Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Advanced MRI
Advanced MRI
Advanced MR Imaging
g g
● Perfusion MRI
● Functional MRI
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Advanced MR Imaging
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Perfusion MRI
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Perfusion MRI
● Perfusion
¾ The delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells via
capillaries
ill i
¾ Identified with blood flow which is measured in milliliters
per minute per 100g of tissue
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Perfusion MRI
● Perfusion MRI
¾ Methods
Exogenous tracers
● Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast (DSC
DSC-MRI)
● Dynamic
D i CContrast
t tE Enhanced
h d (DCE
DCE MRI)
DCE-MRI)
Endogenous tracers
● Arterial spin labeling (ASL
ASL MRI)
ASL-MRI)
¾ Applications
Stroke
Tumors
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Perfusion MRI
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Dynamic
y Susceptibility
p y Contrast ((DSC
DSC))
● Measurable Parameters
¾ Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) – The amount of blood moving
through a given amount of tissue per unit time
¾ Cerebral Blood Volume (CBV) – The amount of blood in a given
amount of tissue at any time
¾ Mean Transit Time (MTT) – The average time it takes for the
blood to flow through a unit brain volume
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Dynamic
y Susceptibility
p y Contrast ((DSC
DSC))
● Non
Non-deconvolution
deconvolution Approach
¾ Directly employ fitted curves of the concentration of contrast in
volume of interest
Time-to-peak (TTP)
Mean transit time (MTT)
Cerebral blood volume (CBV)
( )
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Time-concentration curve
In irreversible cell
death, CBF<20% of
normal CBF
Baseline Acquisition
Injection - T1 Map
- 3 Baseline images
- Imaging for ~ 5-10 min including
baseline
Redistri
bution
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Dynamic
y Contrast Enhanced MRI ((DCE))
¾ Tofts Model
Bolus injection
j of contrast
agent (Gd-DTPA)
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Dynamic
y Contrast Enhanced MRI ((DCE))
Normal Lesion
permeability-surface area Product: Ktrans 0.014 0.029
extra-cellular extra-vascular space volume fraction: Ve 0.2 0.5
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Arterial Spin
p Labeling
g ((ASL))
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Arterial Spin
p Labeling
g ((ASL))
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Arterial Spin
p Labeling
g ((ASL))
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Arterial Spin
p Labeling
g ((ASL))
A B
Normal ASL CBF maps in a pediatric patient (A) and an adult patient (B).
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Diffusion-perfusion
p mismatch
● The combined use of diffusion and perfusion MRI for acute stroke is
based on the concept of the “ischemic penumbra”
● The “ischemic penumbra” is believed to be what can be saved with
prompt treatment
● The combination of diffusion and perfusion MRI offers a means of
visualizing the size off the ischemic penumbra
● Perfusion MRI shows the entire affected territory
● Diffusion MRI shows the already damaged and unrepairable territory
● The penumbra is the difference (the mismatch)
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Diffusion-perfusion
p mismatch
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Diffusion-perfusion
p mismatch
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Diffusion-perfusion
p mismatch
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Advanced MR Imaging
g g
Functional MRI
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Principle
p of BOLD
● The physiology
- Neuronal activity causes an increase in regional Cerebral Blood
Flow (rCBF).
- There
Th is
i an excess off oxyhemoglobin
h l bi in
i active
ti bbrain
i ti
tissue
● The physics
- Deoxyhemoglobin is paramagnetic Æ T2 decrease
- Oxyhemoglobin is diamagnetic Æ T2 increase
- Paramagnetic objects become magnetized in the presence of a
magnetic field.
- Inhomogeneities in the magnetic field and signal dephasing
● Ph
Physics
i meets t Physiology
Ph i l
- More oxygenated blood when the activation started
- A net decrease in pparamagnetic
g material
- A net increase in signal in activated areas due to less dephasing of
the signal
(Institute of Statistics, National Chiao Tong University, Taiwan)
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Principle
p of BOLD
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fMRI resolution
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
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(Smith, Nature, 2012.)
Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Applications
¾ Clinical diagnosis
Presurgical mapping
Risk assessment of invasive brain surgery
Assessment of brain injury
Assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness
¾ Research applications
Mapping brain functions
Detect abnormal neural activity for patients with brain
disease, e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Applications
FMRI language mapping in children
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(Guibert et al. NeuroImage, 2010)
Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Applications
Resting Functional MRI in Traumatic Brain Injury
● Applications
Adolescents with Online Gaming Addiction
● fMRI Setup
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
¾ Task-based fMRI
Identify subdivisional functions of human brain
Activate neuron by performing different tasks
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Resting-state fMRI
¾ A scan in which the subject relaxes without falling asleep
and is told not to think about anything in particular while
activation is measured throughout the brain.
I don’t feel
good
● Task-based fMRI
objects
faces
places
● Data Analysis
¾ Hypothesis-driven
e.g. general linear model (GLM), dynamic causal model
(DCM)
priori
a i i model
d l off activation
ti ti iis suggested
t d
data is checked to see how closely it matches components of
the model
most commonly used approach
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SPM
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Data Analysis
¾ Data-driven
e.g. Independent Component Analysis (ICA)
no prior hypotheses are necessary
multivariate techniques determine the patterns in the data
that account for the most variance across all voxels
can be
b iinspected
t d tto see if th
there are thi
things h
happening
i iin your
data that you didn’t predict
can be used to identify confounds (e
(e.g.,
g head motion)
need a way to organize the many possible components
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Functional Connectivity
¾ Areas show correlations in activation
¾ Those areas may or may not be directly interconnected
¾ Why connectivity?
Understanding communications in brain networks
● More interesting than regional activations
● May
M indicate
i di t some abnormal
b l situations
it ti (ASD,
(ASD schizophrenia)
hi h i )
● Connectome!!!
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Altered DMN in AD
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Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
● Altered DMN in AD
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(Greicius et al., PNAS, 2004)
Functional MR Imaging
g g ((fMRI))
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Graph Theory in Brain Network Studies
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Brain as a Complex System
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Brain Network Analysis
y
Network
N t k topology
t l analysis
l i
Edge density, Global efficiency, Small-world properties analysis
Cycle probability, Average Global clustering coefficient,
nodal degree characteristic path length,
Small-worldness
Nodal-based analysis S=(C/Crand)/(L/Lrand)
Nodal degree,
Betweenness centrality,
Nodal efficiency, Subgraph-based analysis
Hub identification Local efficiency
Participation coefficients
Network robustness analysis Subgraph centrality
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Metrics of Brain Network
Local clustering coefficient Ratio of no. of existing edges between neighbors and no. of
potential
t ti l connections
ti b
between
t neighbors
i hb
Betweenness centrality Fraction of the number of all shortest paths that pass through a
given node.
Nodal efficiency mean, median,
mean median or harmonic mean of inverse shortest path length
between given node and all other nodes
Complex network analysis aims to characterize brain networks with a small
Global Edge density Proportion of connections relative to no. of potential connections of
number of neurobiologically meaningful
a network and easily computable measures.
Global efficiency Global mean, median of finite entries of the distance matrix (or
inverse distance)
Global clustering coefficient The average of the local clustering coefficient of all nodes.
Local efficiency The mean of the finite entries of the inverse distance matrix in
subgraph
Participation coefficients Measure of diversity of inter-subgraphs connections of individual
nodes
(Fortunato, 2010, Latora and Marchiori, 2001, Guimera` et al., 2005).
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Structural Brain Networks
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Functional Brain Networks
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Construction of Functional Brain
N t
Network
k
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Brain Network Analysis
y in Alzheimer’s Disease