Lectures Notes 1

Written By
Professor Dr. Saad Saffah
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ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

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 INDUCTION FIELD

The INDUCTION FIELD contains an E field and an H field and is localized

near the antenna.
The E and H fields of the induction field are 90 degrees out of phase with
each other

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 E and H
components of
induction and
radiation fields

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▪ Which part of the electromagnetic spectrum is used for communication

▪ Not all frequencies are equally suitable for all tasks – e.g., wall penetration, different
atmospheric attenuation
twisted pair coax cable
optical transmission

1 Mm 10 km 100 m 1m 10 mm 100 m 1 m
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF infrared visible light UV

o VLF = Very Low Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency

o LF = Low Frequency
o MF = Medium Frequency
o HF = High Frequency
o VHF = Very High Frequency
SHF = Super High Frequency
EHF = Extra High Frequency
UV = Ultraviolet Light
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➢ Antennas electrons
photons

➢ does not
uniformly

➢ distribution of
radiated power

radiation pattern

➢ currents on the transmission line end there but

fields keep on going

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➢ antenna device interfaces a circuit and space
RADIATION PATTERNS

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 IMPORTANT PATTERN
PARAMETERS
▪ HPBW: The angular
beamwidth at the half-
power level or half-power
beamwidth (or -3dB
beamwidth) (-3dB =
10xlog(0.5) = 20xlog(0.707)).
▪ FNBW: The beamwidth
between first nulls.
▪ Normalized or Relative
field/power pattern

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▪ The usefulness of the aperture concept will now be illustrated by using it to
derive the important Friis transmission formula published in 1946 by
Harald T. Friis of the Bell Telephone Laboratories.
▪ The Friis Transmission Equation is used to calculate the power received
from one antenna (with gain Gt), when transmitted from another antenna
(with gain Gr), separated by a distance R, and operating at frequency f or
wavelength lambda.

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▪ Assume that 𝑃𝑇 [Watts] of total power are delivered to the transmit
antenna. For the moment, assume that the transmit antenna is
omnidirectional, lossless, and that the receive antenna is in the far field of
the transmit antenna. Then the power density S (in Watts per square
meter) of the plane wave incident on the receive antenna a distance R from
the transmit antenna is given by:
𝑃𝑇
𝑆=
4𝜋𝑅2
If the transmit antenna has an antenna gain in the direction of the receive
antenna given by 𝐺𝑇 , then the power density equation above becomes:
𝑃𝑇
𝑆= 2
𝐺𝑇
4𝜋𝑅
The gain term factors in the directionality and losses of a real antenna.

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▪ Assume now that the receive antenna has an effective aperture given
by 𝐴𝐸𝑅 . Then the power received by this antenna (𝑃𝑅 ) is given by:
𝑃𝑇
𝑃𝑅 = 2
𝐺𝑇 𝐴𝐸𝑅
4𝜋𝑅
▪ Since the effective aperture for any antenna can also be expressed as:
𝜆2
𝐴𝑒 = 𝐺
4𝜋
▪ The resulting received power can be written as:
𝑃𝑇 𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑅 𝜆2
𝑃𝑅 = 2
[𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟏]
(4𝜋𝑅)
This is known as the Friis Transmission Formula. It relates the free
space path loss, antenna gains and wavelength to the received and
transmit powers. This is one of the fundamental equations in antenna
theory, and should be remembered 18
▪ Friis Transmission Formula in terms of frequency:
𝑃𝑇 𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑅 𝑐 2
𝑃𝑅 = 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟐
(4𝜋𝑅𝑓)2
▪ Finally, if the antennas are not polarization matched, the above received power could be
multiplied by the Polarization Loss Factor (PLF) to properly account for this mismatch.
Equation [2] above can be altered to produce a generalized Friis Transmission Formula,
which includes polarization mismatch:
𝑃𝑇 𝐺𝑇 𝐺𝑅 𝑐 2
𝑃𝑅 = 𝑃𝐿𝐹 ∙ [𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝟑]
(4𝜋𝑅𝑓)2
Using the definition of decibels (dB), Friis Transmission Formula will be:
2
𝜆
10 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑃𝑅 = 10 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑃𝑇 + 10 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐺𝑇 + 10 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐺𝑅 + 10 ∙ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10
4𝜋𝑅
The above equation becomes a simple addition equation in dB:
2
𝜆
𝑃𝑅 𝑑𝐵 = 𝑃𝑇 𝑑𝐵 + 𝐺𝑇 𝑑𝐵 + 𝐺𝑅 𝑑𝐵 +
4𝜋𝑅
𝑑𝐵
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▪ What is the maximum power received at a distance of 0.5 km over a free-
space 1GHz circuit consisting of a transmitting antenna with a 25-dB gain
and a receiving antenna with a 20-dB gain? The gain is with respect to a
lossless isotropic source. The transmitting antenna input is 150W.
Solution:
With respect to a lossless isotropic source and at maximum power D = G

𝑐 3 × 108
𝜆= = = 0.3 𝑚
𝑓 109

𝐺𝑇 = 25ቚ = 1025/10 = 102.5 = 316

𝑑𝐵

𝐺𝑟 = 20ቚ = 1020/10 = 102 = 100

𝑑𝐵

Pt Gt Gr  2 316  0.32 100

Pr = = 150 = 0.0108 W = 10.8 mW
(4 r ) 2
(4 ) 500
2 2

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