STUDY SCHEDULE

This module will be used by students enrolled in MAT051 during the first semester of AY 2020-2021.

Course No. Schedule Room Assignment

Week Topic Learning Outcomes

MIDTERM PERIOD

Module 2: Introduction to Derivatives

Unit 2.1: Tangent Line

1. Understand the concept of the tangent line problem.

Week 1
2. Understand the importance of tangent lines to derivatives.

3. Compute the slope of a tangent line of a function.

Find the equation of the tangent line and equation of its normal line.

Unit 2.2: Derivative of a Function

1. Understand the concept of differentiation using the tangent line

Week 2 problem.

2. Apply different theorems and rules in getting the derivatives of a

function.

Unit 2.3: Higher-Order Derivative and Implicit Differentiation

Week 3 1. Compute the derivatives of functions using implicit differentiation.

2. Compute the second and third derivatives of functions.

Unit 2.4: Applications of Derivatives

1. Determine the critical point of the functions

Week 4 2. Illustrate the relative extrema and absolute extrema of a functions.

3. Find the absolute extrema of a function

4. Illustrate Rolle’s Theorem and Mean-Value Theorem

Module 3: Integrations

Unit 3.1: Integration of Polynomial, Root, Exponential, Logarithmic and

Trigonometric Functions

1. Illustrate the antiderivative of a function;

Week 5 2. Compute the general antiderivative of polynomial functions;
3. Compute the general antiderivative of root functions;
4. Compute the general antiderivative of exponential functions; and,
5. Compute the general antiderivative of trigonometric functions.

Unit 3.2: Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation

Week 6 1. Illustrate the Chain Rule; and
2. Compute the antiderivative of a function using the Chain rule

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 1

Module 2
Derivatives OF A Function

Unit 2.1: Tangent Line

In 1637, mathematicians René Descartes stated this about the tangent line problem.
“And I dare say that this is not only the most useful and general problem in geometry that I know, but
even that I ever desire to know”.

What does it mean to say that a line is tangent to a curve at a point? For a circle, the tangent
line at a point P is the line that is perpendicular to the radical line at point P, as shown in figure 1.

Figure 1
For a general curve, however, the problem is more difficult. For instance, how would you
define the tangent lines shown on figure 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3?

Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 2

 Figure 2.3
You might say that a line is tangent to a curve at point P when it touches, but does not cross,
the curve at point P. This definition would work for the first curve shown in figure 2.1, but not for the
second and also saying that a line is tangent to a curve when the line touches or intersects the curve at
exactly one point. This definition would work for a circle, but not for more general curves, as the third
curve in figure 2.3.

The precise definition of a tangent line relies on the notion of a secant line. Let 𝐶 be the graph of a continuous
function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and let 𝑃 be a point on 𝐶. A secant line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) through 𝑃 is any line connecting 𝑃 and
another point 𝑄 on 𝐶. In the figure below, the line 𝑃𝑄 is a secant line of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) through 𝑃.

Now observe the figure below.

As 𝑄 approach 𝑃 , the secant line 𝑃𝑄 become line 𝑙 passes through point 𝑃 only! This line 𝑙 at 𝑃 is the limiting
position of all secant lines 𝑃𝑄 as 𝑄 approaches 𝑃 . Hence, line 𝑙 is the tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑃 .

We summarize below the definitions of the secant line through a point, and the tangent line at a point of the
graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥).

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 Definition 1.
Let C be the graph of a continuous function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and let 𝑃 be a point on 𝐶 .
1. A secant line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) through 𝑃 is any line connecting 𝑃 and another point 𝑄 on 𝐶.
2. The tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑃 is the limiting position of all secant lines ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 as 𝑄 → 𝑃.

Remark: Notice the use of the articles 𝑎 and 𝑡ℎ𝑒 in the definition above. It should be
emphasized that if a tangent line exists, then it must be unique, much the same as in limits.

Equation of The Tangent Line

Consider the graph of a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) whose graph is given below. Let 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) be a point on the graph
of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥). Our objective is to find the slope of the tangent line (TL) to the graph at the point (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).

Recall that the slope of any line passing through distinct points (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).and (𝑥, 𝑦)has slope
𝑦−𝑦0
𝑚𝑙 =
𝑥−𝑥0

It follows that the slope of secant line 𝑃𝑄 above is

𝑦−𝑦0
𝑚𝑃𝑄 = .
𝑥−𝑥0

Observe that letting Q approach P is equivalent to letting 𝑥 approach 𝑥0 . Since the tangent line is the limiting
position of the secant lines as Q approaches P, therefore that the slope of the tangent line (TL) at the point P is
the limit of the slopes of the secant lines PQ as 𝑥 approaches 𝑥0 . In symbols,
y  y0 f ( x)  f ( x0 )
mTL  lim  lim , if this limit exists.
x  x0 x  x0 x  x0 x  x0
Recall the point-slope form of the equation of the line with slope m and passing through the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ).
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥0 ).
If, in particular, the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is the y-intercept (0, 𝑏), then the equation of the line becomes 𝑦 − 𝑏 =
𝑚(𝑥 − 0), that is,
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
This equation is called the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line.

Therefore, the equation of tangent line passes through 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is given by

𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 ), point-slope form

𝑦 = 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 𝑥 + 𝑏,
MAT051 Calculus 1Page 4
SUMMARY

Equation of The Tangent Line

To find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )., follow this
2-step process:
1. Get the slope of the tangent line by computing
y  y0 f ( x)  f ( x0 )
mTL  lim  lim
x  x0 x  x x  x0 x  x0
0

2. Substitute this value of 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 and the coordinates of the known point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) into the point-
slope form to get
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 (𝑥 − 𝑥0 ).

Note: The definition of a tangent line to a curve does not cover the possibility of a vertical tangent
line. Assume that the tangent line to the graph 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) at the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is vertical line, then the
equation is 𝑥 = 𝑥0 .

Example 1. Find the equation of the tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at 𝑥 = 2.

Solution: To get the equation of the line, we need the point 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) and
the slope 𝑚 . We are only give 𝑥0 = 2. However, the y-coordinate of 𝑥0 is easy

to find by substituting 𝑥0 = 2 into 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . This gives us 𝑦0 = 4. Hence,

𝑃 has the coordinate (2, 4). Now, we look for the slope:

y  y0 x2  4 ( x  2)( x  2)
lim  lim  lim  lim x  2  4
x  x0 x  x0 x 2 x  2 x 2 x2 x 2

Finally, the equation of tangent line with slope 𝑚 = 4 and passing through 𝑃(2, 4) is

𝑦 − 4 = 4(𝑥 − 2) or 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 4.

Example 2. Find the slope-intercept form of the tangent line to 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4.

Solution: Again, we find the y-coordinate of 𝑥0 = 4: 𝑦0 = 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = √𝑥0 = √4 = 2. Hence, 𝑃 has coordinates
(4, 2). Now, we look for the slope of the tangent line. Notice that we have to rationalize the numerator to
evaluate the limit.
f ( x )  f ( x0 ) x 2 x 2
m  lim  lim 
x  x0 x  x0 x  4 x4 x 2
x4
 lim
x 4 ( x  4)( x  2)

1 1
 lim 
x 4 ( x  2) 4
1
Finally, with point 𝑃(4, 2) and slope 𝑚 = the equation of the tangent line is
4
1
𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − 4)
4
1
[𝑦 − 2 = (𝑥 − 4)] 4
4
4𝑦 − 8 = 𝑥 − 4
4𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 + 8
𝑥
𝑦 = + 1, equation of tangent line in slope-intercept form.
4

Example 3. Show that the tangent line to 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1 at the point (2, −11) is horizontal.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 5

Solution: Recall that a horizontal line has zero slope. Now, computing for the slope, we get:

y  y0 (3x 2  12 x  1)  (11)
m  lim  lim
x  x0 x  x0 x2 x2
3( x 2  4 x  4)
 lim
x 2 x2
3( x  2)( x  2)
 lim
x 2 x2
 lim 3( x  2)  0
x 2
Since the slope of the tangent line is 0, it must be horizontal. Its equation is,
𝑦 − (−11) = 0(𝑥 − 2)
𝑦 + 11 = 0
𝑦 = −11.

Example 4. Verify that the tangent line to the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 at (1, 5) is the line itself.

Solution. We first compute for the slope of the tangent line. Note that 𝑥0 = 1 and 𝑦0 = 5.
y  y0 (2 x  3)  5
m  lim  lim
x  x0 x  x x 1 x 1
0

2x  2
 lim
x 1 x  1

2( x  1)
 lim
x 1 x 1
 lim 2  2
x 1
Therefore, substituting this into the point-slope form with 𝑃(1, 5) and 𝑚 = 2, we get
𝑦 − 5 = 2(𝑥 − 1)
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 + 5
𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
This is the same equation as that of the given line.

Equation of The Normal Line

Definition 2. The normal line to curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)at 𝑃(𝑥0 , 𝑦0 ) is the line through 𝑃 that is perpendicular to the
tangent line to the curve at 𝑝 .

1
Recall that the if the slope of line 𝐿 is 𝑚 , then the slope of line perpendicular to 𝐿 is − . Hence, if the slope
𝑚
1
of tangent line 𝑙 is 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 then the slope of its normal line is − .
𝑚𝑇𝐿

Example 5. Find the equation of the normal line in example 1.

1
Solution: Since the slope of tangent line is 4, then the slope of its normal line is − . It follows that the equation
4
1
of normal line passes through 𝑃(2, 4) with slope − is
4

1
𝑦 − 4 = − (𝑥 − 2)
4

1 1
𝑦 =− 𝑥+ +5
4 2

1 11
𝑦=− 𝑥+ , equation of the normal line to 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 at 𝑥 = 2 .
4 2

Example 6. Find the slope-intercept form of equation of the normal line of example 2.
MAT051 Calculus 1Page 6
 1 1
Solution: Again, since the slope of the tangent line is , then the slope of its normal line is − ( 1 ) = −4.
4
4

Therefore the equation of normal line passing through 𝑃(4, 2)with slope −4 is

𝑦 − 2 = −4(𝑥 − 4)

𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 16 + 2

𝑦 = −4𝑥 + 18, equation of normal line to 𝑦 = √𝑥 at 𝑥 = 4.

Work work!

Activity 2.1.
Find the standard (slope-intercept form) equation of the tangent line and equation of its normal line to
the following functions at the specified points:

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1 at the point (0, 1)

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 at the point (−1, 11)
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 9 at the point where 𝑥 = 0
4. 𝑓(𝑥) = √25 − 𝑥 2 at the point where 𝑥 = 4
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + √𝑥 at the point where 𝑥 = 1

*number 5 problem is optional. It is bonus question. If your answer is correct, plus 15 points.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 7

Unit 2.2: Derivative of a Function

The definition of the Derivative

Definition 3. (Definition of the Derivative)

Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ ℝ, and let 𝑥0 𝜖 𝐼. The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 is

defined to be
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥−𝑥0
if this limit exists. That is, the derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥0 is the slope of the tangent line at (𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 )), if it
exists.

This “new” function gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of 𝑓 at the point (𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 )),
provided that the graph has a tangent line at this point. The derivative can also be used to determine
the instantaneous rate of change (or simply the rate of change) of one variable with respect to
another.

The process of finding the derivative of a function is called differentiation. A function is

differentiable at x when its derivative exists at x and is differentiable on an open interval (a, b)
when it is differentiable at every point in the interval.

In addition to 𝑓 ′(𝑥), other notation are used to denote the derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ). The most
common are

f (x),
dy
, y ,
d
 f (x), Dx [ y ] .
dx dx
The notation dy/dx is read as “the derivative of y with respect to x” or simply “dy,dx”. Using the
notation dy/dx you can write

𝑑𝑦 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
= lim = 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0

AN EQUIVALENT DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE

Recall that we have defined the derivative of a function 𝑓 at 𝑥0 as follows:

𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥0 )
lim
𝑥→𝑥0 𝑥 − 𝑥0

There is another definition of the derivative which is derived by using the substitution

𝑥 = 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥

into the above limit definition of the derivative.

Observe that ∆𝑥 measures the displacement as we move from 𝑥 to 𝑥0 . Thus, in the figure below, the point to
the right of 𝑥0 becomes 𝑥0 + ∆𝑥 if ∆𝑥 > 0. Letting 𝑥 approach 𝑥0 is equivalent to letting ∆𝑥 approach 0.
Applying the substitution, we now have

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 8

 𝑓(𝑥0 +∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥0 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = lim (𝑥0 +∆𝑥)−𝑥0
.
∆𝑥→0

We present this fact formally below:

Alternative Definition of the Derivative

Let 𝑓 be a function defined on an open interval 𝐼 ⊆ ℝ, and let 𝑥 𝜖 𝐼. The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥 is defined
𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
to be 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim , if this limit exists.
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

∆𝑥 should be treated like any other variable. Some other books use ℎ instead ∆𝑥 . In this case, it becomes

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ

Usually, this is the definition used to obtain the general expression of the derivative of a function at any point
𝑥 𝜖 𝐼.
Example 1. Find the derivative of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2 using the definition.

Solution: First, find and simplify 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 ). That is,

𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + ℎ)2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ2

Second, divide 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 ) by ℎ.

[𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)] (2𝑥ℎ+ℎ 2 ) ℎ(2𝑥+ℎ)

= = = 2𝑥 + ℎ
ℎ ℎ ℎ

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
And lastly, evaluate lim ℎ
. If this limit exists, it is 𝑓′(𝑥).
ℎ→0

𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥)
lim = lim (2𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0

Therefore, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥.

Theorems on Differentiation

The process of computing the derivatives using definition may be very complicated. We can find
relief from using such a technique by applying some of the basic theorems on differentiation. These theorems
give formulas that one can use to find the derivatives of some functions.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 9

 Theorem 1: (The Derivative of a Constant)

If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 , for all 𝒙 , where 𝒄 is a constant, then 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟎.

Example 2.

1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 5
2) 𝑔(𝑥) = 0
3) ℎ(𝑥) = 1

Answers:
Solution:
1) 𝑓′(𝑥) = 0
2) 𝑔′(𝑥) = 0
3) ℎ′(𝑥) = 0

Theorem 2: If 𝑟 is a rational number and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑟 , then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑟𝑥 𝑟−1 .

Examples 3.
1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
2) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 −3
3) ℎ(𝑥 ) = 𝑥 4
Answers:
Solution:
1) f ′ (x) = 2x 2−1 = 2x
−3
2) g ′ (x) = −3x −3−1 = −3x −4 or
x4
3) h′ (x) = 4x 4−1 = 4x 3

Theorem 3. If 𝑓 is a differentiable function at 𝑥 and 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑐 is a constant, then 𝐹 is

differentiable at 𝑥 and 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐 ∙ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).

Example 4.

1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3
2) 𝑔(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2
3) ℎ(𝑥) = −5𝑥 4

Answer:

Solution:

1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2(3𝑥 3−1 ) = 6𝑥 2

2) 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 4(2𝑥 2−1 ) = 8𝑥
3) ℎ′(𝑥) = −5(4𝑥 4−1 ) = −20𝑥 3

Theorem 4. (Derivative of a Sum) If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥), then
ℎ is differentiable at 𝑥 and ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ± 𝑔′(𝑥).

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 10

Example 5.

1) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1
2) 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 + 5
3
1
3) 𝑚(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 4
2

Solutions:

1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2(2𝑥 1 ) − 0 = 4𝑥
2) 𝑔′ (𝑥) = 3(4𝑥 3 ) + 5(1𝑥 0 ) + 0 = 12𝑥 3 + 5
3 1
1 3 3 3
3) 𝑚′ (𝑥) = ( 𝑥 4−1 ) + 0 = 𝑥 − 4 or 1
2 4 8
8𝑥 4

Theorem 5. (Derivative of a Product) If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable at 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑥), then ℎ is
differentiable at 𝑥 and

ℎ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔′ (𝑥) + 𝑔(𝑥) ∙ 𝑓′(𝑥).

Example 6.

1) 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 )
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = (3𝑥 + 1)𝐷𝑥 (2𝑥 ) + (2𝑥 )𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥 + 1)
= (3𝑥 + 1)(2) + (2𝑥 )(3)
= 6𝑥 + 2 + 6𝑥
= 12𝑥 + 2
2) 𝑔(𝑥 ) = (4𝑥 2 − 1)(5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 )
Solution:
𝑔′ (𝑥 ) = (4𝑥 2 − 1)𝐷𝑥 (5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ) + (5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 )𝐷𝑥 (4𝑥 2 − 1)
= (4𝑥 2 − 1)(10𝑥 + 4) + (5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 )(8𝑥 )
= 40𝑥 3 + 16𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 4 + 40𝑥 3 + 32𝑥 2
= 80𝑥 3 + 48𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 4

𝑓(𝑥)
Theorem 6. (Derivative of a Quotient) If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are differentiable at 𝑥 and ℎ(𝑥) = with
𝑔(𝑥)

𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0, then ℎ is differentiable at 𝑥 and

𝑔(𝑥)𝑓′ (𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
ℎ′ (𝑥) = [𝑔(𝑥)]2
, [𝑔(𝑥)]2 ≠ 0

Example 7.
3𝑥−1
1) 𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥+3

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 11

Solution:
(2𝑥+3)𝐷𝑥(3𝑥−1)−(3𝑥−1)𝐷𝑥(2𝑥+3)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (2𝑥+3)2

(2𝑥+3)(3)−(3𝑥−1)(2)
= (2𝑥+3)2

6𝑥+9−6𝑥+2
= (2𝑥+3)2

11
= (2𝑥+3)2

2𝑥 2 +3𝑥
2) 𝑔(𝑥) =
3𝑥

Solution:
(3𝑥)𝐷𝑥(2𝑥 2 +3𝑥)−(2𝑥 2 +3𝑥)𝐷𝑥(3𝑥)
𝑔′ (𝑥) = (3𝑥)2

(3𝑥)(4𝑥+3)−(2𝑥 2 +3𝑥)(3)
=
9𝑥 2

12𝑥 2 +9𝑥−6𝑥 2 −9𝑥

=
9𝑥 2

6𝑥 2 2
= or
9𝑥 2 3

Note: Simplify only the denominator if you can cancel something on the numerator.

Theorem 7. (Derivative of a Composite Function-The Chain Rule) Suppose that 𝑓 , 𝑔 , and

𝑢 are functions with 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑢(𝑥)) and suppose that 𝑔 and 𝑢 are differentiable at 𝑥 . Then
𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 and

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑔′ (𝑢(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑢′(𝑥)

Example 8. Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = (3𝑥 2 − 11)2 .

2
Let 𝑔(𝑢(𝑥)) = (𝑢(𝑥)) , 𝑢(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 11 then 𝑔′ (𝑢(𝑥)) = 2(𝑢(𝑥)) and 𝑢′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥. Then
substitute on derivative of a composite function formula,

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2(𝑢(𝑥))(6𝑥)
= 2(3𝑥 2 − 11)(6𝑥)
= (6𝑥 2 − 22)(6𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 36𝑥 3 − 132𝑥
2𝑥+1 4
Example 9. Find 𝑔′ given that 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) .
3−𝑥
4 2𝑥+1 3
Let 𝑔(𝑢(𝑥)) = (𝑢(𝑥)) and 𝑢(𝑥) = . Then 𝑔′ (𝑢(𝑥)) = 4(𝑢(𝑥)) and
3−𝑥
(3 − 𝑥)(2) − (2𝑥 + 1)(−1)
𝑢′ (𝑥) =
(3 − 𝑥)2
(6−2𝑥)−(−2𝑥−1)
= (3−𝑥)2

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 12

 6−2𝑥+2𝑥+1
= (3−𝑥)2

7
𝑢′ (𝑥) =
(3 − 𝑥)2
Now, substitute on derivative of a composite function formula,
3 7
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4(𝑢(𝑥)) ((3−𝑥)2)

2𝑥+1 3 7
= 4( ) ((3−𝑥)2)
3−𝑥

(2𝑥+1)3 7
=4 (
(3−𝑥)3 (3−𝑥)2
)

4(7)(2𝑥+1)3
= (3−𝑥)5

28(2𝑥+1)3
𝑓′(𝑥) = (3−𝑥)5

Review on Trigonometric Identities

Reciprocal Identities

1 1 1
sin   cos  tan  
csc sec cot
1 1 1
csc  sec  cot 
sin  cos tan 
Quotient Identities

sin  cos
tan   cot 
cos sin 
Pythagorean Identities

1  sin 2   cos2  sec2   tan 2   1 csc2   1  cot2 

Even/Odd Identities

sin      sin  cos    cos tan      tan 

csc     csc sec    sec cot     cot

The Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem 8. Let 𝑢 be a differentiable function of 𝑥 . Then

a. 𝐷𝑥 (sin 𝑢) = (cos 𝑢) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑢) d. 𝐷𝑥 (cot 𝑢) = (−csc 2 𝑢) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑢)

b. 𝐷𝑥 (cos 𝑢) = (−sin 𝑢) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑢) e. 𝐷𝑥 (sec 𝑢) = (sec 𝑢 ∙ tan 𝑢) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑢)
c. 𝐷𝑥 (tan 𝑢) = (sec 2 𝑢) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑢) f. 𝐷𝑥 (csc 𝑢) = (−csc 𝑢 ∙ cot 𝑢) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑢)

Example 10. Find the derivative of each of the following.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = cos(1 − 5𝑥 2 )

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 13

 Solution:

Let 𝑢 = 1 − 5𝑥 2 , then 𝐷𝑥 (1 − 5𝑥 2 ) = −10𝑥 . Using the Theorem 8(b),

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑢 𝐷𝑥 (𝑢)

= − sin(1 − 5𝑥 2 ) (−10𝑥)
𝑓′(𝑥) = 10𝑥 sin(1 − 5𝑥 2 )

b. 𝑔(𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 cos 3𝑥

Solution:
Using Theorem 5(Derivative of a Product),
𝑔′ (𝑥) = sin 3𝑥 𝐷𝑥 (cos 3𝑥) + cos 3𝑥 𝐷𝑥 (sin 3𝑥)

Evaluate 𝐷𝑥 (cos 3𝑥) and 𝐷𝑥 (sin 3𝑥) using Theorem 8(a and b).

= sin 3𝑥 [− sin 3𝑥 𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥)] + cos 3𝑥 [cos 3𝑥 𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥)]

Simplify further,

= sin 3𝑥 [− sin 3𝑥 (3)] + cos 3𝑥 [cos 3𝑥 (3)]

𝑔′(𝑥) = −3 sin2 3𝑥 + 3 cos 2 3𝑥

c. ℎ(𝑥) = √cot 𝑥
Solution:
1
Rewrite ℎ(𝑥) = √cot 𝑥 to exponential form, that is ℎ(𝑥) = (cot 𝑥)2 . Then, using Theorem 2 and 7,
1
1
ℎ′ (𝑥) = (cot 𝑥)2−1 𝐷𝑥 (cot 𝑥 )
2

Evaluate 𝐷𝑥 (cot 𝑥 ) using Theorem 8(d).

1
1
ℎ′ (𝑥) = (cot 𝑥)−2 [− csc 2 𝑥 ]
2

1 1 csc2 𝑥 csc2 𝑥
Simplify, ℎ′ (𝑥) = − csc 2 𝑥 ( 1 )=− 1 =− .
2 2 √cot 𝑥
(cot 𝑥)2 2 (cot 𝑥)2

sec 𝑥
d. 𝐹(𝑥) =
1−sin 𝑥

Solution:
By Theorem 6(Derivative of a quotient),
(1−sin 𝑥 ) 𝐷𝑥(sec 𝑥 )−sec 𝑥 𝐷𝑥(1−sin 𝑥 )
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (1−sin 𝑥)2

Evaluate 𝐷𝑥 (sec 𝑥 ) and 𝐷𝑥 (1 − sin 𝑥) by using Theorem 8(e and a) and Theorem 4.
(1−sin 𝑥 ) (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 ) −sec 𝑥 (0−cos 𝑥)
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (1−sin 𝑥)2
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥−sin 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 +cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥
Simplify, 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (1−sin 𝑥)2
1 sin 𝑥
Using Trigonometric Identities sec 𝑥 = , tan 𝑥 = and cos 𝑥 sec 𝑥 = 1,
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 14

 1
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥−tan 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 ) +1
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = (1−sin 𝑥)2
sin 𝑥
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥−tan 𝑥 ( cos 𝑥)+1
= (1−sin 𝑥)2
sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 +1
= (1−sin 𝑥)2

sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥−tan2 𝑥 +1

𝐹′(𝑥) = (1−sin 𝑥)2

Work work!
Activity 2.2.
A. Find the indicated derivative using the theorems on differentiation.
1. g ( x)  2 x 3  6 x 2  1
1
2. g ( x)   x 3  x  4
4
3. f ( x)  (3x  1)(2 x)
4. g ( x)  (4 x 2  10) 3
2x
5. h( x) 
4x 2 1
 3x 3  2 x 2  4 x  8
6. g ( x) 
3x 2  4 x
7. 
f ( x)   4 x 8  4 x 3  2 x 2  8 4

3x  1
8. f ( x) 
(4 x  2) 2
9. g ( x)  3x  23x 1(2x)
3
 x 2  4x 
10. h( x)   
 x2 

B. Compute the derivative of the following functions using the theorems on differentiation for
trigonometric functions.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 + 𝑥 2 tan 𝑥
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 csc 2𝑥
3. ℎ(𝑥) = sin3 (𝑥 + 1)
sec4 2𝑥
4. 𝐹(𝑥) =
cos 2𝑥

5. 𝐺(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 15

Unit 2.3. Higher-Order Derivative and Implicit Differentiation

Higher-Order Derivative
If the function 𝑓 is differentiable, then its first derivative 𝑓 ′ is called the first derivative of 𝑓 . If the
function 𝑓′ is differentiable, then the derivative of 𝑓 ′ is called the second derivative of 𝑓. It is denoted by 𝑓′′
(read as “𝑓 double prime”). Similarly, the third derivative of 𝑓 , is defined as the derivative of 𝑓 ′′ , provided
𝑓 ′′ exists. The third derivative of 𝑓 is denoted by 𝑓′′′(reas as”𝑓 triple prime”). The 𝒏𝒕𝒉 derivative of the
function 𝒇 , denoted by 𝑓 (𝑛) , is defined as the derivative of the (𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑡 derivative of 𝑓 , provided the latter
exists. Higher-order derivatives are denoted as shown below.

 f (x), Dx  y 
dy d
First derivative: f (x) , ,
dx dx

d2
Dx2  y 
dy
Second derivative: f (x) , ,  f ( x),
dx dx 2

d3y d3
Third derivative: f (x) , ,  f ( x) , Dx3  y
dx3 dx 3

d4y d4
Fourth derivative: f 4 ( x) , ,  f ( x), Dx4  y 
dx 4 dx 4

dny dn
nth derivative: f n (x) , ,  f (x), Dxn  y 
dx n dx n

Example 1. Find 𝑔′′′ (𝑥) if 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 2.

Solution:

𝑔′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 4

𝑔′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 + 6

𝑔′′′ (𝑥) = 6
3𝑥
Example 2. Find 𝑓′′ if 𝑓(𝑥) = .
1−𝑥

Solution:
(1−𝑥)𝐷𝑥(3𝑥)−(3𝑥)𝐷𝑥 (1−𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1−𝑥)2

(1 − 𝑥)(3) − (3𝑥)(−1)
=
(1 − 𝑥)2

3 − 3𝑥 + 3𝑥
=
(1 − 𝑥)2

3
=
(1 − 𝑥)2

(1−𝑥)2 𝐷𝑥(3)−(3)𝐷𝑥(1−𝑥)2
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = [(1−𝑥)2 ]2

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 16

 (1 − 𝑥)2 (0) − (3)[2(1 − 𝑥)(−1)]
=
(1 − 𝑥)4

−3(−2)(1 − 𝑥)
=
(1 − 𝑥)4

6
=
(1 − 𝑥)3

1
Example 3. Find ℎ′′′ if ℎ(𝑥) = .
√3𝑥+7

Solution: First, write

−1 1 −1 1
1
ℎ(𝑥) = = (√3𝑥 + 7) = [(3𝑥 + 7)2 ] = (3𝑥 + 7)−2
√3𝑥+7

Then,
3 3
1 3
ℎ′ (𝑥) = − (3𝑥 + 7)−2 (3) = − (3𝑥 + 7)−2
2 2

5 5 5
3 3 3 9 27
ℎ′′ (𝑥) = − [− (3𝑥 + 7)−2 (3)] = − [− (3𝑥 + 7)−2 ] = (3𝑥 + 7)−2
2 2 2 2 4

7 7 7
27 5 27 15 405 −405
ℎ′′′ (𝑥) = [− (3𝑥 + 7)−2 (3)] = [− (3𝑥 + 7)−2 ] = − (3𝑥 + 7)−2 or
4 2 4 2 8 8√(3𝑥+7)7

𝑑3
Example 4. Compute (2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ).
𝑑𝑥 3
Solution:
𝑑
(2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) = 2 cos 𝑥 + 3(− sin 𝑥) − 3𝑥 2 = 2 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2
(2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) = 2(− sin 𝑥) − 3 cos 𝑥 − 6𝑥 = −2 sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑3
(2 sin 𝑥 + 3 cos 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 ) = −2 cos 𝑥 − 3(− sin 𝑥) − 6 = −2 cos 𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 − 6
𝑑𝑥 3

Work work!
Activity 2.3.
1. Find 𝑔′(𝑥) and 𝑔′′(𝑥) if 𝑔(𝑥) = (2𝑥 − 3)2 (𝑥 + 4)3
𝑑2
2. Find [2𝑥(1 − 4𝑥)2 ].
𝑑𝑥 2
3. Find ℎ′ and ℎ′′ if ℎ(𝑥) = sec 2𝑥 + tan 2𝑥
𝑑4 3
4. Find ( ).
𝑑𝑡 4 2𝑡−1
5
5. Find 𝑓 (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 17

Implicit Differentiation
If 𝑓 is given by 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) /𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2}, then the equation 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 2 defined the function
𝑓 explicitly. However, not all relations can be defined in such a manner. For instance, consider the equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 16. This given equation does not describe a function. Now, the function 𝑔 defined by 𝑦 =
√𝑥 2 − 16 satisfies 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 16, that is 𝑥 2 − [𝑔(𝑥)]2 = 16. Also, the function ℎ defined by ℎ = −√𝑥 2 − 16
satisfies 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 16, that is, 𝑥 2 − [ℎ(𝑥)]2 = 16. In this case, the function 𝑔 or ℎ is defined implicitly by the
equation 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 16.
The process of finding the derivative of a function that is defined implicitly is called implicit
differentiation.

Guidelines for Implicit Differentiation

1) Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.

𝑑𝑦
2) Collect all terms involving on the left side of the equation and move all other terms to the right side
𝑑𝑥

of the equation.
𝑑𝑦
3) Factor out of the left side of the equation.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4) Solve for .
𝑑𝑥

given that y  y  5 y  x  4 .
𝑑𝑦 3 2 2
Example 5. Find
𝑑𝑥

Solution:

First, differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x.

d 3
dx

y  y 2  5 y  x 2   4
d
dx


dx
 
d 3 d 2 d
y 
dx dx
 
y  5 y 
d 2
dx
x   4
d
dx
 
dy dy dy
3y 2  2 y  5  2x  0
dx dx dx
𝑑𝑦
Second, collect all terms involving on the left side of the equation and move all other terms to the
𝑑𝑥

right side of the equation.

dy dy dy
3y 2  2 y  5  2x
dx dx dx

𝑑𝑦
Third, factor out of the left side of equation.
𝑑𝑥

dy
dx

3 y 2  2 y  5  2x

And lastly, solve for

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥

by dividing by 3 y  2 y  5 .
2


MAT051 Calculus 1Page 18

 dy 2x


dx 3 y  2 y  5
2


given that 2 y  4 y  x  2 x  13 .
𝑑𝑦 3 2 4 3
Example 5. Find
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
d
dx

2 y 3  4 y 2  x 4  2 x 3  13
d
dx

d
dx
 
2 y3 
d
dx
4y2 
d 4 d
dx
 
x 
dx
2 x 3  13
d
dx
   
dy dy
6y2  8 y  4x 3  6x 2  0
dx dx
dy dy
6y2  8 y  4 x 3  6 x 2
dx dx
dy
dx
 
6 y 2  8 y  4 x 3  6 x 2

dy  4 x 3  6 x 2

dx 6y2  8y

𝑑𝑦
Example 6. Find given that 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 + 𝑦).
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑦) = [tan(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) [1 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) + sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦) = sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
[1 − sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)] = sec 2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

Therefore,
𝑑𝑦 sec2(𝑥+𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 1−sec2(𝑥+𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
Example 7. Find given that cot 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑑 𝑑
(cot 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦) = (0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(cot 𝑥𝑦) + (𝑥𝑦) = (0)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
− csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥𝑦) + [𝑥 + 𝑦(1)] = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) [𝑥 + 𝑦(1)] + [𝑥 + 𝑦] = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 19

 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) [𝑥 + 𝑦] + 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−𝑥 csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) − y csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥 +𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
−𝑥 csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) +𝑥 = y csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
[−𝑥 csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥] = 𝑦 csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥

Hence,
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 csc2 (𝑥𝑦)−𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 csc2 (𝑥𝑦)+𝑥

Simplify further,
𝑑𝑦 𝑦[csc 2 (𝑥𝑦) − 1] 𝑦
= 2 =
𝑑𝑥 −𝑥[csc (𝑥𝑦) − 1] −𝑥

Work work!
Activity 2.4.
𝑑𝑦
Suppose that 𝑦 is a differentiable function of the variable 𝑥 . Find .
𝑑𝑥

1. 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 25

2. xy  x 2 y  1
3. cos(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑦 sin 𝑥
4. 𝑥4𝑦4 = 𝑥4 + 𝑦4
5. 𝑦 − (𝑥 + 1) sin 𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 2
𝑦
6. = 2 + 𝑥2
√𝑥−𝑦

*number 6 is a bonus problem. Plus 15points for correct answer!

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 20

Unit 2.4. Applications of Derivatives

Maximum and Minimum Values of a Functions

Definition 1. A function 𝑓 is said to have a relative maximum value at 𝑥0 (the value is 𝑓(𝑥0 )) if there
exists an open interval 𝐼 containing 𝑥0 on which 𝑓 is defined and that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥)for all 𝑥 in this interval
𝐼 . It has a relative minimum value at 𝑥0 if there exists an open interval 𝐼 containing 𝑥0 on which 𝑓 is
defined and that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥)for all 𝑥 in this interval 𝐼. If a function 𝑓 has either a relative maximum or
relative minimum value at 𝑥0 , then 𝑓 is said to have a relative extremum at 𝑥0 .

The following theorems says something about the value of the derivative of a function at a point that
corresponds to a relative maximum or a relative minimum point.

Theorem 1. If 𝑓(𝑥) exists for all values of 𝑥 in the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏), and if 𝑓 has a relative maximum
at 𝑥0 , where 𝑎 < 𝑥0 < 𝑏 , and if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) exists, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 0.

Remarks. A function may have more than one relative maximum (minimum) values. It may also have no
relative maximum or relative minimum value.

Critical Values and Critical Point of a Function

Definition 2. If 𝑥0 is a number in the domain of the function 𝑓 , and if either 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) does not
exists, then 𝑥0 is called a critical number or critical value of 𝒇 . A critical point is a point (𝑥0 , 𝑓(𝑥0 )) of
the function 𝑓 corresponding to the critical number 𝑥0 .

Example 1. Find the critical values and critical points of each of the following functions.
3
a. 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4
4
𝑥 2 −𝑥+4
b. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 > 1)
√𝑥+1
3
c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + (𝑥 + 1)5
Solution:
a. Find first the derivative of 𝑓 , if it exists then equate to zero.
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 3
6𝑥 − 3𝑥 3 = 0
3𝑥(2 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0
This means that 3𝑥 = 0 and 2 − 𝑥 2 = 0. Solve for 𝑥.
3𝑥 = 0 2 − 𝑥2 = 0
𝑥=0 𝑥2 = 2
𝑥 = ±√2
Therefore, the critical values of 𝑓 are 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = −√2 and 𝑥 = √2. Now, substitute these values to function
𝑓 , that is

2 3 4 2 3 4
𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(−√2) = 3(−√2) − (−√2) 𝑓(√2) = 3(√2) − (√2)
4 4
3 2 3
= 3(2) − (2) = 6−3 =3 = 3(2) − (2)2 = 6 − 3 = 3
4 4

Therefore, the critical points of 𝑓 are (0, 0), (−√2, 3) and (√2, 3).

b. The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥 is

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 21

 1 1
(𝑥 + 1)2 𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4)𝐷𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
1 2
[(𝑥 + 1)2 ]
1 1 1
(𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4) [ (𝑥 + 1)−2 (1)]
2
=
(𝑥 + 1)
1 1 1
(𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)−2
= 2
(𝑥 + 1)
1
Multiplying both numerator and denominator of the above expression by 2(𝑥 + 1)2 , we obtain
1 1 1
(𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)−2 1
=[ 2 ] 2(𝑥 + 1)2
(𝑥 + 1)

2(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 1)0

= 3
2(𝑥 + 1)2
2(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 − 1) − (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4)
= 3
2(𝑥 + 1)2
2
3𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6 3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
= 3 = 3
2(𝑥 + 1)2 2(𝑥 + 1)2

Set the last expression to zero. That is,

3(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)
3 =0
2(𝑥 + 1)2
Solve for 𝑥 that will make the statement 0 = 0 or solve for 𝑥 that will make the statement undefined. That is,
𝑥 + 2 = 0, 𝑥 − 1 = 0, and 𝑥+1 = 0
Thus 𝑥 = −2, 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1. But 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = −1 are not in the domain of 𝑓 . It means they are not
critical values of 𝑓. Therefore, 𝑥 = 1 is the only critical value of 𝑓 .

Now, substitute 𝑥 = 1 to 𝑓, that is,

(1)2 − 1 + 4 4
𝑓(1) = = = 2√2
√1 + 1 √2
The critical point of 𝑓 is (1, 2√2).

c. The derivative of 𝑓 at 𝑥 is
3 2 3 2
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 + (𝑥 + 1)−5 (1) = 2 + (𝑥 + 1)−5
5 5
Set 𝑓′(𝑥) to zero. That is,
2
3
2 + (𝑥 + 1)−5 = 0
5
2
3
The equation 2 + (𝑥 + 1)−5 = 0 does not have any solution. Now, we find 𝑥 that will make 2 +
5
2
3
(𝑥 + 1)−5 = 0 undefined. That is,
5
2
3
2 + (𝑥 + 1)−5 = 0
5
3
2+ 2 =0
5(𝑥 + 1)5
It’s when 𝑥 + 1 = 0 the equation is undefined. Hence, 𝑥 = −1 is the critical value of 𝑓 .
Now, substitute 𝑥 = −1 fo 𝑓, that is,
3
𝑓(−1) = 2(−1) + (−1 + 1)5 = −2 + 0 = −2.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 22

Therefore, (−1, −2) is the critical point of 𝑓 .

Definition 3. A function 𝑓 is said to have an absolute maximum value on an interval if there is some
number 𝑥0 on the interval such that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 on this interval. In such case, 𝑓(𝑥0 ) is the
absolute maximum of 𝑓 on the interval. The function 𝑓 is said to have an absolute minimum value on an
interval if there is some number 𝑥0 on the interval such that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 on this interval. The
value 𝑓(𝑥0 ) is the absolute minimum of 𝑓 on the interval. An absolute extremum of a function on an
interval is either an absolute maximum value or an absolute minimum value of the function on the interval.

Remark. A relative maximum or relative minimum value of 𝑓 is not necessarily the absolute maximum
or absolute minimum value of 𝑓.

Consider the graph below.

For the function shown in this graph we have relative maximums at 𝑥 = 𝑏 and 𝑥 = 𝑑. Both of these point are
relative maximums since they are interior to the domain shown and are the largest point on the graph in some
interval around the point. We also have a relative minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑐 since this point is interior to the domain
and is the lowest point on the graph in an interval around it. The far right end point, 𝑥 = 𝑒 , will not be a relative
minimum since it is an end point.

The function will have an absolute maximum at 𝑥 = 𝑑 and an absolute minimum at 𝑥 = 𝑎 . These two points
are the largest and smallest that the function will ever be. We can also notice that the absolute extrema for a
function will occur at either the endpoints of the domain or at relative extrema.

Example 2. Identify the absolute extrema and relative extrema of the following graph, on a given interval.

a. On [−1, 2] c. on [−2, 2]

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 23

 b. On [−2, 2] d. on all real numbers

Answer:
a. The relative and absolute minimum of graph in (a) is zero at 𝑥 = 0 and an absolute maximum of four
at 𝑥 = 2 . Note that 𝑥 = −1 is not a relative maximum since it is at the end point of the interval.
b. This function has an absolute maximum of eight at 𝑥 = 2 and an absolute minimum of negative eight
at 𝑥 = −2 . This function has no relative extrema.
c. In this case we still have a relative and absolute minimum of zero at 𝑥 = 0 . We also still have an
absolute maximum of four. However, unlike in (a) example this will occur at two points, 𝑥 = −2
and 𝑥 = 2 . Again, the function doesn’t have any relative maximums.
d. In this case the function has no relative extrema and no absolute extrema.

Theorem 2. (Extreme-Value Theorem)

If a function 𝑓 is continuous on closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], then 𝑓 has an absolute maximum value and
an absolute minimum value on [𝑎, 𝑏].

Procedure for finding the absolute extrema of a continuous function 𝑓 on [𝑎, 𝑏].
1. Find the function values at the critical numbers of 𝑓 on (𝑎, 𝑏).
2. Find the values 𝑓(𝑎) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(𝑏).
3. The largest of the values obtained in (1) and in (2) is the absolute maximum value 𝑓 . The smallest of
the values obtained is the absolute minimum value of 𝑓 .

1
Example 3. Given that function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1, find the absolute extrema of 𝑓 on [−2, ].
2

Solution: The derivative of 𝑓 is 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1. Setting this to zero, we get 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1 =

1 1
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0. Hence, 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = −1. It follows that 𝑥 = and 𝑥 = −1 are the critical values of
3 3
1 1 1
𝑓 on [−2, ]. Now, substitute 𝑥 = , 𝑥 = −1, 𝑥 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = to 𝑓. That is,
2 3 2

1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1+3−9+27 22
𝑓( ) = ( ) +( ) − +1 = + − +1= =
3 3 3 3 27 9 3 27 27

𝑓(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1)2 − (−1) + 1 = −1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 2

𝑓(−2) = (−2)3 + (−2)2 − (−2) + 1 = −8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = −1
1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1+2−4+8 7
𝑓( ) = ( ) +( ) − +1 = + − +1 = = .
2 2 2 2 8 4 2 8 8

Therefore, the absolute maximum is 2 at 𝑥 = −1 and the absolute minimum is -1 at 𝑥 = −2.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 24

Example 4. Determine the absolute extrema for the following function and interval.
2
ℎ(𝑦) = 3𝑦(𝑦 + 4)3 on [−5, −1].

Solution: First we’ll need the derivative and make sure you can do the simplification that we did here to
make the work for finding the critical points easier.
2 1 2
ℎ′ (𝑦) = 3𝑦 [ (𝑦 + 4)−3 (1)] + (𝑦 + 4)3 (3)
3
2𝑦 2
= 1 + 3(𝑦 + 4) 3
(𝑦 + 4)3
2𝑦 + 3(𝑦 + 4)
= 1
(𝑦 + 4)3
5𝑦 + 12
= 1
(𝑦 + 4)3

So, it looks like we’ve got two critical points.

𝑦 = −4 , because the derivative doesn't exist here.
12
𝑦=− , because the derivative is zero here.
5

Both of these are in the interval so let’s evaluate the function at these points and the end points of the interval.
2
ℎ(−4) = 3(−4)(−4 + 4)3 = −12(0) = 0
2 2
12 12 12 3 36 8 3
ℎ (− ) = 3 (− ) (− + 4) = − ( ) = −9.849
5 5 5 5 5
2 2
ℎ(−5) = 3(−5)(−5 + 4)3 = −15(−1)3 = −15
2 2
ℎ(−1) = 3(−1)(−1 + 4)3 = −3(3)3 = −6.241

The function has an absolute maximum of zero and absolute minimum of −15.

Theorem 3. (Rolle’s Theorem)

Let 𝑓 be a function such that
a. It is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏].
b. It is differentiable on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).
c. 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 and 𝑓(𝑏) = 0.
There is a number 𝑐 in the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏)such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.

The above theorem says that if a differentiable curve crosses the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 twice, then there must be a
point between successive crossing at which the tangent line 𝐿 𝑇 to the curve at that point is a horizontal line,
that is, parallel to the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. (see figure 1)

Figure 1.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 25

 Theorem 4. (Mean-Value Theorem)
Let 𝑓 be a function such that
a. it is continuous on the closed interval [𝑎, 𝑏], and
b. is differentiable on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Then, there is a number 𝑐 in the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏)such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = .
𝑏−𝑎

𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
Geometrically, is the slope of the secant line through the points 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) and 𝐵(𝑏, 𝑓(𝑏))
𝑏−𝑎
(see figure 2). Thus, the Mean-Value Theorem says that there is some point on the curve between A and B
where the tangent line to the curve at this point is parallel to the secant line through A and B.

tangent
line
Figure 2.
secant
line

2𝑥+3
Example 5. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = , find a point C between (1, 5) and (5, 1) such that the tangent line passes
𝟑𝒙−𝟐
through C is parallel to the secant line passes through (1, 5) and (5, 1).

Solution: First, find the slope of these tangent line and secant line. Note that their slope is the same since they
are parallel.
1−5 −4
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = = = −1.
5−1 4
Now, find the derivative of 𝑓 . That is,
(3𝑥 − 2)𝐷𝑥 (2𝑥 + 3) − (2𝑥 + 3)𝐷𝑥 (3𝑥 − 2)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) =
(3𝑥 − 2)2
(3𝑥 − 2)(2) − (2𝑥 + 3)(3)
=
(3𝑥 − 2)2
6𝑥 − 4 − 6𝑥 − 9
=
(3𝑥 − 2)2
−13
=
(3𝑥 − 2)2
Using the equation 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = −1, we get,
−13
= −1
(3𝑐 − 2)2
Solve for 𝑐 .
13 = (3𝑐 − 2)2
±√13 = 3𝑐 − 2
3𝑐 = 2 ± √13
2 ± √13
𝑐=
3
2+√13 2−√13
Thus, 𝑐 = = 1.87 and 𝑐 = = −0.54. Substitute these 𝑐 to 𝑓 , we get
3 3
2(1.87)+3
𝑓(1.87) = = 1.87, (1.87, 1.87)
3(1.87)−2
2(−0.54)+3
𝑓(−0.54) = = −0.53, (−0.54, −0.53)
3(−0.54)−2

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 26

But since 𝐶 has to be between (1, 5) and (5, 1), it follows that 𝐶 𝑖𝑠 (1.87, 1.87).
*small letter c represent x-coordinate and capital letter C represent a point.

Work work and work!

Activity 2.5.
A. Determine all the critical points of the following functions. Show complete solution.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 1
10𝑥
2. 𝑔(𝑥) =
1+3𝑥 2

3. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 6
B. Find point C on the following functions such that the tangent line through this point is parallel to
secant line through the given points.
1. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1, between (-2, 1) and (1, 4).
4
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = , between (-5, -1) and (-2, -4).
𝑥+1

C. Determine the absolute extrema for the following function and interval.
1. 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 on [−4, 2].
2𝑥
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = on [−2, 2].
𝑥 2 +1
3
3. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 on [−1, 3].
2
𝑥3
4. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 − on [−1, 1]
3

5. 𝑝(𝑥) = (𝑥 2 − 4) on [−2, 2].

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 27

Module 3
Integrations
Unit 3.1. Integration of Polynomial, Root, Exponential, Logarithmic and
Trigonometric Functions

Illustration of an Antiderivative of a Function

Match me!

Activity 3.1.

Match the functions in Column A with their corresponding derivatives in Column B.

Column A Column B

_____1. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2

_____2. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 b. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 + 3
_____3. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 + 1 c. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1
_____4. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 + 2 d. 𝑓(𝑥) = 9𝑥 2 − 3
_____5. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 e. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2
_____6. 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 f. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 2
_____7. 𝐹(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 + 1 g. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1
_____8. 𝐹(𝑥) = 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 + 1 h. 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2

Previous lessons, we discussed how to find the derivatives of different functions. Now, we will introduce the
inverse of differentiation. We shall call this process antidifferentiation.

Definition. Function 𝐹 is an antiderivative of the function 𝑓 on an interval 𝐼 if 𝐹′(𝑥) =

𝑓(𝑥) for every value of 𝑥 in 𝐼.

Now, let’s go back to Activity 3.1. The Derivative of number 1 function in column A is a letter g function
in column B. By the definition above, 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 is the antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1. It
means, if you integrate 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 1, the answer is 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥.

Antiderivatives or Indefinite Integrals

The antiderivative 𝑭 of a function 𝒇 is not unique. If 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 are antiderivatives of 𝑓 , then 𝐹2 =

𝐹1 (𝑥) + 𝐶 . That is 𝐹1 and 𝐹2 differ only by a constant.
Example. An antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 is 𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 . As you can see, the derivative of 𝐹
is given by 𝐹′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥). Other antiderivatives of 𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 are 𝐹1 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 +
𝑥 2 + 1 and 𝐹2 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 1: In fact, any function of the form 𝐹(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 , where 𝐶 𝜖 ℝ is
an antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥).

Terminologies and Notations:

 Antidifferentation is the process of finding the antiderivative.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 28

  The symbol  also called the integral sign, denotes the operation of antidifferentiation.
 The function 𝑓 is called the integrand.
 If 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 , we write  f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C
 The symbols  and 𝑑𝑥 go hand-in-hand and 𝑑𝑥 helps us identify the variable of integration.
 The expression 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝐶 is called the general antiderivative of 𝑓. Meanwhile, each antiderivative of 𝑓
is called a particular antiderivative of 𝑓.

Antiderivatives of Algebraic Functions

Theorem 1. (Theorems on Antidifferentiation)

a.  dx  x  C
x n 1
x  C.
2
b. If 𝑛 is any real number, and 𝑛 ≠ −1 , then
n 1
c. If 𝑎 is any constant and 𝑓 is a function, then  af ( x)dx  a  f ( x)dx
d. If 𝑓 and 𝑔 are functions defined on the same interval,   f ( x)  g ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx .

1 𝑞
Note that the expressions of the form and √𝑥 𝑝 are integrated using formula Theorem 1.b, since they can be
𝑥𝑝
𝑝
rewritten into 𝑥 −𝑝 and 𝑥 𝑞 .

Example 1. Evaluate  3dx .

Solution:
Using Theorem 1.a and Theorem 1.c,  3dx  3 dx  3x  C
 x dx .
6
Example 2. Evaluate
Solution:
x 61 x7
By using Theorem 1.b,  x dx  C  C
6

6 1 7
2 y5  7
Example 3. Evaluate
 1
dy
2
y
Solution:
By using law of negative exponent and simplifying the result expressions,
2𝑦 5 − 7 1 9 1
1 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 −2 (2𝑦 5 − 7)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (2𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦
∫(
𝑦2
Applying Theorem 1.d,
9 1 9 1
∫ (2𝑦 2 − 7𝑦 −2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 7𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦
9 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 7 ∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 Theorem 1.c
9 1
+1 − +1
𝑦2 𝑦 2
= 2(9 )−7( 1 )+𝐶 Theorem 1.b
+1 −2+1
2
11 1
2𝑦 2 7𝑦 2
= 11 − 1 +𝐶 Simplify
2 2

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 29

 11 1 11
1
4𝑦 2 14𝑦 2 4𝑦 2
= − + 𝐶 or − 14𝑦 2
11 1 11

Example 4. Evaluate∫(2𝑎6 − 3𝑎4 + 9𝑎2 − 12𝑎 + 1) 𝑑𝑎

Solution:
Applying Theorem 1.d,

∫(2𝑎6 − 3𝑎4 + 9𝑎2 − 12𝑎 + 1) 𝑑𝑎 = ∫ 2𝑎6 𝑑𝑎 − ∫ 3𝑎4 𝑑𝑎 + ∫ 9𝑎2 𝑑𝑎 − ∫ 12𝑎 𝑑𝑎 + ∫ 𝑑𝑎

= 2 ∫ 𝑎6 𝑑𝑎 − 3 ∫ 𝑎4 𝑑𝑎 + 9 ∫ 𝑎2 𝑑𝑎 − 12 ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑎 + ∫ 𝑑𝑎 Theorem 1.c
𝑎6+1 𝑎4+1 𝑎2+1 𝑎1+1
= 2( )−3( )+ 9( ) − 12 ( )+𝑎 +𝐶 Theorem 1.b
6+1 4+1 2+1 1+1

2𝑎7 3𝑎5 9𝑎3 12𝑎2

= − + − +𝑎+𝐶
7 5 3 2

Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑡(2𝑡 − 3√𝑡) 𝑑𝑡.

Solution:
Rewrite the given into power form and simplify the expressions,

1
∫ 𝑡(2𝑡 − 3√𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑡 (2𝑡 − 3𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 Rewrite into power form
3
= ∫ (2𝑡 2 − 3𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 Simplify expressions
1
= ∫ 2𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 3𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 Applying Theorem 1.d
1
= 2 ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 − 3 ∫ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 Applying Theorem 1.c
1
+1
𝑡 2+1 𝑡2
= 2( )−3( 1 )+𝐶 Applying Theorem 1.b
2+1 +1
2
3
2𝑡 3 3𝑡 2
= − 3 +𝐶 Simplify
3
2

Work work!

Activity 3.2.
Find the antiderivative of the following.

1. ∫(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 4. ∫ 4√𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑤 3 +𝑤 2 +𝑤
2. ∫(3𝑥 −2 + 𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝑑𝑤
𝑤3

3. ∫ −45𝑑𝑥

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 30

Antiderivatives of Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions

Theorem 2.(Theorems on integrals yielding the exponential and logarithmic functions)

e dx  e x  C
x
a.

ax
b.  a dx x
 C . Here, 𝑎 > 0 with 𝑎 ≠ 1.
ln a
1
c.  x 1 dx   dx  ln x  C
x

Example 6. Find the integrals of the following functions.

a. ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 c. ∫ 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
2
b. ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution:
a. Using Theorem 1.d,
∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + + 𝐶, by Theorem 2.a and 2.b
ln 2
b. Using Theorem 2.b,
3𝑥
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
ln 3
c. Using Law of exponent,
∫ 3𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥 ∙ 31 𝑑𝑥
= 3 ∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Theorem 1.c
3𝑥
= 3( ) +𝐶 Theorem 2.b
ln 3
d. Using Theorem 2.c,
2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2(𝑙𝑛|𝑥 |) + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥

Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Theorem 3. (Antiderivatives of Trigonometric Functions)

a. ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d. ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

b. ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 e. ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

c. ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 f. ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

Example 7: Determine the antiderivatives of the following:

a. ∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 c. ∫ tan2 𝑎 𝑑𝑎

sin 𝑥
b. ∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥

Solution:

a. Using Theorem 1.d,

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 31
 ∫(cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= sin 𝑥 − (− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶 by Theorem 3.b
and Theorem 3.a
= sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶

b. By using trigonometric identity, cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1,

∫ cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(csc 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥

by Theorem 1.d
= ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥

= − cot 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶 by Theorem 3.d and

Theorem 1.a

c. By using trigonometric identity, tan2 𝑎 = sec 2 𝑎 − 1,

∫ tan2 𝑎 𝑑𝑎 = ∫(sec 2 𝑎 − 1) 𝑑𝑎

= ∫ sec 2 𝑎 𝑑𝑎 − ∫ 𝑑𝑎 by Theorem 1.d

= tan 𝑥 − 𝑎 + 𝐶 by Theorem 3.c and

Theorem 1.a

sin 𝑥 1
d. Using the trigonometric identities, tan 𝑥 = and sec 𝑥 = ,
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥

= sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 by Theorem 3.e

Work work!

Activity 3.3.
Find the antiderivative of the following.

cos 𝑥
1. ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin2 𝑥

sin 𝑥
2. ∫ 2(5𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 7. ∫ [ + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥

3. ∫(2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 8. ∫(sin 𝑢 + 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

4. ∫ 5𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫(1 − cos 𝑎)𝑑𝑎

1
5. ∫ 3𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ 𝑑𝑦
sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 32

Unit 3.2: Chain Rule for Antidifferentiation
Theorem 4. (Chain Rule)

If 𝑔 is a differentiable function on [𝑎, 𝑏] , and 𝑟 is a rational number with 𝑟 ≠ −1,

then
[𝑔(𝑥)]𝑟+1
∫[𝑔(𝑥)𝑟 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟+1
+ 𝐶.

Change of Variable

When it is possible, Theorem 4 actually allows us to perform antidifferentiation after change of

variable. A change of variable can be done as follows:

Let 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then the differential 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. By substitution, we have

∫[𝑔(𝑥)𝑟 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑢

Applying Theorem 1.b,

𝑢𝑟+1
∫[𝑔(𝑥)𝑟 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑟+1
+𝐶

Since 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥), then

𝑢𝑟+1 [𝑔(𝑥)]𝑟+1
∫[𝑔(𝑥)𝑟 𝑔′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑟+1
+𝐶 =
𝑟+1
+ 𝐶.

Example 1. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥.

Solution:
Notice that the integrand is in the fifth power of the expression (𝑥 + 4).To tackle this problem, we
make a substitution. The point of doing this is to change the integrand into a much simpler form 𝑢𝑛 . However,
we must take care to substitute appropriately for the term 𝑑𝑥 too.

Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4 then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. So, substituting (𝑥 + 4) and 𝑑𝑥 , we have

∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
Evaluate ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 using Theorem 1.b.
𝑢6
∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶
6
Recalling that 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 4, hence we have
∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢5 𝑑𝑢
𝑢6
= +𝐶
6
(𝑥 + 4)6
∫(𝑥 + 4)5 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
6

Example 2. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 5 + 2)9 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 5 + 2 then 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥. Hence,

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 33

 𝑢10 (𝑥 5 + 2)10
∫(𝑥 5 + 2)9 5𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢9 𝑑𝑢 = +𝐶 = +𝐶
10 10
Example 3. Evaluate
𝑎2
∫ 𝑑𝑎
√1 + 𝑎3
Solution:
1
𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎2
Write the expression into power form. That is, = 1 = 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑎3 )−2.
√1+𝑎3 √1+𝑎3 (1+𝑎3 )2

Hence,
𝑎2 1
∫ 𝑑𝑎 = ∫ 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑎3 )−2 𝑑𝑎
√1 + 𝑎3
1
Let 𝑢 = 1 + 𝑎3 then 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑎2 𝑑𝑎. It follows that 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑎2 𝑑𝑎.
3
1 1
∫ 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑎3 )−2 𝑑𝑎 = ∫(1 + 𝑎3 )−2 𝑎2 𝑑𝑎

1
1
= ∫ 𝑢−2 ∙ 𝑑𝑢 Substitute
3

1 1
= ∫ 𝑢−2 𝑑𝑢 Theorem 1.c
3
1
1 𝑢−2+1
= ( + 𝐶1 )
3 −1+ 1 Theorem 1.b
2
1
1 𝑢2
= ( + 𝐶1 ) Simplify
3 1
2
2 1 𝐶1
= 𝑢2 + Simplify
3 3
𝐶1 𝐶1
Since is a constant, we can let = 𝐶.
3 3

2 1
= (1 + 𝑎3 )2 + 𝐶
3
1 2
∫ 𝑎2 (1 + 𝑎3 )−2 𝑑𝑎 = √1 + 𝑎 3 + 𝐶
3

Note: To avoid unnecessary arithmetic on the constant of integration, we will henceforth

write C as a separate summand, and add it only after integrating.

Example 4. Evaluate ∫ 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution:
1
Write the expression 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑦 into power form. That is, 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑦)2 Then,
1
∫ 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦

Let 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑦 . Then 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑑𝑦, that is 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑑𝑢. From 𝑢 = 1 − 𝑦 , we get 𝑦 = 1 − 𝑢.

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 34

 1 1
∫ 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑦)2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢)2 (−𝑑𝑢)

1
= − ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 𝑢)2 𝑑𝑢

1
= − ∫ 𝑢2 (1 − 2𝑢 + 𝑢2 )𝑑𝑢

1 3 5
= − ∫(𝑢2 − 2𝑢2 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑢

1 3 5
= − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 + 2 ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 − ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

3 5 7
𝑢2 𝑢2 𝑢2
=− + 2( ) − +𝐶
3 5 7
2 2 2
2 3 4 5 2 7
= − 𝑢2 + 𝑢2 − 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3 5 7
2 3 4 5 2 7
∫ 𝑦 2 √1 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − (1 − 𝑦)2 + (1 − 𝑦)2 − (1 − 𝑦)2 + 𝐶
3 5 7

1
Example 5. Evaluate ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 √ln 𝑥

Solution:
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Write 3 into power form. That is, 3 = ∙3 = ∙ 1 = (ln 𝑥)−3
𝑥 √ln 𝑥 𝑥 √ln 𝑥 𝑥 √ln 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(ln 𝑥)3

Then,
1 1 1
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (ln 𝑥)−3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 √ln 𝑥 𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = ln 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥. Substitute,
𝑥

1 1 1 1
∫ (ln 𝑥)−3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(ln 𝑥)−3 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
1
= ∫ 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑢

1
𝑢−3+1
= +𝐶
1
− +1
3
2
𝑢3
= +𝐶
2
3
3 2
= 𝑢3 + 𝐶
2
3 2
= (ln 𝑥)3 + 𝐶
2
1 33
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = √(ln 𝑥)2 + 𝐶
𝑥 √ln 𝑥 2

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 35

Example 6. Evaluate the integral ∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. Substitute,

∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

Using Theorem 2.a

∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝐶 = 𝑒 sin 𝑥 + 𝐶

1
Example 7. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥−1

Solution:
1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1 then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 or 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢. Substitute,
2

1 1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑢)
2𝑥 − 1 𝑢 2
1 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢
Using Theorem 2.c
1
= ln|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
= ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
2

Example 8. Evaluate ∫ cos(4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
Let 𝑢 = 4𝑥 + 3 then 𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑥. That is 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢. Substitute,
4

1
∫ cos(4𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑢 ( 𝑑𝑢)
4
1
= ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
1
= sin 𝑢 + 𝐶
4
1
= sin(4𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶
4

Example 9. Evaluate ∫ cos 𝑥 √3 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
1
Write cos 𝑥 √3 + sin 𝑥 into power form. That is, cos 𝑥 √3 + sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 (3 + sin 𝑥)2.
Let 𝑢 = 3 + sin 𝑥, then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥. It follows that
1
∫ cos 𝑥 √3 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 (3 + sin 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

1
= ∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 36

 3
𝑢2
= +𝐶
3
2
2 3
= 𝑢2 + 𝐶
3
2
∫ cos 𝑥 √3 + sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (3 + sin 𝑥) + 𝐶
3

2 cot 𝑥−3 csc2 𝑥 cos 𝑥

Example 10. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥

Solution:
2 cot 𝑥 − 3 csc 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 2 cot 𝑥 3 csc 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1 cos 𝑥
= 2∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
Using identity csc 𝑥 = ,
sin 𝑥

1 cos 𝑥
= 2 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
1
= 2 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin3 𝑥

= 2 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫(sin 𝑥)−3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 then 𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 .

= 2 ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑢−3 𝑑𝑢

𝑢−2
= 2(− csc 𝑥) − 3 ( )+𝐶
−2
3
= −2 csc 𝑥 + +𝐶
2𝑢2
3
= −2 csc 𝑥 + +𝐶
2(sin 𝑥)2
3
= −2 csc 𝑥 + +𝐶
2 sin2 𝑥

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 37

Work work!

Activity 3.4.
Evaluate the following integrals.

1. ∫(𝑥 + 1)100 6. ∫ 24𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑥3
2. ∫(𝑥 2 + 𝑥)10 (2𝑥 + 1) 7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 3 +5

𝑥3 𝑒 4𝑥
3. ∫ √1−𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 8. ∫
𝑒 4𝑥 +1
𝑑𝑥

3 1 5 sec 𝑥−7 cos2 𝑥

4. ∫ ( 4 − 1) ( 5) 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 cos 𝑥

cos 𝑥
5. ∫ sin(−5𝑥) cos 3 (−5𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 10. ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1+sin 𝑥

MAT051 Calculus 1Page 38