PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

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Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. The relationship between intelligence and self
esteem
• It is used to gain an understanding of underlying
reasons, opinions, and motivations. The relationship between diet and anxiety
• It provides insights into the problem or helps to
develop ideas or hypotheses for potential The relationship between an aptitude test and
quantitative research. success in an algebra course.
• Qualitative Research is also used to uncover
CAUSAL- COMPARATIVE
trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper
into the problem. It looks to unearth a cause-and-effect
• Qualitative data collection methods vary using relationship.
unstructured or semi-structured techniques.
This research is not conducted between the two
Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem groups on each other. Rather than look only for
by way of generating numerical data or data that can be a statistical relationship between variables it
transformed into usable statistics. tries to identify.

• It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, It involves comparison, it is done without focus

behaviors, and other defined variables – and on their relationship.
generalize results from a larger sample
population. EXAMPLE
• Quantitative Research uses measurable data to
formulate facts and uncover patterns in The effect of preschool attendance on social
research. maturity at the end of the first grade.

KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH The effect of talking multivitamins on a student’s

school absenteeism.
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
The effect of gender on algebra achievement
It is used to obtain information concerning the
current status of the phenomena. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

It describes “what exists” with respect to Reveals a cause-and-effect relationship by

variables or conditions in a situation. systematically manipulating one parameter
(independent variable) and observing the
Describing, explaining and validating research
findings. influence on another (dependent variable)
example
Example:
The effect of positive reinforcement on attitude
The impact of viral marketing on consumer behavior toward school
in consumer amongst university students in the
Philippines The effect of teaching with a cooperative group
strategy or a traditional lecture approach on
How high school students spend their time during students’ achievement
summer vacation?

The kinds of physical activities that typically occur in

nursing homes, and how frequently each occurs.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH

It tests the relationships between two variables.

Find out the effect of one on the other might be a

how that affects the relationship.

example
Kinds of Variables and Their Uses
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VARIABLE 5. Clarity It must succeed in expressing its

central point or discoveries by using
Any parameter in the experiment that can be problems affecting the live of the people in a
change. community
It can be measure, can manipulate and control. 6. Systematic It must take Place in an
organized or orderly manner.
Independent variable
GUIDELINES IN CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC
• it stands alone and is not changed by the other
variable, rather it causes change. Dependent variable 1. Interest in the subject matters

• It only depends on another variable.
(Time spent Studying) causes change in (Test
Score) and it isn’t possible that (test score)
could cause change in (Time Spent in Studying)
Your real interest in a subject pushes you to
research, investigate, or inquire about it with full
motivation, enthusiasm, and energy.
2. Availability of information

CHOOSING A RESEARCH TOPIC Collecting a lot of information as evidence to support

your claims about your subject matter from varied
1. Should do ability- it is about the purpose, forms of literature like books, journals, and new
relevance, importance, appropriateness and ethics papers.
of the research.
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
2. Do ability- This is about the manageability, skill
required, prior experience needed, time frame The topic is relevant if it yields results that are
anticipated, and resource support available to instrumental in societal improvement.
conduct this research.
4.Limitations on the subject
3. Want to do ability- It focuses on your own
motivation, commitment, and perseverance. This makes you link your choosing with course
requirements.
Factors to Consider when selecting a Research
Topic 5.Personal resources

Size, Scope, Time, Resources, Skill, Access, Prior Before sticking fully your final choice, assess your
Knowledge, Motivation abilities in terms of your financial standing, health
condition, mental capacity, needed facilities and time
Characteristics of Research allotment to enable you to complete your research

1. Accuracy It must give correct or accurate Research types to be avoided

data, data which the footnotes, notes and 1. Controversial topics
bibliography entries should honestly and
appropriately documented or acknowledged. 2. Highly technical subjects

2. Objectiveness It must deal with facts not mere 3. Hard to investigate subjects
opinions arising from assumptions 4. Too broad subjects
generalization, predictions or conclusions.
5. Too narrow subjects
3. Timeliness It must work on a topic that is
fresh/new and interesting to the present society. 6. Vague subjects
THE RESEARCH TITLE
4. . Relevance It must work on the topic that is
fresh, new, and interesting to the present Characteristics of effective research titles.
society.
1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of
the study.
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2. Avoid using abbreviations - It allows statements of the researcher’s own

3. Use words that create a positive impression and
stimulate reader interest.
4. Identify key variable, both dependent and
independent
5. Suggest relationship between variables which
supports the major hypothesis.
6. Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words or
descriptive terms and phrases that accurately
highlight the core content of the paper.
7. Does not include “study of”, “analysis of” or similar
constructions.
8. Use correct grammar and capitalization with all
first words and last words capitalized, including
the first word of a subtitle. All nouns, pronouns,
verbs, adjectives and adverbs that appear
between the first and last words of the title are
also capitalized
ideas or opinions but supported by facts,
records, documents, widely circulated
information and statements from persons of
established authority
- Must not be lengthy and should not be more
than three pages long.
It must contain a concise discussion of any or all of
the following:
1. Presentation of the situation or problem
2. Rationale of the study – why it is necessary to
conduct the study
3. A desire to have a clearer understanding of a
situation, circumstances or phenomenon
4. Can include ideas, phrases and sentences
from published materials relevant to the study
to give the reader overview of the study
(Surname of the authors and years of
publication should be included in parentheses)

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

PARTS OF A RESEARCH PAPER
Discusses the historical background of the problem,
CHAPTER I – The Problem and It’s Background when it started, how, where, if possible.

• Introduction It describes the problematic situation, the extent and

• Background of the Study gravity of the problem, who are affected by it, its
• Conceptual Framework effects, etc. and how it led the researcher to conduct
• Theoretical Framework the study.
• Statement of the Problem
• Hypothesis Provides the overview of the study
• Significance of the Study
• Scope and Limitations of the Study STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• Definition of Terms
Specific, clearly and simply stated and arranged
INTRODUCTION logically according to the research or conceptual

- Carefully written to create impact and generate
interest and enthusiasm to read on the part of
the reader
- Set the tone for the rest of the paper.
- It is an objective and scientific report not a
literary essay.
- Concentrate on dealing extensively with facts
- It should contain simple and scientific words and
must avoid flowery emotional words
paradigm. Guidelines in Writing the Statement of the
Problem
The general statement of the problem and the
specific sub problems or questions should be
formulated first before conducting the research.
Specific problems are stated in the interrogative
form.
HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is a tentative relationship between
two or more variables which direct the research
activity to test it.
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There are basically two types, namely, null hypothesis To the Institution…
and alternative hypothesis.
To the future researchers…
The null hypothesis is generally denoted as H0. It states
the exact opposite of what an investigator or an SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
experimenter predicts or expects. It basically defines the
Guidelines :1. a brief statement of the general
statement which states that there is no exact or actual
purpose of the study.
relationship between the variables.
2. The subject matter and topics studied and
The alternative hypothesis is generally denoted as H1. It
discussed.
makes a statement that suggests or advises a potential
result or an outcome that an investigator or the 3. The locale of the study, where the data were
researcher may expect. gathered or the entity to which the data belong.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 4. The population or universe from which the
respondents were selected. This must be large
This consists of concepts that are placed within a logical
enough to make significant.
and sequential design. • represents less formal structure
and used for studies in which existing theory is 5. The period of the study. This is the time, either
inapplicable or insufficient. • based on specific concepts months or years, during which the data were
and propositions, derived from empirical observation and gathered.
intuition. • may deduce theories from a conceptual
framework. The study does not cover the……
The researcher limited this research to……
It gives the overall outline of the entire research study as This study is limited to………
it shows the key variables and their interrelationships
clearly and logically. Definition of Terms

Purposes of Conceptual Framework• To clarify concepts
and propose relationships among the concepts in a
study. • To provide a context for interpreting the study
findings. • To explain observations• To encourage theory
development that is useful to practice
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Allows the researcher to state the value, importance
and/or contributions.
The researcher must explain in what ways and to whom
the expected outcome of the study will be significant or
beneficial
Presented by stating the general importance/significance
of the study and followed by the specific significance of
the study to specific individuals, groups, or institutions
who will benefit from findings of the study.
EXAMPLE:
The outcome of the findings in this study are beneficial
to the following:
To the students….
To the Teachers…
Conceptual Definition – given in dictionaries, and
other general information books
Operational/Functional Definition – This definition is
the researcher’s own description of the term/concept
according to how the concept is used in the study
CHAPTER II- Review of Related Literature and
Studies
Related Literature
• Local Literature
• Foreign Literature
Related Studies
• Local Studies
• Foreign Studies
Characteristics of the materials cited
1. The materials must be as recent as possible.
*This is important because of the rapid social,
political, scientific, and technological changes,
*Discoveries in historical and archaeological
research have also changed some historical facts.
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2. Materials must be as objective and unbiased as
possible.
*Some materials are extremely one sided, either
politically or religiously biased. These should be
avoided.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
*One material that have some similarity to or bearing on
the problem researched on, should be cited.
4. Materials must not be too few but not too many.
*They must be sufficient enough to give the researcher
insight into his problem or to indicate the nature of the
present investigation.
Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies
1. By author or writer.
*In this method the ideas, facts, or principles,
although they have the same meaning, are explained or
discussed separately and cited in the footnote with their
respective authors or writers.
2. By topic.
*In this case, if different authors or writers have
the same opinion about the same topic, the topic is
discussed and cited under the names of the authors or
writers.
3. Chronological.
*Related materials may also be cited
chronologically, that is, according to the year they were
written.
*Materials which were written earlier should be
cited first before those which were written later.
What to Cite
It should be emphasized that only the major findings,
ideas, generalizations, principles, or conclusions in
related materials relevant to the problem under invest
ligation should be discussed in this chapter.
The following are the three terms used to express your
appreciation for recognition of people’s ownership
barrowed ideas (Sharp 2012)
1. Acknowledgement - the beginning position of
the work that identifies individual
2. References or Bibliography- a complete list
of all reading materials including books and journals
3. Citation or In-text Citation- references within
main body of the text
Citing an Author or Authors
1. A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors
in the signal phrase in the parentheses each time you
cite the work. Use the word "and between the authors'
names within the text and use the ampersand in the
parentheses. Research by Serrano and Ong (2015)
supports... (Serrano & Ong, 2015)
2. A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the
authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first
time you cite the source. Use the word "and" between
the authors' names within the text and use the
ampersand in the parentheses. (Serrano, Camilar,
Ong, Ortiz, & Imperial, 2015) In subsequent citations,
only use the first author's last name followed by "et
al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. In et al., et
should not be followed by a period. (Serrano et al.,
2015)
3. Six or More Authors: Use the first author's
name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in
parentheses. Ong et al. (2015) argued... (Ong et al.,
2015)
4. Unknown Author: If the work does not have
an author, cite the source by its title in the signal
phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses.
Titles of books and reports are italicized or
underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages
are in quotation marks. In the rare case the
"Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the
author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference
list, use the name Anonymous as the author. A similar
study was done of students learning to format
research papers ("Using APA," 2015).
5. Organization as an Author: If the author is an
organization or a government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or in the
parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
According to the American Psychological Association
(2016), ...
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,
include * abbreviation in brackets the first time the
source is cited and then only the abbreviation in later
citations. First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk
Driving [MADDJ, 2015)
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Second citation: (MADD, 2015)
6. Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses:
When your parenthetical citation includes two or more
works, order them the same way they appear in the
reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi
colon.
(Ong, 2015; Serrano, 2013)
7. Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent
confusion, use first initials with the last names.
(A. Serrano, 2015; O. Serrano, 2007)
8. Two or More Works by the Same Author in the
Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author
in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the
year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the
lowercase letters with the year in the in-text citation.
Research by Serrano (2015 a) illustrated that...
9. Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and
Afterword’s: When citing an Introduction, Preface,
Foreword, or Afterword’s in-text, cite the appropriate
author and year as usual. (Serrano & Camilar, 2015)
10. Personal Communication: For interviews, letters,
emails, and other person-to-person communication, cite
the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the reference list
communication. Do not include personal communication
in the
(G. Ong, personal communication, January 4, 2015). A.C.
Serrano also claimed that many of her students had
difficulties with APA style (personal communication,
November 3, 2015).
Citing Indirect Sources
If you use a source that was cited in another source, name
the original source in your signal phrase. List the
secondary source in your reference list and include the
secondary source in the parentheses. Serrano argued
that... (as cited in Ong, 2013. p. 102).
When citing material in parentheses set off the citation
with a comma. as above try to locate the original material
and cite the original source.
Electronic Sources
If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any
other document by using the author-date style. Ortiz
(2016) explained... Unknown Author and Unknown
Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your
signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the
parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no
date). Another study of students and research
decisions discovered that students succeeded with
tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).
Sources without Page Numbers
When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you
should try to include information that will help readers
find the passage being cited. When an electronic
document has numbered paragraphs, use the
abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph
number (Ortiz, 2016, para. 5). If the paragraphs are
not numbered and the document includes headings,
provide the appropriate heading and specify the
paragraph under that heading. Note that in some
electronic sources, like Web pages, people can use
the Find function in their browser to locate any
passages you cite.
According to Serrano (2015), ... (Mind over Matter
section, para. 6).
Styles of Citation
1.Integral citation- This is one way of citing or referring
to the author whose ideas appear in your work. You
do this by using active verbs.
• According to Smith (2007), funding is one of
the main problems which educators face.
• Jones (2009) stated that state governments
should do more to address the problem.
2.non-integral citation – In contrast to integral citation
that reflects the author’s personal inclinations to a
certain extent, this second citation styles down plays.
• An opposing viewpoint is expressed by
Carlson (2003).
Quoting a Material
Open an article with a bibliographical list that begins
with the authors name like the following example is
not good
Aquino (2015) said ….
Rosas (2016) stated ….
Pérez (2017) wrote ….
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Mendoza (2018) asserted …. Probability sampling involves all members listed in

the sampling frame representing a certain population
Example of better article openings manifesting critical focused on by your study.
thinking through analysis, comparison and contrast of
ideas and findings as a follow: Types of Non-Probability Sampling

One early work by (Castro, 2017) proves that …. 1. Quota Sampling

Another study on the topic by (Torres, 2017) maintains 2. Voluntary Sampling

that ….
3. Purposive or judgmental Sampling
The latest study by (Gómez, 2018) reveals that ….
4. Availability sampling
A research study by (Rivera, 2017) explains that ….
Quota sampling
PATTERNS OF CITATION
You resort to quota sampling when you think
1. Summary- the citation in this case is shortened you know the characteristics of the target
version of the original text that is expressed in your population very well
language
Voluntary Sampling
2. Paraphrase-explain what the text means to you
using your own words Since the subject you expect to participate
in the sample selection are the ones
REFERENCING STYLES IN- TEXT CITATION volunteering to constitute the sample, there
is no need for you to do any selection
APA (American Psychological Association process.

MLA (Modern Language Association) Availability Sampling

APA is an author/date-based style. This means The willingness of person as your subject to
emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a piece interact with you counts a lot in this non
of work to uniquely identify it. probability sampling method

(Ramos, 2015) or Ramos (2016) Research Design

MLA is most often applied by the arts and humanities, The method of research used whether historical,
particularly in the USA. descriptive or experimental should be explained
briefly. The procedural part of the method, its
(Acosta, Hizon, Lopez 235-240
appropriateness to the study, and some of its
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES advantages should be given attention and should be
well discussed.
In research, sampling is a word that refers to
your method or process of selecting Participants
respondents or people to answer questions
The researchers must explain how and where the
meant to yield data for a research study.
subjects will be taken/selected. A brief description of
Sampling the respondents is presented and how they will be
selected.
Probability Sampling or
Unbiased Sampling Instruments

Simple Random Sampling This is the instrument use in conducting the study.
Survey Questionnaire is one of the most common
Cluster Sampling
types of instrument use to gather data.
Stratified Sampling
Systematic Sampling Data Gathering Procedure
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The researchers must narrate, step by step, how the
research questionnaire will be distributed among the
respondents. The narration must begin with the task of
asking formal permission to conduct the study in the
selected research locale. The targeted date of
administering the questionnaire and its retrieval for
tabulation and analysis should be stated. Future tenses
of the verbs should be used in narrating the data
gathering procedure in a thesis proposal.
Statistical Treatment
The statistical tool to be used to answer the research
questions is/are defined and or explained. Their
corresponding formula is/are also presented with the
symbols properly identified as to its equivalent
meanings.
How to Write Chapter 4: Analysis, Presentation, and
Interpretation of Data
This chapter presents the general summary of the
study, summary of findings, the conclusions that are
derived from the findings and the recommendations
of the researcher which are based from the findings
and the conclusions of the study.
Summary
The summary puts together the highlights of the
important findings of the study.
Conclusions
The conclusion is an abstraction drawn from the
findings of the study and is tied to the questions
investigated. Conclusions should be consistent with
and must be drawn from the findings. If there are
only two summarized results, there must also be two
conclusions. Rejection or acceptance of the
hypothesis is explained briefly in this section.

Recommendations

This section/part of the thesis presents the results of the
study in a scientific, logical manner in accordance with
the statement of the problem. Presentation of the results
is done using appropriate presentation techniques, such
as the use of tables or graphs that must be discussed
through a logical analysis by the researchers.
The suggestions for the improvement of the existing
policies, practices, programs or prevailing conditions
under study.it is common practice to enumerate the
recommendations and number them and to identify
specific persons, institutions or sectors to whom the
recommendations are addressed.

Analysis

The process of breaking up the whole study into its

constituent parts of categories according to the specific
questions under the statement of the problem. This is to
bring out into focus the essential features of the study.
Analysis usually precedes presentation.

Presentation of data

The process of organizing data into logical, sequential

and meaningful categories and classifications to make
them amenable to study and interpretations. (Calderon
and Gonzalez, 1993)

Interpretation of data

It must be based on facts and supported by existing or

related literatures and studies.

LESSON 5

How to Write Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions, and

Recommendations