Name: Miculob, Alliah Ishie P. Prof.

:
Prince Edwin Pineda

Course&Sec: BSBAMM-1E

Group 7: Week 4

Kinds of Ecosystem and Communities

TITLE: INTRODUCTION OF ECOSYSTEM

OBJECTIVES:

At the completion of this topic, the student will be able to:

• Engaging the mining sector in sharing visions for environmental management.

• Ecosystem service derived from traditional land use are many varied.
• These include social progress and equality, environmental protection, conservation
of natural resources and stable economic growth.
• Ecosystem service range from deriving economic returns, food and fibre, fresh water,
and natural beauty.

INTRODUCTION:

Ecosystems are dynamic entities they are subject to periodic

disturbances and are always in the process of recovering from some past disturbance.
The tendency of an ecosystem to remain close to its equilibrium state, despite that
disturbance, is termed its resistance. The capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and
reorganize while undergoing change so as to retain essentially the same function,
structure, identity, and feedbacks is termed its ecological resilience. Ecosystems can be
studied through a variety of approaches theoretical studies, studies monitoring specific
ecosystems over long periods of time, those that look at differences between ecosystems
to elucidate how they work and direct manipulative experimentation. Biomes are general
classes or categories of ecosystems. However, there is no clear distinction between
biomes and ecosystems. Ecosystem classifications are specific kinds of ecological
classifications that consider all four elements of the definition of ecosystems: a biotic
component, an abiotic complex, the interactions between and within them, and the
physical space they occupy.

BODY OF THE PRESENTATION:

I. History of Ecosystem

The term "ecosystem" was first used in 1935 in a publication by British

ecologist Arthur Tansley. The term was coined by Arthur Roy Clapham, who came up with the
word at Tansley's request. Tansley devised the concept to draw attention to the importance of
transfers of materials between organisms and their environment. He later refined the term,
describing it as "The whole system, including not only the organism-complex, but also the whole
complex of physical factors forming what we call the environment". Tansley regarded
ecosystems not simply as natural units, but as "mental isolates". Tansley later defined the spatial
extent of ecosystems using the term "ecotope".

G. Evelyn Hutchinson, a limnologist who was a contemporary of Tansley's, combined Charles

Elton's ideas about trophic ecology with those of Russian geochemist Vladimir Vernadsky. As a
result, he suggested that mineral nutrient availability in a lake limited algal production. This
would, in turn, limit the abundance of animals that feed on algae. Raymond Lindeman took these
ideas further to suggest that the flow of energy through a lake was the primary driver of the
ecosystem. Hutchinson's students, brothers Howard T. Odum and Eugene P. Odum, further
developed a "systems approach" to the study of ecosystems. This allowed them to study the flow
of energy and material through ecological systems. 

II. Types of Ecosystem

Forest Ecosystem

- A forest ecosystem consists of several plants, particularly trees, animals and microorganisms
that live in coordination with the abiotic factors of the environment. Forests help in
maintaining the temperature of the earth and are the major carbon sink. Forest ecosystems
are areas of the landscape that are dominated by trees and consist of biologically integrated
communities of plants, animals and microbes, together with the local soils (substrates) and
atmospheres (climates) with which they interact.
 Grassland Ecosystem

- In a grassland ecosystem, the vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs. Temperate

grasslands and tropical or savanna grasslands are examples of grassland ecosystems. A
grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses. However, sedge and rush
can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs.
Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica and are found in most
ecoregions of the Earth.

Tundra Ecosystem

- Tundra ecosystems are devoid of trees and are found in cold climates or where rainfall is
scarce. These are covered with snow for most of the year. Tundra type of ecosystem is found
in the Arctic or mountain tops. Tundra ecosystems are treeless regions found in the Arctic and
on the tops of mountains, where the climate is cold and windy, and rainfall is scant. Tundra
lands are covered with snow for much of the year, but summer brings bursts of wildflowers.
Plants and Animals in Tundras.

Desert Ecosystem

- Deserts are found throughout the world. These are regions with little rainfall and scarce
vegetation. The days are hot, and the nights are cold. Deserts are barren areas of land
characterised by extremely high or low temperatures, with low rainfall and scarce or no
vegetation. Deserts are examples of terrestrial ecosystems, which are found throughout the
world. Neither all deserts are flat, nor do all deserts have cacti or oases.

APPLICATION:

Ecosystem is the study of these and other questions about the living
and nonliving components within the environment, how these factors interact with each other,
and how both natural and human-induced changes affect how they function. Understanding how
ecosystems work begins with an understanding of how sunlight is converted into usable energy,
the importance of nutrient cycling, and the impact mankind has on the environment. Plants
convert sunlight into usable forms of energy that are carbon based. Primary and secondary
production in populations can be used to determine energy flow in ecosystems
 LAW AND ORDERS:

More forests should be preserved, and trees should be planted

throughout the country, particularly in deforested areas. Wildlife must be protected through
legislation and public education. Launching a number of projects aimed at saving endangered
plant and animal species. People should be aware of the dangers of the increasing population
and should take precautions to protect the environment.

REFERENCES:

SOURCE: https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/ecosystem-ecology-13228212/

SOURCE:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem#:~:text=The%20term%20%22ecosystem%22%20was%20
first,between%20organisms%20and%20their%20environment.

SOURCE: https://byjus.com/biology/ecosystem/