensive
applications, such as VoIP, point-to-point and multicast distribution of images, voice, music content,
video etc, using a common packet-switched IP core network, to users. All of these provide significant
benefits and capabilities to operators who desire to offer a combination of applications and services,
using the same radio platform, to multiple users and devices. ITU-D Question 18/2 has a thorough set of
guidelines it has prepared on the transition of existing systems to IMT-2000. This report is available on
the ITU-D Study Group 2 website. II.2.3.2 IEEE 802.16 – 2000 (2k) OFDMA mode – Mobile Extension
Matrix This is an OFDMA extension of ETSI EN-301958 (DVB-RCT, DVB-T which is widely used worldwide)
by using the 2K FFT. 2k OFDMA supports both fixed and mobile operation, under 802.16REVd standard
although not yet recognized in any ITU-R recommendation. OFDMA combines FDMA and TDMA access
schemes with spread spectrum concept. OFDMA divides the BW resources among users by assigning
multiple sub-channels and multiple time slots per user. Sub carriers are pseudo randomly spread over
the entire spectrum for achieving frequency diversity. The 2K OFDMA has all the state of the art features
needed for possible future Mobile BWA IP systems as follows: • High number of sub-channels – 80
(processing gain factor of 19 dB) • Low overhead – max 15% • Large FFT size – high frequency selectivity,
enables support of long delay spread; for large cells and low frequency operation, high BW capability
(2.5–28 MHz) and very high throughput (peak of 4 bit/(s*Hz)). ____________________ 63 As of May 1st,
2003, these include operators in 3 continents such as: SK Telecom (S. Korea), KTF (S. Korea), Monet
Mobile (USA), Giro (Brazil). Source: www.3gtoday.com 64 “CDMA/HDR: a bandwidth efficient high speed
wireless data service for nomadic users”, Bender, P., Black, P., Grob, M., Padovani, R., Sindhushyana, N.,
Viterbi, S., Communications Magazine, IEEE , Volume: 38 Issue: 7, July 2000. Page(s): 70-77. Report on
Question 20-1/2 51 • Supports new antennas schemes like MIMO, STC, AAS (Adaptive Antenna System)
and regular MRC antenna diversity • Short frames for small round trip delay and all ITU levels of mobility
(including the 250 km) • Adaptive Efficient coding schemes (Turbo schemes) • Low delay ARQ schemes •
Adaptive Modulations and coding rates (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM and 5/6, ¾. 2/3 ½, 1/3. ¼, 1/6, 1/8,
1/12) which enable to extend the range and working with negative SNR (–5 dB) • QoS support (several
levels) taking the advantage of the small granularity of the sub-channels (6 bytes) • Adaptive Sub-
channel Control • Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for covering holes • Highly efficient Power safe mode •
Forward and backward APC • Highly efficient handoff which includes mobile IP • Soft handoff (HO)
capabilities in the PHY level (macro diversity) • Smooth HO above layer 2 (no loss of packets) • Single
Frequency Network for broadcasting information to the entire network, like Video/Audio • Broadcasting
for converging of Broadcasting and Telecom Network and applications.