As per MSBTE Curriculum of “I” Scheme

A Micro Project on
Method of application of irrigation water
.Submitted by

Enrollment no. Name

2009910007 Deshmukh Sandesh Sachin
2009910008 Mohite Prashant Tanaji
2009910009 Mandale swapnil Abaso

Under the Guidance of

Miss.R.D. Chothe

Loknete Hon. Hanmantrao Patil Charitable Trust’s

Adarsh Institute of Technology And Research Centre ,
Vita
______________________________________________________________________________

Department of Civil Engineering

2022-2023
 Loknete Hon. Hanmantrao Patil Charitable Trust’s
Adarsh Institute of Technology And Research Centre,

Vita

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Micro Project entitled
Method of application of irrigation water
has been submitted by
Enrollment no. Name
2009910007 Deshmukh Sandesh Sachin
2009910008 Mohite Prashant Tanaji
2009910009 Mandale Swapnil Abaso

For Sixth Semester of Diploma in Civil Engineering of course Water Resources

Engineering (22501) for academic year 2022-2023 as per MSBTE, Mumbai
curriculum of ‘I’ scheme.

Project Guide Head, Civil Engineering, Principal,

AITRC, Vita AITRC, Vita

Date:
Place:
 Acknowledgement
I feel happiness in forwarding this Micro Project report as an image of sincere efforts. The
successful Micro Project Report reflects my work, effort of my guide in giving me good
information.

My sincere thanks to my guide respected Miss R.D. Chothe

who has been a constant source of inspiration and guiding star in achieving my goal. I give
my special thanks to respected Mrs.N.P. Thorat (Head, Civil Engineering) for his constant
interest and encouragement throughout the completion of my Micro Project.
I express my deep gratitude to all staff members who lend me their valuable support and
cooperation to enable me to complete my Micro Project.
I am also equally indebted to our principal Prof. Mr.Dr.P.R.Badadapure. for his valuable
help whenever needed.

Name of Student Sign of Student

Deshmukh Sandesh Sachin

Mohite Prashant Tanaji

Mandale Swapnil Abaso

 Index

Sr. No. Content Page No.

1.0 Rationale

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

3.0 Literature Review

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed

5.0 Actual Resources Used

6.0 Outputs of the Micro Project

7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro Project

8.0 Applications of this Micro Project

9.0 Area of Future Improvement

 A. Micro Project Proposal
Title of Micro Project:- Method of application of irrigation water

1.0 Brief Introduction: Irrigation is the process of applying water to the crops artificially to
fulfil their water requirements. Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through
irrigation. The various sources of water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-
wells and even dams. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development,
germination and other related functions. For sustainable planning of the irrigation project
especially in terms of water use and water management, irrigation methods play a
significant role .The application method must ensure a uniform distribution of water
along the cropped field as well as in the root zone of the crop with high application
efficiency. The ratio of water stored in the root zone to that delivered to the field should
be maximum. There should be minimum or no wastage of water either through surface
run-off or deep percolation below the root zone of a crop. Several water application
methods are practised to suit different soil types, water supply and its quantity, the
topography of the land, crops to be irrigated and costs.

There are many types of irrigation systems, in which water is supplied to the entire
field uniformly. Irrigation water can come from groundwater, through springs or wells,
surface water, through rivers, lakes, or reservoirs, or even other sources, such as treated
wastewater or desalinated water. As a result ,it is critical that farmers protect their
agricultural water source to minimize the potential for contamination. As with any
groundwater removal, users of irrigation water need to be careful in not pumping
groundwater out of an aquifer faster than it is being recharged.

1.1 Purpose of application of irrigation water:

1)Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed
soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other
uses in crop production, including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields
and preventing soil consolidation.

2.0 Aim of the Micro Project:

1)Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed
soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other
uses in crop production, including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields
and preventing soil consolidation.

3.0 Intended Course Outcomes: Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain
landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average
rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost protection,
suppressing weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil consolidation.

4.0 Literature Review

Review: Method of application of irrigation water

Abstract :-There are different ways of application of irrigation water to the farm land known
as irrigation methods, which ultimately define the magnitude of field losses and thus the field
application efficiency. For sustainable planning of the irrigation project especially in terms of
water use and water management, irrigation methods play a significant role. The commonly
used irrigation methods are surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. Each method has its own
merits and demerits, depending on the soil, topography, type of crops, climate, water
availability and quality, and investment, which are the guiding factors for selecting an
adequate irrigation method.

The irrigation method applied for olive cultivation under saline conditions may have a
significant influence on the accumulation and distribution of salt in the soil profile
(Paranychianakis and Chartzoulakis, 2005). Flood irrigation is impossible in desert
conditions, due to the lack of water resources, and is completely unsuitable for
olives. Sprinkler irrigation with saline water may cause injury due to high rates of foliar salt
absorption, and the risk of injury will be much higher if such irrigation is practiced during the
daytime when the evapotranspiration rate is high. Drip or trickle irrigation is the best and
only option recommended for olive growing in the desert environment under saline
conditions. A drip irrigation system keeps the soil moisture at a continuously high level at
the root zone, and maintains a low level of salt concentration. Common problems that are
associated with drip irrigation include the accumulation of salt at the wetting surface and
clogging of drippers; however, in most cases the use of sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) and
leaching can overcome these problems.

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed.

1) Select the micro project subject.
2) To collect the literature review and information role of Method of application of irrigation
water
3) Then study all details of the role Method of application of irrigation water
6) Implementing.
7) Compiling project.
8) Analysis.
9) Report making.
 Name of Resource/
Specifications Quantity Remark
Sr. Material
No.
For collect project
1 Wikipedia 1
information
2 Irrigation Engineering
(Basak , N.N)
Books Irrigation and water 2
resource engineering
(Asawa, G. L.)

1)https://vikaspedia.in/
3 Website 2)https://www.wordnik.com -

Planned
Sr. Planned Name of Responsible Team
Details of activity Finish
No. start date Members
date
1 Project Proposal
2 Data Collection & Analysis Deshmukh Sandesh Sachin
3 Preparation of Prototype/ Model Mohite Prashant Tanhaji
4 Preparation of Report Mandale Swapnil Abaso
5 Presentation & Submission
 B – Micro Project Report

Title of Micro Project :- Method of application of irrigation water

1.0 Rational :-
Water is very important resource for the life of humans and plants and therefore need to be
optimally used and conserved. In today’s age, there is demand of water and is growing day by
day, thus resulting in scarcity of water. Moreover, in India there is uncertain and inequitable
rainfall. Therefore, every drop of water is required to be harnessed appropriately using the
relevant technological tools and principles. Accordingly, Irrigation structures (dams, canals
and allied structures etc), which basically are the backbone structures in the system used to
preserve and conserve the water source. In the planning, design, construction, and maintenance
of these structures, Civil engineers have a significant role to play. Thus, this course will enable
the students to apply and use the basic principles and practices related to irrigation engineering
at site. This will help them to implement various schemes like farm ponds, Jalayukt shivar etc.
along with conventional irrigation systems.

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed :-

Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils
in dry areas and during periods of less than average rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in
crop production, including frost protection, suppressing weed growth in grain fields and
preventing soil consolidation.

3.0 Literature Review :-

Review: : Method of application of irrigation water
Abstract: There are different ways of application of irrigation water to the farm land known
as irrigation methods, which ultimately define the magnitude of field losses and thus the field
application efficiency. For sustainable planning of the irrigation project especially in terms of
water use and water management, irrigation methods play a significant role. The commonly
used irrigation methods are surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. Each method has its own
merits and demerits, depending on the soil, topography, type of crops, climate, water
availability and quality, and investment, which are the guiding factors for selecting an adequate
irrigation method.

The irrigation method applied for olive cultivation under saline conditions may have a
significant influence on the accumulation and distribution of salt in the soil profile
(Paranychianakis and Chartzoulakis, 2005). Flood irrigation is impossible in desert conditions,
due to the lack of water resources, and is completely unsuitable for olives. Sprinkler
irrigation with saline water may cause injury due to high rates of foliar salt absorption, and the
risk of injury will be much higher if such irrigation is practiced during the daytime when
the evapotranspiration rate is high. Drip or trickle irrigation is the best and only option
recommended for olive growing in the desert environment under saline conditions. A
drip irrigation system keeps the soil moisture at a continuously high level at the root zone, and
maintains a low level of salt concentration. Common problems that are associated with drip
irrigation include the accumulation of salt at the wetting surface and clogging of drippers;
however, in most cases the use of sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) and leaching can overcome
these problems

4.0 Actual Methodology Followed.

1) Select the micro project subject.
2) To collect the literature review and information role of Method of application of irrigation
water
3) Then study all details of the role Method of application of irrigation water
4) Implementing.
5) Compiling project.
6) Analysis.
7) Report making.

5.0 Actual Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource/ Qua

Specifications Remark
No. Material ntity
1 Wikipedia For collect project information 1
Irrigation Engineering
(Basak , N.N)
2 Books Irrigation and water resource 1
engineering
(Asawa, G. L.)

1)https://vikaspedia.in/
3 Website 2)https://www.wordnik.com 1
6.0 Outputs of the Micro Project:-

Irrigation water is generally applied to crops by:

• Flooding on the field surface

• Applying beneath the soil surface
• Spraying under pressure
• Applying in drops in the crop root zone

The application method must ensure a uniform distribution of water along the cropped field
as well as in the root zone of the crop with high application efficiency. The ratio of water
stored in the root zone to that delivered to the field should be maximum. There should be
minimum or no wastage of water either through surface run-off or deep percolation below the
root zone of a crop.

Several water application methods are practised to suit different soil types, water supply and
its quantity, the topography of the land, crops to be irrigated and costs.

Surface Application Methods:

• In this method, water is applied to the crop by flooding it on the soil surface.
• This method requires proper land grading for the flow of water over the land surface.
• More than 95% of the irrigated area in India is under surface irrigation.

• Merits:
o It is simple in layout and operation.
o The amount of manual labour required is minimum.
o It does not obstruct the use of machinery for land preparation, cultivation,
harvesting, etc.

• Demerits:
o The overall irrigation efficiency is low. The worldwide average irrigation in
canal command areas shows an overall efficiency of as low as 28%.
o It may result in water=logging and soil salinization besides the huge amount of
water losses.

• Surface Irrigation methods may be broadly classified as:

• Border Method:

• Borders are formed by dividing the field into a number of strips which are separated by
ridges.
• The strips are generally levelled along the width but may or may not have slope along
the length.
• An irrigation channel runs along the upper end of the borders.
 • The water is diverted from the channel into the strips. The water flows slowly towards
the lower end, wetting the soil as it advances. Extra water is generally removed from
the strip by means of a collecting drain. It is provided at the other end.
• This method is suitable in the fields where the soil is sufficiently capable of absorbing
the water.

Furrow Method:

• Furrow irrigation is adaptable to a great variation in slope, crops and topography.

• When the crops are grown and planted in rows this method is the best suited. In
this method, unlike flooding, only a part of the field is wetted. The area wetted
varies from 1/2 to 1/5 of total area over which crops are grown.
• Close growing crops, on slopes and soils that develop crust after being wet, may
be irrigated with small furrows which are called corrugations or rills.
 • The main design parameters of furrows are
• Longitudinal slope
• Inflow stream design
• Furrow spacing:
• Furrow spacing should be such that the lateral water movement of the moisture wets
the ridges by the time irrigation is complete. The lateral movement from the furrows
depends on the soil type.
• Furrow spacing is determined by agronomic requirements of row-to-row spacing and
machinery to be used for planting and cultivation.
• Furrow length: Longer furrows = more percolation and less run-off

Benefits of this method:

• In this method plants in their early tender age are not damaged by the flow of water.
• The land between the rows of plants is utilised to construct furrows, therefore useful
irrigable land is not wasted.
• As the area wetted is just 1/2 to 1/5 of the cropped area of the field, puddling and
crusting of the soil is minimum.

Check basin:
• It consists of running water into relatively level plots surrounded by small ridges.
• The length of the plot is generally less than 3 times the width.
• The main and lateral channels irrigate The main channel is aligned along the upper
end of the field and checks are made on the either side of the lateral channels.
• The check basins are especially suitable for heavy soils with low infiltration rate or
highly permeable sandy soils.
• The key to attaining high irrigation efficiency in the design of the check basin is to
spread water over the entire basin as rapidly as possible.
• Therefore, the use of large inflow stream reduces water spread time over the basin.
• Sprinkler and Micro-Sprinkler Application:

• Sprinklers:
• This system sprinkles water in a manner similar to rainfall so that run-off and deep
percolation losses are avoided and the uniformity of application is quite high.
• The system consists of sprinkler heads or nozzles, which are mounted on risers in
lateral lines taken from the main line, which is further connected to a pumping unit.
• This system of irrigation is suitable when:
• The soil is too porous for good distribution by surface irrigation.
• The fields have an uneven surface.
• The soil is easily erodable.
• The water supply is just sufficient for crop growth.

• Merits:
• Sprinklers can be used on all soil types of any topography.
• It entails increased irrigation frequency which has a positive effect on crop yield.
• In this method, a water saving of 30% to 50% is reported in comparison to the surface
method of irrigation
• Thus by introducing sprinklers, an additional area ~ up to 50% can be brought under
irrigation besides increased crop yields
• The overall efficiency of the system is above 80% and no land is wasted on making
bunds and channels, and about 40-50% of saving in labour as compared to surface
irrigation.
• Only 2 to 5% water is lost through evaporation.

• Demerits:
• Expensive
• Requires continuous maintenance and skill for installation and operation
• The high energy requirement for operation as sprinklers operate at water pressure
ranging from 1 to 10 kg/sq cm.
• Wind interferes with the distribution pattern. It reduces the spreading rate and in turn
the efficiency. Under high temperatures and strong winds heavy evaporation loss
takes place thereby offsetting the saving in water.
 • Micro-sprinklers:

• It sprinkles around the root zone with small sprinklers that work under low pressure.
• In this method, water is applied only to the root zone area unlike to the entire field as
in the case of sprinkler irrigation method.
• This method is highly suitable for orchard crops and vegetable crops.

Drip Application

• In this method, the application of water is precise but slow as discrete drops,
continuous drops, tiny streams or miniature sprays through mechanical devices, called
emitters or applicators located at selected points along water delivery lines.
• This is useful in areas with water scarcity and salt problems.
• Drip irrigation system consists of main pipe, sub-mains, lateral valves, drippers or
emitters, a riser valve, vacuum breakers, pressure gauges, water metres, filters,
fertiliser tanks etc.
• These are designed to supply water at desired rates (1 to 10 litres/hour) directly to the
soil.
• Low pressures ranging from 0.35 to kg/sq cm are sufficient for drip system

• Merits:
• Water saving
• Ehanced plant growth and yield
• Saving of labour and energy
• More suited to poor soils
 • Controls weed growth
• Easy operations
• Fertilisers or other chemical amendments can be efficiently applied to individual or
separate plants using drip irrigation.
• Flexibility in operation
• No soil erosion
• Requires less land preparation
• Minimum disease and pest problems
• This method has been found to be of great value in reclaiming and developing desert
and arid areas.

• Demerits:
• Expensive
• Technical Limitations
• Requirement of high skills for design, installation and operation

7.0 Skill Developed / learning out of this Micro-Project

1) Self-learning attitude.
2) Presentation and Report writing skills.

8.0 Applications of this Micro-Project

➢ Nutrients may also be provided to the crops through irrigation. The various sources of
water for irrigation are wells, ponds, lakes, canals, tube-wells and
➢ even dams. Irrigation offers moisture required for growth and development,
germination and other related functions.
➢ Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil through various systems of
tubes, pumps, and sprays. Irrigation is usually used in areas where rainfall is irregular
or dry times or drought is expected. There are many types of irrigation systems, in
which water is supplied to the entire field uniformly.
9.0 Area of Future Improvement
➢ Micro-irrigation

Globally, agriculture consumes 70% of the water used for human activities. In India,
this number is as high as 90%. This makes micro-irrigation the best solution to the
problem of depleting water resources. The micro-irrigation techniques reduce water
consumption in agriculture in the range of 30-70%.
 Teachers Evaluation Sheet

Name of Student: Enrollment No:

Deshmukh Sandesh Sachin
2009910007
Mohite Prashant Tanaji
Mandale Swapnil Abaso 2009910008
2009910009

Academic Year: 2022-23 Semester: V

Name of Programme: Civil Engineering Course: Water Resources Engineering

Course Coordinator: Miss R.D. Chothe
Course Code: 22501

Title of the Micro Project :- Method of application of irrigation water

a)Course Outcomes Addressed:

1)Estimate hydrological parameters.

2)Estimate crop water requirements of a command area and capacity of canals.

3)Maintain irrigation structures.

4)Execute the Minor and Micro Irrigation Schemes.

5)Select the relevant Diversion Head works for the specific site conditions.

6)Design, construct and maintain simple Canal structures.

c) Outcomes in Affective Domain

➢ Demonstrate working as a leader or a team member.

Report of work carried out:

Sr. Planned Completed Sign of

Details of activity
No. schedule Schedule Guide
1 Project Proposal
2 Data Collection & Analysis
3 Preparation of Prototype/ Model
4 Preparation of Report
5 Presentation & Submission
 Evaluation as per Suggested Rubric for Assessment of Micro Project

Sr. Characteristicto be Poor Average Good Excellent

No assessed ( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9- 10 )
Relate to very fewLos Related to some Los Take care of at-leastone CO Take care of morethan
1 Relevance tothe
one CO
course

Not more than two sources At-least 5 relevantsources, At –least 7 relevantsources, About 10 relevant sources,
Literature (primary andsecondary), very at least 2 latest most latest most latest
2 Survey / old
information reference
collection
Completed less than50% Completed 50 to Completed 60 to Completed morethan 80
Completion ofthe
60% 80% %
Target as per
3
project proposal
Sample Size small,data Sufficient and appropriate Sufficient and appropriate Enough data collected by
neither organized nor sample,enough data sample,enough data sufficient and appropriate
presented well generated but not organized generated which is sample size. Proper
and not presented well. No organized and presented inferences drawn by
or poor inferences drawn well but poor inferences organizing and presenting
Analysis of Data and drawn data through tables,
4 representation charts and graphs.

Incomplete Just Well Well

fabrication/assembly. assembled/fabricatedand parts assembled/fabricatedwith assembled/fabricatedwith
are not functioning well. proper functioning parts. In proper functioning parts. In
Not in proper shape, proper shape, within proper shape, within tolerance
Quality of Prototype/ dimensions beyond tolerance tolerance dimensions and dimensions and good
Model limit. good finish/appearance. finish/appearance.
5 Appearance/finish isshabby. But no creativity in Creativity in designand use of
design and use ofmaterial material

Sr. Characteristicto be
Poor Average Good Excellent
No assessed
( Marks 1-3 ) ( Marks 4 - 5 ) ( Marks 6 - 8 ) ( Marks 9- 10 )
Very short, poor quality Nearly sufficient andcorrect Detailed, correct andclear Very detailed, correct, clear
sketches, Details about methods, details about methods, material, description of methods, materials, description of methods, materials,
material, precaution and precautions and conclusion, but precautions and Conclusions. precautions and conclusions.
conclusions omitted,some details clarity is not there inpresentation. Sufficient Graphic Enoughtables, charts and sketches
6 Report are wrong But not Description.
Preparation
enough graphic

description.

Major information isnot included, Includes major information but Includes major information and Well organized, includes
7 Presentation information is not notwell organized and wellorganized but not major information ,well
well organized . not presented well presented well presented

Any other (depending

upon nature ofproject:
pleasewrite indicators
8 by pen)

Could not reply to considerable Replied to considerable number Replied properly to considerable Replied most of thequestions
numberof question. numberof question. properly
of questions but notvery
9 Defense properly
Seat No. Process Assessment Product Assessment
Part B Total
Part A - Project individual
Project Project Mar-
Proposal Presentation/
Methodology Report/Wor ks 10
(2 marks) Viva
(2 marks) -king Model
(2 mark) (4 marks)
197421
197422
197423

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-

personal communication(if any)

Any Other Comment:

Name and designation of the Faculty Member

Dated Signature