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A review of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. [The Daily Sun]

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DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35284.42882

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10/26/2020 A review of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics | Daily sun

Update : 2019-05-12 00:00:00

A review of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics
Al Mahmud Al Mamun

Artificial Intelligence and Robotics are the key technologies in our modern world. From the Greek myths human
have many question and thinking about the issues of artificial Intelligence and robotics. From the 20th century,
artificial intelligence, robotics and artificially intelligent robot became very popular. Many science fiction books
reveal a future view of robot and artificial intelligence. Nowadays in film, artificial intelligence and robotics are
very conventional issues. But, we still have many confusions and questions! “What is a robot?” “What is
robotics?”, “What is artificial intelligence?” “What is artificially intelligent robot?” “What will be our future?”
“Will robotics be harmful for human in future?” “What are the laws of robotics?” In this writing, I would like to
represent a basic view and my opinion on robot, robotics, artificial intelligence and artificially intelligent robot. In
the Greek myths, the Mechanical-men and artificial beings appeared, such as the golden robots of Hephaestus and
Pygmalion's Galatea. In the Middle Ages, there were rumors of secret mystical or alchemicalthat means of
placing mind into matter, such as Jābiribn Hayyān's Takwin, Paracelsus's homunculus and Rabbi Judah Loew's
Golem. The realistic humanoid automatons were built by craftsman from every civilization, including Yan Shi,
Hero of Alexandria, Al-Jazari, Pierre Jaquet-Droz, and Wolfgang von Kempelen. The oldest known automatons
were the sacred statues of ancient Egypt and Greece. Chinese, Indian and Greek philosophers all developed
structured methods of formal deduction in the first millennium BCE. That is, the idea and thinking about
Artificial Intelligence and Robotics very antique. In the 17thcentury, Leibniz, Thomas Hobbes and René
Descartes explored the possibility that all rational thought could be made as systematic as algebra or geometry. In
the 20thcentury, the study of mathematical logic provided the essential breakthrough that made artificial
intelligence seem plausible. In the 1940s to 50s, a handful of scientists from a variety of fields (mathematics,
psychology, engineering, economics and political science) began to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial
brain. ‘Robot’, the term was first coined by a Czechoslovakian dramatist in early 1920; Karel Capek in his play
entitles "Rossum's universal robots". Robota is the original term of robot that widely used since it has been
introduced to the public. The Czech word Robota means ‘slave laborer’. ‘Robotics’, the word was first used in
print by Isaac Asimov, in his science fiction short story "Liar!", published in May 1941 in Astounding Science
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10/26/2020 A review of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics | Daily sun

Fiction. Asimov was unaware that he was coining the term; since the science and technology of electrical devices
is electronics, he assumed robotics already referred to the science and technology of robots. In some of Asimov's
other works, he states that the first use of the word robotics was in his short story “Runaround” that published in
March 1942 in Astounding Science Fiction. Robotics means ‘study of robot’. ‘Artificial Intelligence’ was coined
by John McCarthy in the year 1956, defines as “the science and engineering of making intelligent machines.”
Other names of this field have been proposed, such as computational intelligence, synthetic intelligence or
computational rationality. The modern definition of artificial intelligence (AI) is "the study and design of
intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent perceives its environment and takes actions which maximize
chances of success. We have two categories of AI, (1) Weak artificial intelligence (weak AI) and (2) Strong
Artificial Intelligence (strong AI). Weak AI is an approach to research and development with the consideration
that AI always being a simulation of human cognitive functions. Weak AI simply acts upon and is bound by the
rules imposed on it and it could not go beyond those rules. A good example of weak AI are the characters in a
computer game that act believably within the context of their game character but are unable to do anything
beyond that. Weak AI is also known as narrow artificial intelligence. Strong AI is a form of machine intelligence
that is equal to human intelligence. Key characteristics of a strong AI include the ability to reason, solve puzzles,
make judgments, plan, learn and communicate. It should also have consciousness, objective thoughts, self-
awareness, sentience and sapience. Strong AI is also called true Intelligence or Artificial General Intelligence
(AGI). The fully autonomous only appeared in the second half of the 20th century. The first digitally operated and
programmable robot, “the UNIMATE”, was installed in 1961 to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting
machine and stack them. Commercial and industrial robots are widespread today and used to perform jobs more
cheaply, more accurately and more reliably, than human. They are also employed in some jobs which are too
dirty, dangerous or dull for human. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly, packing and packaging,
mining, weaponry, transport, laboratory research, earth and space exploration, surgery, safety and many other
areas. High-profile examples of AI include autonomous vehicles such as drones and self-driving cars, medical
diagnosis, creating art such as poetry, proving mathematical theorems, playing games such as Chess, search
engines such as Google search, online assistants such as Siri, Alexa, image recognition in photographs, spam
filtering, predicting flight delays, prediction of judicial decisions and targeting online advertisements. In the
present world we are thinking the possibility of Artificially Intelligent robot. “The robot perceives its
environment and takes action to maximise chances of success is called as AI robot.” That robot will perform
same as human and sometime better than human. In that case robots can be harmful for human world! Robots
promise to transform our lives in myriad ways. Having already revolutionized the production line, robots are
getting smarter, smaller and more capable. They are walking, rolling and flying out of labs and into homes and
businesses at an astonishing rate. With the ability to perform tasks that are considered too menial or impossible
for humans, robots are destined to make many aspects of our lives easier. In 1942, Isaac Asimov introduced three
rules of robot in his short story "Runaround". The Three Laws of Robotics known as Asimov's Laws. These three
rules also included in the 1950 collection “I, Robot”. First Law - A robot may not injure a human being or,
through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm. Second Law - A robot must obey the orders given it
by human beings except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. Third Law - A robot must
protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. This is true,
with the ability to perform tasks, robots make our lives easier. But, we must need to sincerely maintain the laws
of robotics to develop any kind of artificially intelligent robots. This is true, Artificial Intelligent and Robotics
will build our next world. But our governments, universities and education systems are really not helpful in those
areas. We have intellectual power, but we don’t have enough support. We have ability to leads our next world, if
we get enough supports and help! I hope, our governments, universities and education systems will focus on
those most important areas and help us to build our next world. The writer is pursuing BSc in CSE (Research),
Prime University

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