Department of Agriculture

AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE

Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City
Common Viral and Arthropod-borne Diseases of Cattle in
the Philippines

Disease AgeGroup Cause Transmission Clinical Signs Control and

Affected Pattern Treatment
Foodand Mouth All ages Virus – of the Direct contact, ingestion Blisters andvesicles on Vaccination, hygiene, topical
Disease (FMD sevenknown of contaminated the feet, mouthand applicationof strong
serotypes, only materials teats, salivationand antiseptics, antibiotic
three (A,O, andC) lameness injection
exists inthe
Philippines
Rabies All ages, reportedin Virus Dogbites (alsothrough Hypersensitivity and Vaccinationof dogs and
adult cattle and other carnivores) paralysis cattle inenzootic areas
carabaos inthe
Philippines
Ephemeral fever All ages, more Virus Bites of insect vectors Short-course fever, Control of insect vectors,
(three-day commoninadults lameness, and proper management of sick
sickness) recumbency cattle
Warts All ages, more Virus (host-specific) Direct-contact Cauliflower-like growths Self-limitinginisolated
commonin growing contamination on head, neck, and growths, surgery in
animals shoulders pedunculatedgrowths,
clinical therapy, vaccination
if it is aherdproblem
Piroplasmosis Severe inexotic Bloodprotozoa, Tick, Boophilus Highfever, bloody Tick control, injectionof
(Babesiosis) breeds (adult) Piroplasmaspp. microplus urine, jaundice, anemia, Imidocarb, or phenamide
collapse, anddeathin compounds vaccination
exotic breeds
Anaplasmosis Severe inexotic Rikettsia, Tick and other biting Anemia, jaundice, fever, Broad-spectrumantibiotics,
breeds Anaplasma arthropods systemic signs Imizol injection
marginale

Common Bacterial Diseases of Cattle in the Philippines

Disease Age group Cause Transmission Clinical Signs Control and Treatment
Affected Pattern
Hemorrhagic All ages Pasteurella spp. Aerosol route contact, Variable, commonly Vaccination, quarantine,
septicemia More serious in contamination fever, and respiratory stamping out, broad-spectrum
combination with syndromes antibiotics (early stage)
virus and stress
Leptospirosis All ages Several serotypes Ingestion of urine- Young jaundice, bloody Vaccination, regular blood test,
(Bovine loepto) of Leptospira spp. contaminated materials; urine, adult variable eliminate positive reactors,
venereal transplacental antibiotics
Foot rot More often in adults Spherophorus Soil-borne, penetration Lameness, foul smell of Copper sulfate/formalin, foot
(Pododermatitis) necrophorus through breaks in the foot, swelling of feet dip, antibiotics, hygiene
feet
Tetanus All ages Clostridiumtetani Soil-borne, through Stiff gait, increased, Antitoxin injection, hygiene
deep breaks in skin irritability, rigidity of
(castration wounds) legs, spasm
Genital Adults Camphylobacter Natural breeding Repeat bleeding, early Quarantine, antibiotic injection,
camphylobactriosis fetus (venereal) abortion cull infected bulls
Anthrax All ages Bacillus anthracis Soil-borne, ingestion of Very sudden with a Proper disposal of cadavers,
spores, biting flies, and dead animal on pasture, vaccination, quarantine,
other insects characterized by bloody massive antibiotic injection in
discharges in body very early stage
openings, extreme
bloating
con’t. Common Bacterial Diseases

Disease Agegroup Cause Transmission Clinical Signs Control andTreatment

Affected Pattern
Blackleg Most commonamong Clostridiumchauvei Soil-borne, ingestion Verysuddenwithdead Vaccination, quarantine
twotofour yearsold rarelythroughbreaksof bloatedanimal, procedures, hygiene
skin pronouncedswellingof
shoulders andthighs,
markedlameness,
cracklingsoundon
pressure
Bovine Morecommonin Mycobacterium Inhalation, ingestion Chroniccharacter, slow Regular tuberculintest,
tuberculosis adults andhoused bovis (contamination) progressive, loss of eliminatepositivereactors,
animals condition, emaciation sanitation
withrespiratorysigns
Brucellosi Morecommonin Brucellaabortus Ingestion, Abortion, retained Calfhoodvaccination, regular
(contagious dairycattle contamination, direct placenta, infertility bloodtest, eliminatepositive
abortion) contact, carriers reactors
Colibacillosis Moreoftenincalves Escherichiacoli Ingestion, direct contact Yellowish-whitefoul Vaccination, hygiene, isolation,
(Scours) smellingfeces, antibioticinjection
respiratorysigns
Johne’s disease All ages, commonin Mycobacterium Contaminatedfeeds, Wasting, diarrhea Incurable, improvedhygiene,
(Paratuberculosis) belowtwoyearsold paratuberculosis water, milk vaccination

Common Parasitic Diseases of Cattle in the Philippines

Disease Cause Clinical Signs Control andTreatment
External Parasites
Cattlescab, mange, or iitch Sarcoptes Most severe; affectedregionsof bodywherethe Sprayor dipwith1%Lindaneor
hair is thin Neguyon, Pyrethroids,
Psoroptes Most common; livesonskinwherehair is thick Avermectininjection
Skininflammation, eruptions andcrust
formation
Chorioptes Occasional; affects skinbetweentheudder,
scrotum, andthighs
Pediculosis Haematopinusspp. (Sucking Infest theneck, shoulders, withers, head, and Dust dip, or spraywithOP
louse) aroundthetail; itchinessandscratchingor compoundsor chlorinated
rubbingintoobject; unthriftiness hydrocarbon; Pyrethroids
Solenopotesspp. (Sucking
louse)

Linognathusspp.
(Suckinglouse)

Bovicolabovis(Bitinglouse)
Myiasis-infestationby Fleshflies andblowflies Larvaeeasilyseeninfestingwounds (after Cleanthewounds, applyfly
dipterous (maggotsllarvae) castration, dehorning) andwirecuts causing repellents
Obligatorybot flies and irritationandbleeding
warbleflies
Tickfever Bophilusmicroplus Ticks onthebodywithencrustation Dust, spray, or dipwithacaricides1
Flyworry Hornfly(blood-sucking) Aroundthebaseof thehorns, back, shoulders, Sprayor dipwithinsecticides
withers; all over thestableandalsothebodyof
Stablefly(blood-sucking) theanimals; irritation
 con’t. Common Parasitic Diseases
Disease Cause Clinical Signs Control and Treatment
Ringworm Fungus trichophyton spp. Usual area affected around the ear, eyes, sides Isolate and thorough cleaning of
of neck or root of tail; infected wound patches lesions; apply tincture of iodine five
gradually increase in size to seven days

Internal Parasites

Liverfluke infection (Liver rot Fasciola gigantica Chronic in nature; wasting type (gradual loss of Control snail, good drainage, fence
or Fasciolosis) Fasciola hepatica condition, loss of weight, anemia); eggs in the off stagnant water, use flukecides2
feces; chronic diarrhea

Lungworminfestation (Hush Dictyocaulus spp. (more Respiratory distress; coughing; loss of weight; Good pasture management, use
or parasitic bronchitis) common in young calves) stunting; diarrhea; larvae in feces broad spectrumanthelmintics, e.g.
tetramisole

Stomach and intestinal Stomach and intestinal Progressive loss of weight, loss condition, Good pasture management, use
parasitism(parasitic nematodes and cestodes stunted growth, pot belliedness, emaciation, anthelmintics3
gastroenteritis) anemia, diarrhea, edema of the jaw

Common Acaricides Used Against Ticks and Other Ectoparasites1

T ra d e N a m e C h e m ic a l N a m e L o c a l D is t r ib u t o r R ecom m ended
R a t e /C o n c e n t r a t io n
A su n to l Coum aphos F B A -B a y e r 0 .6 %
B erc o to x D io x a n th io n V in e la n d 0 .5 %
B o v in o x E th io n W e llc o m e 0 .0 5 %
C io d rin C ro to x y p h o s S h e llc h e m 2 .5 %
C o o p e rto x T o x a p h en e C o p p er & N e p h e w s 2 .5 %
D e ln a v D io x a th io n C o p p er & N e p h e w s 0 .5 %
N e o c id o l D ia z in o n D ia z in o n G e ig y 0 .5 %
Supona C h lo rfe n v in p h o s S h e llc h e m 0 .2 5 %
A m itra z , ta k tik F o rm a m id in e c p d . C o p p e r, L a p ro v e t 0 .2 5 %
S e v in C a rb a ry l A m er, c y a n a m id C o . 0 .5 6 %

Common Flukecides Available Locally2

T ra d e C h e m ic a l Form R oute D o s e /R a t e D is t r ib u t o r
Nam e N am e
Z e n il O x y x lo sa n id e S o lu tio n O ra l 1 3 m g /k g ,b .w . U n iv e t
R an id e R a fo x a n id e S o lu tio n O ra l 7 .5 -1 0 m g / k g C a th a y D ru g
F lu k iv er C lo sa n te l S o lu tio n O ra l 7 .5 m g /k g P re m iu m A g ro -
Vet
V a lb a z e n A lb en d a z o le D re n c h , B o lu s, O ra l 2 0 m g /k g S m ith K lin e
TSD o r s u s p e n sio n Tyco
Im p reg n o n P h a m .U n iv e t
M o n il I n ip h ilc o
B ith e lm in B ith io n o l S o lu tio n O ra l 4 m l/1 0 k g C a s h m a n L in k
S u lfo x id e
B ile v o r-R N ic lo fo la n B o lu s O ra l 3 0 0 m g /1 0 0 k g Bayer
F as in e x T ric lab e n d az o le B o lu s o r O ra l 1 2 m g /k g C ib a -G e ig y
D re n c h
 Health Management

Traditional cattle husbandry practices still existing in the Philippines contribute to the
persistence of a disease in a particular region. There is a need to establish a preventive health
program designed for specific situation to prevent and control cattle disease prevalence.

The concept of a preventive veterinary medical care has gained acceptance among
livestock owners in the country. It implies a comprehensive program on the treatment of indi-
vidual animals including the care and management of the entire herd in an area.

The demand for herd and health management schemes have increased over the past
years. For the program to be successful, there must be a close coordination between the veteri-
narian and the cattle raiser. The herd health management scheme consists of six important
aspects, namely: strict quarantine program; process of early diagnosis of disease; sanitation; good
recording system; provision of physical facilities for isolation, examination, and treatment; and
judicious use of drugs and biologicals.

Elements of herd health management scheme

Strict Quarantine Program

It includes proper disinfection of vehicles, individuals, and animals; immediate isolation

of sick animals to break the cycle of disease; proper disposal of wastes, dead animals; and other
contaminated materials; and rigid inspection of newly introduced animals.

Early Diagnosis of a Disease

Most often, cattle raisers find it hard to detect the presence of an infection in its early
stage. Indigenous animals also have an inherent degree of resistence to some infec-
tion, showing no clinical manifestations until the advanced stage of the disease. A regular
thorough inspection once a day is a must.

Sanitation

Sanitation is considered the core of the health program. No drug can substitute proper hygienic
measures.

Good Recording System

A lifetime health record should always be kept for each animal. The record serves as basis for
the animal’s performance analysis and culling. Correction of ineffective procedures and faulty
management practices can be done on the basis of records.

Provision of Physical Facilities

Handling chutes and isolation corrals for cattle are necessary to facilitate easier work-up with the
animals. They lessen stress for following up therapies and implementation of mass-vaccination
and deworming programs.

Judicious Use of Drug

A rule-of-thumb for drug usage is to strictly follow veterinary prescriptions and dosage rate. In
using biologicals, always consider the recommendation on the label.
 Common Anthelmintics Used Against Gastrointestinal
Parasites of Cattle in the Philippines3

Trade N am e Local F o rm R o u te D o s e /R a t e
D i s t r ib u t o r
B e n m in t h P f iz e r P o w de r O ral 2 5 m g/kg
B e n m e nth II P f iz e r P o w de r O ral 8 .8 m g / k g
N e m ate l
L e v a s o le P r e m iu m A g r o - V e t . P o w de r O ral 1 g/10 kg
In j. S o l. S .C.
P ip e n e x E . R . S q u ib b P o w de r O ral R e fe r
B r o c h u re
A r z in e Esar & Sons P o w de r O ral 2 1 g /1 0 0 k g
P ip zo l T ryc o P h arm . P o w de r O ral R e fe r
B r o c h u re
S y n t h a n t ic o r S y n t e x , W e l lc o m e S o l u t io n O ral 1 m g /9 k g
S y stam ex
T h ib e n z o le C a tha y D rug P o w de r O ral 1 g/10 kg
V a lb a z e n SKF S o l u t io n O ral 1 m l/ 9 k g
TSD U n iv e t S u s p e n sio n
Im p re g n o n T ryc o
M o n il I n p h i lc o
V e rm in u m S q u ib b S u s p e n sio n O ral R e fe r
B r o c h u re
L a t ig o S F P o w d e r U n iv e t P o w de r O ral 6 ts p /2 0 0 k g
S t y z o le 5 0 0 T ryc o P o w de r O ral 7 .5 m g / k g
Iv o m e c C a tha y D rug S o l u t io n S .C. R e fe r
B r o c h u re

Lifted from:

The Beef Cattle Production Committee. The Philip-

pines recommends for beef cattle production. Los
Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1994. 129p.- (PCARRD Philippines
Recommends Ser. No. 9-B/1994).

Acknowledgement

Theresa Aurora B. Cosico

Managing Editor and Desktop Publishing Artist

Antonieta J. Arceo
Editor

Roberto T. Masbang
Editha S. Vinuya
Printed by:
Editorial Consultants
Extension Communication Division
Alberto B. Maningding, MNSA Agricultural Training Institute
Asterio P. Saliot, MNSA Diliman, Q.C.
Advisers