Tabla de Caracteres

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory
Tables for Group Theory

By P. W. ATKINS, M. S. CHILD, and C. S. G. PHILLIPS
This provides the essential tables (character tables, direct products, descent in symmetry and subgroups) required for those using group theory, together with general formulae, examples, and other relevant information. Character Tables: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Groups C1, Cs, Ci The Groups Cn (n = 2, 3, , 8) The Groups Dn (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The Groups Cnv (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The Groups Cnh (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The Groups Dnh (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The Groups Dnd (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The Groups Sn (n = 4, 6, 8) The Cubic Groups: T, Td, Th O, Oh The Groups I, Ih The Groups C v and D h The Full Rotation Group (SU2 and R3) 3 4 6 7 8 10 12 14 15
10 11 12
17 18 19
Direct Products: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 General Rules C2, C3, C6, D3, D6, C2v, C3v, C6v, C2h, C3h, C6h, D3h, D6h, D3d, S6 D2, D2h C4, D4, C4v, C4h, D4h, D2d, S4 C5, D5, C5v, C5h, D5h, D5d D4d, S8 T, O, Th, Oh, Td D6d I, Ih Cv, Dh The Full Rotation Group (SU2 and R3) 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 22 23
The extended rotation groups (double groups): character tables and direct product table Descent in symmetry and subgroups Notes and Illustrations: General formulae Worked examples Examples of bases for some representations Illustrative examples of point groups: I Shapes II Molecules
24 26
29 31 35 37 39
OXFORD
Oxford University Press, 2006. All rights reserved.
Higher Education
1

Character Tables Notes: (1) Schnflies symbols are given for all point groups. HermannMaugin symbols are given for the 32 crystaliographic point groups. (2) In the groups containing the operation C5 the following relations are useful:
+ = 1 (1 + 5 2 ) = 161803L = 2 cos144o 2
1 1
+ + = 1 + + + + = 1
= 1 (1 5 2 ) = 061803L = 2 cos 72o 2 = 1 +
+ = 1
2 cos 72o + 2 cos144o = 1
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Higher Education
2

1. The Groups C1, Cs, Ci C1 (1) A E 1
Cs=Ch (m) A A
E 1 1
h 1 1 x, y, Rz z, Rx, Ry x2, y2, z2, xy yz, xz
Ci = S2
(1)
E 1 1
i 1 1 Rx, Ry, Rz x, y, z x2, y2, z2, xy, xz, yz
Ag Au
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Higher Education
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2. The Groups Cn (n = 2, 3,,8) C2 (2) A B E 1 1 C2 1 1 z, Rz x, y, Rx, Ry x2, y2, z2, xy yz, xz
C3 (3) A E
E 1
C3 1
C32
1 z, Rz (x, y)(Rx, Ry)
= exp (2i/3) x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy)(yz, xz)
1 1
C4 (4) A B E
E 1 1
1 1
C4 1 1
C2 1 1
3 C4
1 1
z, Rz
x2 + y2, z2 x2 y2, 2xy (yz, xz)
i i
1 1
i i
(x, y)(Rx, Ry)
C5 A E1
E 1
C5 1
C52
1
C53
1
C54
1 z, Rz (x,y)(Rx, Ry)
= exp(2i/5) x2 + y2, z2 (yz, xz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
1 1 1 1
* 2 *2
2 *2 *
*2 2 *
* *2 2
E2
C6 (6) A B E1
E 1 1
C6 1 1
C3 1 1
C2 1 1
C32
1 1
5 C6
= exp(2i/6) z, Rz (x, y) (Rz, Ry) x2 + y2, z2
1 1
1 1
1 1
*
*
*
*
1 1
1 1
*
*
*
*
(xy, yz)
E2
(x2 y2, 2xy)
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Higher Education
4

2. The Groups Cn (n = 2, 3,,8) (cont..) C7 A E1 E 1 C7 1
C72
1
3 C7
C74
1
5 C7
6 C7
= exp (2i/7) z, Rz x2 + y2, z2 (xz, yz)
1 1
2 *2
3 *3
*3 3
*2 2
* (x, y) (Rx, Ry)
E2
1 1 1 1
2 *2 3 *3
*3 3 *
* 2 *2
* *2 2
3 *3 *
*2 2 *3 3
(x2 y2, 2xy)
E3
C8 A B E1 E2 E3
E 1 1
C8 1 1
C4 1 1
C2 1 1
3 C4
C83
1 1
C85
1 1
C87
1 1 z, Rz (x, y) (Rx, Ry)
= exp (2i/8) x2 + y2, z2
1 1
1 1
i i
1 1
i i
(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
1 1
1 1
i i
*
1 1
i i
1 1
1 1
1 1
i i
i i
*
i i
*
i i
*
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Higher Education
5

3. The Groups Dn (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) D2 (222) A B1 B2 B3
B B B
E 1 1 1 1
C2(z) 1 1 1 1
C2(y) 1 1 1 1
C2(x) 1 1 1 1 x2, y2, z2 xy xz yz
z, Rz y, Ry x, Rx
D3 (32) A1 A2 E
E 1 1 2
2C3 1 1 1
3C2 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 z, Rz (x, y)(Rx,, Ry) (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)
D4 (422) A1 A2 B1 B2 E
B B
E 1 1 1 1 2
2C4 1 1 1 1 0
2 C2 (= C4 )
2C2' 1 1 1 1 0
2C2" 1 1 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 z, Rz x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)
1 1 1 1 2
(x, y)(Rx, Ry)
D5 A1 A2 E1 E2
E 1 1 2 2
2C5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144
2C52
1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72
5C2 1 1 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 z, Rz (x, y)(Rx, Ry) (xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
D6 (622) A1 A2 B1 B2 E1 E2
B B
E 1 1 1 1 2 2
2C6 1 1 1 1 1 1
2C3 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2 1 1 1 1 2 2
3C2
1 1 1 1 0 0
3C2
1 1 1 1 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 z, Rz
(x, y)(Rx, Ry)
(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
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Higher Education
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4. The Groups Cn (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) C2 (2mm) A1 A2 B1 B2
B B
E 1 1 1 1
C2 1 1 1 1
(xz) 1 1 1 1
(yz) v
1 1 1 1 z Rz x, Ry y, Rx x2, y2, z2 xy xz yz
C3 (3m) A1 A2 E
E 1 1 2
2C3 1 1 1
3 1 1 0 z Rz (x, y)(Rx, Ry) x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy)(xz, yz)
C4 (4mm) A1 A2 B1 B2 E
B B
E 1 1 1 1 2
2C4 1 1 1 1 0
C2 1 1 1 1 2
2 1 1 1 1 0
2d 1 1 1 1 0 z Rz x2 + y2, z2 x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)
(x, y)(Rx, Ry)
C5 A1 A2 E1 E2
E 1 1 2 2
2C5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144
2C52
1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72
5 1 1 0 0 z Rz (x, y)(Rx, Ry) x2 + y2, z2 (xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
C6 (6mm) A1 A2 B1 B2 E1 E2
B B
E 1 1 1 1 2 2
2C6 1 1 1 1 1 1
2C3 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2 1 1 1 1 2 2
3 1 1 1 1 0 0
3d 1 1 1 1 0 0 z Rz x2 + y2, z2
(x, y)(Rx, Ry)
(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
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Higher Education
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5. The Groups Cnh (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) C2h (2/m) Ag Bg Au Bu
B B
E 1 1 1 1
C2 1 1 1 1
I 1 1 1 1
h 1 1 1 1 Rz Rx, Ry z x, y x2, y2, z2, xy xz, yz
C3h A' E' A'' E''
(6)
E 1
1 1
C3 1
C32
1
h 1
S3 1
5 S3
= exp (2i/3) Rz (x, y) z (Rx, Ry) (xz, yz) x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy)
*
1
*
1
1 1
1
*
1
*
1
1
1 1
1 1
C4h (4/m) Ag Bg
B
E 1 1
1 1
C4 1 1
C2 1 1
3 C4 i
3 S4
h 1 1
S4 1 1 Rz x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)
1 1
1 1
1 1
Eg Au Bu
B
i
i
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
i
i
1 1
1 1
1 1
i
1 1
i
1 1
(Rx, Ry) z
1 1
1 1
Eu
i
i
1 1
1 1
1 1
i
i
(x, y)
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Higher Education
8

5. The Groups Cnh (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (cont) C5h
A
E1
E 1
C5 1
C52
1
3 C5
C54
1
h 1
S5 1
S57
1
3 S5
9 S5
= exp(2i/5) Rz (x, y) (x2 y2, 2xy) x2+y2, z2
1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1
* 2 *2
1
2 *2 *
1 1
*2 2 *
1
*2
* *2 2
1
*
1 1 1 1
1 1
* 2 *2
1 *
2 *2
2 *2 *
1
*2
2
*2 2 *
1
2 *
*2
* *2 2
1
* *2 2
E 2 A E1 E 2
* 2 *2
*2
2
2 *
(Rx, Ry)
(xz, yz)
*2 2
1 1
C6h (6/m) Ag Bg
B
E 1 1
C6 1 1
C3 1 1
C2 1 1
*
C32
1 1
5 C6
i 1 1
*
5 S3
5 S6
h 1 1
S6 1 1
S3 1 1
= exp(2i/6) x2+y2, z2 (xz, yz)
1 1
1 1
1 1
(Rx, Ry)
*
E1g
1 1
1 1
*
*
1 1
1 1
*
*
1 1
1 1
*
*
1 1
1 1
*
*
E2g Au Bu
B
(x2 y2, 2xy)

Z
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
E1u
1 1 1 1
*
*
* *
1 1 1 1
* *
*
*
1 1 1 1
* *
1 1 1 1
* *
(x, y)
E2u
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Higher Education
9

6. The Groups Dnh (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) D2h (mmm) Ag B1g B2g B3g Au B1u B2u B3u
B B B B B B
E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2(z) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2(y) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2(x) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(xy) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(xz) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(yz) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2, y2, z2 xy xz yz
Rz Ry Rx z y x
D3h (6) m2
A1 A 2 E A1 A 2 E
E 1 1 2 1 1 2
2C3 1 1 1 1 1 1
3C2 1 1 0 1 1 0
h 1 1 2 1 1 2
2S3 1 1 1 1 1 1
3v 1 1 0 1 1 0 Rz (x, y) z (Rx, Ry) (xy, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy) x2 + y2, z2
D4h (4/mmm) A1g A2g B1g B2g Eg A1u A2u B1u B2u Eu
B B B B
E 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
2C4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
C2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
2C2
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2C2
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
i 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
2S4 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
h 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2
2v 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0
2d 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)
(Rx, Ry)
Z
(x, y)
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Higher Education
10

6. The Groups Dnh (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (cont)
D5h E 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2C5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144
2C52
5C2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
h 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2S5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144
3 2S5
5v 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
z
A1
A 2 E1 E 2 A1 A 2 E1 E 2
1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72
1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72
x2 + y2, z2 Rz (x, y) (x2 y2, 2xy)
(Rx, Ry)
(xy, yz)
D6h (6/mmm) A1g A2g B1g B2g E1g E2g A1u A2u B1u B2u E1u E2u
B B B B
E 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
2C6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2C3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
C2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
3C 2
3C2
i 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
2S3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2S6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
h 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2
3d 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
3v 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
(Rx Ry)
(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
(x, y)
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Higher Education
11

7. The Groups Dnd (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) D2d = Vd 42 m
( )
B
E 1 1 1 1 2
2S4 1 1 1 1 0
C2 1 1 1 1 2
2C2
1 1 1 1 0
2d 1 1 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz z (x, y) (Rx, Ry) x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)
A1 A2 B1 B2 E
B
D3d
(3)m
E 1 1 2 1 1 2
2C3 1 1 1 1 1 1
3C2 1 1 0 1 1 0
i 1 1 2 1 1 2
2S6 1 1 1 1 1 1
3d 1 1 0 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz (Rx, Ry) (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)
A1g A2g Eg A1u A2u Eu
z (x, y)
D4d A1 A2 B1 B2 E1
B B
E 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
2S8 1 1 1 1
2C4 1 1 1 1 0 2 0
2S83
1 1 1 1 2 0
C2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
4C2
1 1 1 1 0 0 0
4d 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz z (x, y) (Rx, Ry) (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)
2
0 2
E2 E3
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12

7. The Groups Dnd (n = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) (cont..)
D5d A1g A2g E1g E2g A1u A2u E1u E2u E 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2C5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144
2C52
5C2 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
i 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
3 2S10
2S10 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72
5d 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz (Rx, Ry) (xy, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)
1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72
1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144
z (x, y)
D6d A1 A2 B1 B2 E1
B B
E 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
2S12 1 1 1 1
2C6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
2S4 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 2 0
2C3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
5 2S12
C2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2
6C2
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
6d 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz
z
1 1 1 1 3 1 0 1
3
1 0 1 3
(x, y) (x2 y2, 2xy)
E2 E3 E4 E5
(Rx, Ry)
(xy, yz)
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13

8. The Groups Sn (n = 4, 6, 8) S4
(4)
E 1 1
S4 1 1
C2 1 1
3 S4
A B E
1 1
Rz z (x, y) (Rx, Ry)
x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)
1 1
E 1 C3 1
i i
1 1
i i
i 1
5 S6
S6
(3)
C32
1
S6 1 Rz (Rx, Ry) z (x, y)
= exp (2i/3)
x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy) (xy, yz)
Ag Eg Au Eu
1 1
1
*
1
*
1
1 1
1
*
1
*
1
1 1
1 1
S8 A B E1
E 1 1
S8 1 1
C4 1 1
S83
1 1
C2 1 1
S85
1 1
3 C4
S87
1 1 Rz z
= exp (2i/8)
x2 + y2, z2
1 1
1 1
i i
1 1
i i
* (x, y)
E2
1 1
1 1
i i
*
1 1
i i
i i
*
1 1
1 1
i i
*
1 1
i i
i i
* (Rx, Ry)
(x2 y2, 2xy)
E3
(xy, yz)
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Higher Education
14

9. The Cubic Groups T (23) A E T E 1 4C3 1
4C32 3C2
1 1
= exp (2i/3) x2 + y2 + z2 ( (x, y, z) (Rx, Ry, Rz)

3
1 1
3
*
0 0
1 1
1
(x2 y2)2z2 x2 y2) (xy, xz, yz)
Td
(43m)
E 1 1 2 3 3
8C3 1 1 1 0 0
3C2 1 1 2 1 1
6S4 1 1 0 1 1
6d 1 1 0 1 1 x2 + y2 + z2 (2z2 x2 y2, (Rx, Ry, Rz) (x, y, z) (xy, xz, yz)

3
A1 A2 E T1 T2
(x2 y2)
Th (m3) Ag Eg Tg Au Eu Tu
E 1
4C3 1
4C32
1
3C2 1
i 1
4S6 1
4S 62
1
3d 1
= exp (2i/3)
x2 + y2 + z2 (2z2 x2 y2, 2 2 3 (x y ) (Rx, Ry, Rz) (xy, yz, xz)
1 1
3 1
*
0 1
*
0 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
3 1
*
0 1
*
0 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
3
*
0
*
0
1 1
1
1 1
3
*
0
*
0
1 1
1 (x, y, z)
O (432) A1 A2 E T1 T2
E 1 1 2 3 3
8C3 1 1 1 0 0
3C2 1 1 2 1 1
6C4 1 1 0 1 1
6C2
1 1 0 1 1 (x, y, z) (Rx, Ry, Rz) (xy, xz, yz) x2 + y2 + z2 (2z2 x2 y2, 2 2 3 (x y ))
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Higher Education
15

9. The Cubic Groups (cont) Oh (m3m) A1g A2g Eg T1g T2g A1u A2u Eu T1u T2u E 8C3 6C2 6C4 3C2
(= C42 )
6S4
8S6
3h
6d
1 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 3
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 3 3
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 (Rx, Ry, Rz)
x2 + y2 + z2 (2z2 x2 y2, 2 2 3 (x y )) (xy, xz, yz)
(x, y, z)
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Higher Education
16

10. The Groups I, Ih I A T1 T2 G H E 1 3 3 4 5 12C5 1 + 1 0
12C52
20C3 1 0 0 1 1
15C2 1 1 1 0 1
= 1 5 2 2

1 + 1 0
x +y +z (x, y, z) (Rx, Ry, Rz)
(2z2 x2 y2,
3
(x2 y2)
xy, yz, zx)
Ih Ag T1g T2g Gg Hg 1 3 3 4 5
12C5 1 + 1 0
12C52
20C3 15C2 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
i 1 3 3 4 5
12S10 1 + 1 0
3 12S10
20S6 15 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
= 1 5 2 2

1
2
1 + 1 0
1 + 1 0
x +y +z (Rx,Ry,Rz)
(2z2 x2 y2,
3
(x2 y2))
(xy, yz, zx) Au T1u T2u Gu Hu 1 3 3 4 5 1 + 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 3 3 4 5 1 + 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 (x, y, z)
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17

11. The Groups Cv and Dh Cv A1 A2 E1 E2 E3
+
E 1 1 2 2 2
C2 1 1 2 2 2
2C
v 1 1 0 0 0 z Rz (x,y) (Rx,Ry) x2 + y2, z2 (xz, yz) (x y2, 2xy)

2
1 1 2 cos 2 cos 2 2 cos 3
Dh
+ g
E 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
2C
v 1 1 0 0 1 1
i 1 1 2 2 1 1
2S
1 1
C2 1 1 Rz 0 (Rx, Ry) 0 1 1 0 (x,y) 0 (xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy) x2 + y2, z2
1 1 2 cos 2 cos 2 1 1 2 cos 2 cos 2
g g
+ u
2 cos 2 cos 2 1 1 2 cos 2 cos 2
u u
0 2 0 2
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Higher Education
18

12. The Full Rotation Group (SU2 and R3)
1 sin j + 2 0 ( j ) () = 1 sin 2 =0 2 j +1
Notation : Representation labelled (j) with j = 0,1/2, 1, 3/2,, for R3 j is confined to integral values (and written l or L) and the labels S (0), P (1), D (2), etc. are used.
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Higher Education
19

Direct Products 1. General rules (a) For point groups in the lists below that have representations A, B, E, T without subscripts, read A1 = A2 = A, etc. (b) g g u g u u g
(c) Square brackets [ ] are used to indicate the representation spanned by the antisymmetrized product of a degenerate representation with itself. Examples
For D3h E E A1 + A + E 2
For D6h E1g E2g = 2Bg + E1g.
2. For C2, C3, C6, D3, D6,C2v,C3v, C6v,C2h, C3h, C6h, D3h, D6h, D3d, S6 A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 B1 B1 B2 A1
B B B
A1 A2 B1 B2 E1 E2
B B
B2 B2 B1 A2 A1
B B B
E1 E1 E1 E2 E2 A1 + [A2]+ E2
E2 E2 E2 E1 E1 B1 + B2 + E1 A1 + [A2] + E2
B
3. For D2 , D2h A A B1 B1 A B2 B2 B3 A
B B
A B1 B2 B3
B B B
B3 B3 B2 B1 A
B B B
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4. For C4, D4, C4v, C4h, D4h, D2d, S4 A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 B1 B1 B2 A1
B B B
A1 A2 B1 B2 E
B B
B2 B2 B1 A2 A1
B B B
E E E E E A1 + [A2] +B1 + B2
5. For C5, D5, C5v, C5h, D5h, D5d A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 E1 E1 E1 A1 + [A2] + E2 E2 E2 E2 E 1 + E2 A1 + [A2] + E1
A1 A2 E1 E2
6. For D4d, S8 A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 B1 B1 B2 A1
B B B
A1 A2 B1 B2 E1 E2
B B
B2 B2 B1 A2 A1
B B B
E1 E1 E1 E3 E3 A1 + [A2] + E2
E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E 1 + E2 A1 + [A2] + B1 + B2
B
E3 E3 E3 E1 E1 B1 + B2 + E2 E1 + E3
B
E3
A1 + [A2] + E2
7. For T, O, Th, Oh, Td A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 E E E A1 + [A2] + E T1 T1 T2 T 1 + T2 A1 + E + [T1] + T2 T2 T2 T1 T 1 + T2 A2 + E + T1 + T2 A1 + E + [T1] + T2
A1 A2 E T1 T2
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8. For D6d A1 A1 A2 A2 A1 B1 B1 B2 A1
B B B
A1 A2 B1 B2 E1
B B
B2 B2 B1 A2 A1
B B B
E1 E1 E1 E5 E5 A1 + [A2] + E2
E2 E2 E2 E4 E4 E 1 + E3 A1 + [A2] + E4
E3 E3 E3 E3 E3 E 2 + E4 E 1 + E5 A1 + [A2] + B1 + B2
B
E4 E4 E4 E2 E2 E 3 + E5 B1 + B2 + E2 E 1 + E5
B
E2 E3 E4 E5
E5 E5 E5 E1 E1 B1 + B2 + E4 E 3 + E5
B
E 2 + E4 E 1 + E3 A1 + [A2] + E2
A1 + [A2] + E4
9. For I, Ih A A T1 T1 A + [T1] + H T2 T2 G+H A + [T2] + H G G T2 + G + H T1 + G + H A + [T1 +T2] +G+H H H T1 +T2 + G + H T1 +T2 + G + H T1 +T2 + G + 2H A1 + [T1 +T2 + G] + G + 2H
A T1 T2 G H
10. For Cv, Dh + + + + + [] + + + + [] +
Notation 1 =0 1 2 = | 1 2 | + (1 + 2) = + + [] + (2). 2 3 4
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11. The Full Rotation Group (SU2 and R3) (j) (j) = (j + j) + (j + j1) + + (|jj|) (j) (j) = (2j) + (2j 2) + + (0) + [(2j 1) + + (1)]
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Extended rotation groups (double groups): Character tables and direct product tables
* D2
E 2
R 2
2C2(z) 0
2C2(y) 0
2C2(x) 0
E1/2
D3*
E1/2 E3/2
E 2
R 2
2C3 1
2C3R 1
3C2 0
3C2R 0
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
i i
i i
D4 E1/2 E3/2
E 2 2
R 2 2
2C4
2 2
2C4R
2 2
2C2 0 0
4C2
0 0
4C2
0 0
D6*
E1/2 E3/2 E5/2
E 2 2 2
R 2 2 2
2C6
3 3
2C6R
3 3
2C3 1 1 2
2C3R 1 1 2
2C2 0 0 0
6C2
0 0 0
6C2
0 0 0
Td*
O*
E E 2 2 4
R R 2 2 4
8C3 8C3 1 1 1
8C3R 8C3R 1 1 1
6C2 6C2 0 0 0
6S4 6C4
2 2
6S4R 6S4R
2 2
12 d 12C2
0 0 0
E1/2 E5/2 G3/2
E1/2 E1/2 = [A] +B1 +B2 + B3 E1/2 [A1] + A2 + E E3/2 2E [A1] + A1 + 2A2
E1/2 E3/2
E1/2 E3/2
E1/2 [A1] + A2 + E
E3/2 B1 + B2 + E [A1] + A2 + E
B
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E1/2 E3/2 E5/2
E1/2 [A1] +A2 + E1
E3/2 B1 + B2+ E2 [A1] +A2 + E1

B
E5/2 E 1 + E2 E 1 + E2 [A1] + A2 +B1 + B2
E1/2 E5/2 G3/2
E1/2 [A1] + T1
E5/2 A2 + T2 [A1] + T1
E3/2 E + T 1 + T2 E + T 1 + T2 [A1 + E + T2] + A2 + 2T1 + T2]
Direct products of ordinary and extended representations for Td* and O* A1 E1/2 E5/2 G3/2 A2 E5/2 E1/2 G3/2 E G3/2 G3/2 E1/2 + E5/2+ G3/2 T1 E1/2 + G3/2 E5/2 + G3/2 E1/2 + E5/2+ 2G3/2 T2 E5/2 + G3/2 E1/2 + G3/2 E1/2 + E5/2+ 2G3/2
E1/2 E5/2 G3/2
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Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory Descent in symmetry and subgroups
The following tables show the correlation between the irreducible representations of a group and those of some of its subgroups. In a number of cases more than one correlation exists between groups. In Cs the of the heading indicates which of the planes in the parent group becomes the sole plane of Cs; in C2v it becomes must be set by a convention); where there are various possibilities for the correlation of C2 axes and planes in D4h and D6h with their subgroups, the column is headed by the symmetry operation of the parent group that is preserved in the descent. C2v A1 A2 B1 B2
B B
C2 A A B B C3 A A E C2v
Cs (zx)
A A" A
A"
Cs (yz)
A A" A
A"
C3v A1 A2 E C4v A1 A2 B1 B2 E
B B
Cs
A A" A + A"
C2v
A1 A2 A1 A2
B1 + B2
A1 A2 A2 A1
B1 + B2
[Other subgroups: C4, C2, C6] C2 h A1 B2

B
Cs
D3h
A1
C3h
A A
E' A" A" E"
C3v A1 A2 E A2 A1 E
h
A A
2A' A" A" 2A"
Cs
A
A" A' + A" A"
A 2
E' A1
A1 + B2 A2 B1
B
A 2
E"
A
A' + A"
A2 + B1
[Other subgroups: D3, C3, C2]
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D4h A1g A2g B1g B2g Eg A1u A2u B1u B2u Eu
B B B B
D2d C2 ( C2 )
D2d C2 ( C2 )
D2h C2
D2h C2
D2 C2
D2 C2
C4h Ag Ag Bg Bg Eg Au Au Bu Bu Eu
B B
C4v A1 A2 B1 B2 E A2 A1 B2 B1 E
B B B B
C2v C2, v A1 A2 A1 A2 B1 + B2 A2 A1 A2 A1 B1 + B2
B B
C2v C2, d A1 A2 A2 A1 B1 + B2 A2 A1 A1 A2 B1 + B2
B B
A1 A2 B1 B2 E B1 B2 A1 A2 E
B B B B
A1 A2 B2 B1 E B1 B2 A2 A1 E
B B B B
Ag B1g Ag B1g B2g + B3g Au B1u Au B1u B2u + B3u

B B B B B B
Ag B1g B1g Ag B2g + B3g Au B1u B1u Au B2u + B3u

B B B B B B
A B1 A B1 B2 + B3 A B1 A B1 B2 + B3
B B B B B B
A B1 B1 A B2 + B3 A B1 B1 A B2 + B3
B B B B
Other subgroups:D4, C4, S4, 3C2h, 3Cs,3C2,Ci, (2C2v)
D6
D3d C2
A1g A2g A2g A1g Eg Eg A1u A2u A2u A1u Eu Eu
D3d C2
A1g A2g A1g A2g Eg Eg A1g A2g A1u A2u Eu Eu
A1g A2g B1g B2g E1g E2g A1u A2u B1u B2u E1u E2u
B B B B
D2h h (xy) v (yz) Ag B1g B2g B3g B2g + B3g Ag + B1g Au B1u B2u B3u B2u + B3u Au + B1u
B B B B B B B B
C6v
C3v v A1 A2 A2 A1 E E A2 A1 A1 A2 E E
C2v
C2
C2v
C2
C2h C2 Ag Ag Bg Bg 2Bg 2Ag Au Au Bu Bu 2Bu 2Au

B B B B
C2h
C2
C2h
C2
A1 A2 B2 B1 E1 E2 A2 A1 B1 B2 E1 E2
B B B B
A1 B1 A2 B2 A2 + B2 A1 + B1 A2 B2 B1 A1 A1 + B1 A2 + B2
B B B B
A1 B1 B2 A2 A2 + B2 A1 + B1 A2 B2 B1 A1 A1 + B1 A2 + B2
B B B B
Ag Bg Ag Bg Ag + Bg Ag + Bg Au Bu Au Bu Au + Bu Au + Bu
B B B B
Ag Bg Bg Ag Ag + Bg Ag + Bg Au Bu Bu Au Au + Bu Au + Bu
B B B B
Other subgroups: D6, 2D3h, C6h, C6, C3h, 2D3, S6, D2, C3, 3C2, 3Cg, Ci
Td A1 A2 E T1 T2
T A A E T T
D2d A1 B1 A1 + B1 A2 + E B2 + E
B
C3v A1 A2 E A2 + E A1 + E
C2v A1 A2 A1 +A2 A2 + B1 + B2 A1 + B2 + B1
Other subgroups: S4, D2, C3, C2, Cs.
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Oh A1g A2g Eg T1g T2g A1u A2u Eu T1u T2u
O A1 A2 E T1 T2 A1 A2 E T1 T2
Td A1 A2 E T1 T2 A2 A1 E T2 T1
Th Ag Ag Eg Tg Tg Au Au Eu Tu Tu
D4h A1g B1g A1g + B1g A2g + Eg B2g + Eg A1u B1u A1u + B1u A2u + Eu B2u + Eu
B B B B
D3d A1g A2g Eg A2g + Eg A1g + Eg A1u B1u Eu A2u + Eu A1u + Eu

B
Other subgroups: T, D4, D2d, C4h, C4v, 2D2h, D3, C3v, S6, C4, S4, 3C2v, 2D2, 2C2h, C3, 2C2, S2, Cs
R3 S P D F G H
O A1 T1 E + T2 A2 + T1 +T2 A1 + E + T1 + T2 E + 2T1 + T2
D4 A1 A2 + E A1 + B1 +B2 + E A2+ B1 +B2 + 2E 2A1 + A2 +B1 + B2 + 2E A1 + 2A2 + B1 + B2 + 3E
D3 A1 A2 + E A1 + 2E A1 + 2A2 + 2E 2A1+ A2 + 3E A1 + 2A2 + 4E
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Notes and Illustrations General Formulae (a) Notation h (i) (i)(R)
(i D) ( R)
the order (the number of elements) of the group. labels the irreducible representation. the character of the operation R in (i). the v element of the representative matrix of the operation R in the irreducible representation (i). the dimension of (i).(the number of rows or columns in the matrices D(i))
l i
(b) Formulae (i) Number of irreducible representations of a group = number of classes.
(ii) (iii)
2 li = h i
(i (i ) ( R) = D) ( R)
(iv) Orthogonality of representations:

(i ( D) ( R)* Di')' ( R) = (h / li ) ii' ' ' '
(ij=1 if i = j and ij = 0 if i j
(v) Orthogonality of characters:
(i ) ( R)* (i ) ( R) = h ii'
R
(vi) Decomposition of a direct product, reduction of a representation: If
= ai (i )
i
and the character of the operation R in the reducible representation is (R), then the coefficients at are given by
ai = (l / h) (i ) ( R)* ( R).
R
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(vii) Projection operators: The projection operator
(i )
= (li / h) (i ) ( R)* R
R
when applied to a function f, generates a sum of functions that constitute a component of a basis for the representation (i); in order to generate the complete basis P (i) must be applied to li distinct functions f. The resulting functions may be made mutually orthogonal. When li = 1 the function generated is a basis for (i) without ambiguity:
P
(i )
f = f (i )
(viii) Selection rules: If f(i) is a member of the basis set for the irreducible representation (i), f{k) a member of that for (k), and (j) an operator that is a basis for (j), then the integral ( i )* ( j ) ( k ) d f f is zero unless (i) occurs in the decomposition of the direct product (j) (k)
(i ) (i ) (ix) The symmetrized direct product is written , and its characters are given by
( i ) ( R) ( i ) ( R) = 1 ( i ) ( R) 2 + 1 (i ) ( R 2 ) 2 2
(i ) (i ) The antisymmetrized direct product is written and its characters are given by
a
( i ) ( R) ( i ) ( R) = 1 ( i ) ( R) 2 + 1 (i ) ( R 2 ) 2 2
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Worked examples 1. To show that the representation based on the hydrogen 1s-orbitals in NH3 (C3v) contains A1 and E, and to generate appropriate symmetry adapted combinations. A table in which symmetry elements in the same class are distinguished will be employed: C3v A1 A2 E D(R) E 1 1 2
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
C3+
C3
1
1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
2
1 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
3
1 1 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
x(R) Rh1 Rh2
3 h1 h2
0 h2 h3
0 h3 h1
1 h1 h3
1 h3 h2
1 h2 h1
The representative matrices are derived from the effect of the operation R on the basis (h1, h2, h3); see the figure below. For example
0 C (h1 , h2 , h3 ) = (h2 , h3 , h1 ) = (h1 , h2 , h3 ) 1 0
+ 3
0 1 0 0 1 0
According to the general formula (b)(iii) the character (R) is the sum of the diagonal elements of D(R). For example, (2) = 0 + 1 + 0 = 1. The decomposition of follows from the formula (b)(vi): = a1A1 + a2A2 + aEE where
a1 = 1 {1 3 + 2 1 0 + 311} = 1 6
a2 = 1 {1 3 + 2 1 0 + 31 (1)} = 0 6
aE = 1 {2 3 + 2 (1) 0 + 3 0 1} = 1 6
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Therefore = A1 + E Symmetry adapted combinations are generated by the projection operator in (b)(vii). Using the last two rows of the table,
( A1 ) =
( A1 )
h1 =
1 6
(1 h 1 + 1 h 2 + 1 h 3 + 1 h + 1 h3 + 1 h2 ) =
1 3
1 ( h1 + h 2 + h 3 )
( (
E ) =
(E )
h1 =
2 6
( 2 h1 1 h 2 1 h 3 + 0 h1
1 3
+ 0 h3 + 0 h2 ) = E ) =
(E )
( 2 h1 h 2 h 3 )
h2 =
2 6
( 2 h 2 1 h 3 1 h1 + 0 h 3
1 3
+ 0 h 2 + 0 h1 ) =
( h1 + 2 h 2 h 3 )
(E) and '(E) provide a valid basis for the E representation, but the orthogonal combinations
a ( E ) = (1/ 6) 2 (2h1 h2 h3 ) = (3/ 2) 2 ( E ) b ( E ) = (1/ 2) 2 (h2 h3 ) = (1/ 2) 2 { ( E ) + 2' ( E )}

would be a more useful basis in most applications. 2. To determine the symmetries of the states arising from the electronic configurations e2 and e1t21 for a tetrahedral complex (Td ), and to determine the group theoretical selection rules for electric dipole transitions between them. The spatial symmetries of the required states are given by the direct products in Table 7. E E = A1 + [A2] + E E T 2 = T1 + T2
1 1
Combination of the electron spins yields both singlet and triplet states, but for the e2 configuration some possibilities are excluded. Since the total (spin and orbital) state must be antisymmetric under electron interchange, the antisymmetrized spatial combination [A2] must be a triplet, and the symmetrized combinations A1 and E are singlets. For the e1t21 configuration there are no exclusions. The required terms are therefore e2 1A1 + 3A2 +1E e1t21 1T1 + 1T2 +3T1 + 3T2 The selection rules are obtained from formula (b)(viii). For electric dipole transitions the operator (j) has the symmetry of a vector (x, y, z), which from the character table for Td transforms as T2. From the table of direct products, Table 7, A1 T2 = T2 A2 T1 = T2 E T 2 = E T 1 = T1 + T2
Assuming the spin selection rule S = 0, the allowed transitions are e2 1A1 e1t21 1T2 e2 3A2 e1t21 3T1 e2 1E e1t21 1T1,1T2
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3. To determine the symmetries of the vibrations of a tetrahedral molecule AB4, and to predict the appearance of its infrared and Raman spectra. The molecule is depicted in the figure below and the character table for the point group Td is given on page 15.
The representations spanned by the vibrational coordinates are based on the 5 3 cartesian displacements less the representations T1 and T2, which are accounted for by the rotations (Rx, Ry, Rz) and the translations (x, y, z). The stretching vibrations are the subset based on the 4 bonds of the molecule. For a particular symmetry operation, only atoms (or bonds) that remain invariant can contribute to the character of the cartesian displacement representation, (all) (or the stretching representation, (stretch)). C3: Two atoms invariant, x, y, z, interchanged One bond invariant
(all)(C3) = 0 (stretch)(C3) = 1
C2(z): Central atom invariant; x, y, sign reversed, z invariant (all)(C3) = 0 No bonds invariant (stretch) (C2) = 0 S4(z): Central atom invariant; x, y, interchanged, z sign reversed x(all)(S4) = 1 No bonds invariant (stretch)(S4) = 0 d(z): Three atoms invariant; x, y, interchanged, z invariant x (all)(d) = 3 Two bonds invariant (stretch)(d) = 2 The characters of the representations (all) and (stretch) are therefore E 15 4 8C3 0 1 3C2 1 0 6S4 1 0 6d 3 2
(stretch)
(all)
= A1 + E + T1 + 3T2 = A1 + T2
(alI) and (stretch) have been decomposed with the help of formula (b)(vi) (compare Example 1). Allowing for the rotations and translations contained in (all) there are therefore four fundamental vibrations, conventionally labelled 1 (A1), 2(E), 3(T2), and 4(T2). 1 and v2 are stretching and bending vibrations respectively, 3 and 4 involve both stretching and bending motions.
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The selection rule (b)(viii) gives the spectroscopic properties of the vibrations. Infrared activity is induced by the dipole moment (a vector with symmetry T2, according to the character table for ( j) ( j) Td) as the operator In the case of the Raman effect, is the component of the polarizability tensor (A1 + E + T2). f(i) is the ground vibrational state (A1), and f(k) is the excited state (with the same symmetry as the vibration in the case of the fundamental; as the direct product of the appropriate representations in the case of an overtone or a combination band). v1(A1)and v2(E) are therefore Raman active and 3(T2) and 4(T2) are infrared and Raman active. The following overtone and combination bands are allowed in the infrared spectrum: 1 + 3, 1 + 4, 2 + 3 , 2 + 4, 23 , 3 + 4, 24
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Examples of bases for some representations The customary basespolar vector (e.g. translation x), axial vector (e.g. rotation Rx), and tensor (e.g. xy)are given in the character tables. It may be of some assistance to consider other types of bases and a few examples are given here. Base 1 Irreducible Representation
A2 in Td
2 3
x(1)y(2) x(2)y(1) The normal vibration of an octahedral molecule represented by
A2 in C4v
Alg in Oh
The three equivalent normal vibrations of an octahedral molecule, one of which is represented by
T2u in Oh
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5 The -orbital of the benzene molecule represented by
A2u in D6h
The -orbital of the benzene molecule represented by
B2g in D6h
B
The -orbital of the naphthalene molecule represented by
Au in D2h
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Illustrative Examples of Point Groups I Shapes
The character tables for (a), Cn, are on page 4; for (b), Dn, on page 6; for (c), Cnv, on page 7; for (d), Cnh, on page 8; for (e), Dnh, on page 10; for (f), Dnd, on page 12; and for (g), S2n, on page 14.
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Cs
Ci
. Td Oh
tetrahedron Oh Ih
cube
octahedron Ih R3
dodecahedron
icosahedron
sphere
The character table for Cs is on page 3, for Ci on page 3, for Td on page 15, for Oh on page 16, for Ih on page 17, and for R3 on page 19.
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II Molecules Example Page number for character table 3 3 3 4 7 7 7 8 8
Point group C1 Cs Ci C2 C2v C3v C4v C2h C3h
CHFClBr BFClBr (planar), quinoline meso-tartaric acid H2O2, S2C12 (skew) H2O, HCHO, C6H5C1 NH3 (pyramidal), POC13 SF5Cl, XeOF4 trans-dichloroethylene
H O B O H O H
(in planar configuration) 10 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 18 19
D2h D3h D4h D5h D6h D2d D4d D5d S4 Td Oh Ih Cv Dh R3
trans-PtX2Y2, C2H4 BF3 (planar), PC15 (trigonal bipyramid), 1:3: 5trichlorobenzene AuCl4 (square plane) ruthenocene (pentagonal prism), IF7 (pentagonal bipyramid) benzene CH2=C=CH2 S8 (puckered ring) ferrocene (pentagonal antiprism) tetraphenylmethane CCl4 SF6, FeF63 B12H122 HCN, COS CO2, C2H2 any atom (sphere)
B
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Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

Tables for Group Theory

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

= 1 (1 5 2 ) = 061803L = 2 cos 72o 2 = 1 +

2 cos 72o + 2 cos144o = 1

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

h 1 1 x, y, Rz z, Rx, Ry x2, y2, z2, xy yz, xz

i 1 1 Rx, Ry, Rz x, y, z x2, y2, z2, xy, xz, yz

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

= exp (2i/3) x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy)(yz, xz)

x2 + y2, z2 x2 y2, 2xy (yz, xz)

(x, y)(Rx, Ry)

= exp(2i/5) x2 + y2, z2 (yz, xz) (x2 y2, 2xy)

= exp(2i/6) z, Rz (x, y) (Rz, Ry) x2 + y2, z2

(x2 y2, 2xy)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

= exp (2i/7) z, Rz x2 + y2, z2 (xz, yz)

* (x, y) (Rx, Ry)

(x2 y2, 2xy)

= exp (2i/8) x2 + y2, z2

(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

C2(x) 1 1 1 1 x2, y2, z2 xy xz yz

2C2" 1 1 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 z, Rz x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)

(x, y)(Rx, Ry)

2C5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144

(x, y)(Rx, Ry)

(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

3 1 1 0 z Rz (x, y)(Rx, Ry) x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy)(xz, yz)

2d 1 1 1 1 0 z Rz x2 + y2, z2 x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)

(x, y)(Rx, Ry)

2C5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144

5 1 1 0 0 z Rz (x, y)(Rx, Ry) x2 + y2, z2 (xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)

(x, y)(Rx, Ry)

(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

h 1 1 1 1 Rz Rx, Ry z x, y x2, y2, z2, xy xz, yz

C3h A' E' A'' E''

S4 1 1 Rz x2 + y2, z2 (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

= exp(2i/5) Rz (x, y) (x2 y2, 2xy) x2+y2, z2

= exp(2i/6) x2+y2, z2 (xz, yz)

(x2 y2, 2xy)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

(yz) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x2, y2, z2 xy xz yz

3v 1 1 0 1 1 0 Rz (x, y) z (Rx, Ry) (xy, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy) x2 + y2, z2

2d 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

2S5 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144 1 1 2 cos 72 2 cos 144

1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72

1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72

x2 + y2, z2 Rz (x, y) (x2 y2, 2xy)

(xz, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

2d 1 1 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz z (x, y) (Rx, Ry) x2 y2 xy (xz, yz)

3d 1 1 0 1 1 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz (Rx, Ry) (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)

A1g A2g Eg A1u A2u Eu

4d 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz z (x, y) (Rx, Ry) (x2 y2, 2xy) (xz, yz)

Atkins, Child, & Phillips: Tables for Group Theory

2S10 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72

5d 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 x2 + y2, z2 Rz (Rx, Ry) (xy, yz) (x2 y2, 2xy)

1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72 1 1 2 cos 144 2 cos 72