MODULE Criminology 7

Criminological
Research 1
Criminology 7
Daiselyn Cabatingan Solayao-Palconit, MPM, MSCJ
2023
1|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)
OVERVIEW
This Learning module has been crafted for you our dear Third Year Criminology
students so that you will be guided on the different lessons and activities that will be tackled
for the whole semester. In addition, this will also serve as one of the basis of your instructor
in evaluating your learning.
This learning module is entitled "Research Method with Applied Statistics”

(Criminology 7). This is a three-unit course that covers the methods of conducting
criminological research on crimes, crime causation, victims, and offenders, as well as deviant
behavior. It covers the nature and concept of criminological research, as well as the analysis
and interpretation of research data using proper statistical tools.
For the whole duration of the semester, this learning module will let you create a
research proposal using quantitative and qualitative methods on crimes, causes of crimes,
victims, offenders, and other societal phenomena in accordance with the research format of
the university by formulating qualitative and quantitative titles on crimes, causes of crimes,
victims, offenders, and other societal phenomena, Write an introduction or rationale after
developing a problem statement, a null hypothesis, and the significance of the study on the
chosen research title.
Aside from that, you will draft the theoretical background and conceptual framework,
a review of related literature, and a definition of terms. Then, you will formulate the research
methodology in a complete format for qualitative and quantitative studies. In writing the
references of the studies cited, it should be in APA format and craft a research questionnaire
for the quantitative method and an interview guide for the qualitative method on the chosen
study. After completing chapters 1 and 2, you will present a complete research proposal
before the panel, who are the core members of the SCJE.
After the proposal hearing, students will sign a contract stating that they will continue
their studies, which is Part 3 and 4 of their Criminological Research 8. Students should have a
completed research proposal in order to pass the subject.
Be Guided!

Please be guided with the course outcomes and intended learning outcomes of this
module.
Course Outcome
 Create a research proposal using quantitative and qualitative methods on crimes,
causes of crimes, victims, offenders and other societal phenomena in accordance with
the research format of research office of the university.
Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Formulate qualitative and quantitative titles on crimes, causes of crimes, victims,

offenders, and other societal phenomena.
2. Develop a problem statement, a null hypothesis, and the significance of the study on
the chosen research title using either a qualitative or quantitative method on crimes,
crime causes, victims, offenders, and other societal phenomena.
3. Write an introduction or rationale for the chosen research topic, using either
qualitative or quantitative methods, on crimes, crime causes, victims, offenders, and
other societal phenomena.
4. Draft the theoretical background and conceptual framework, review of related
literature, and definition of terms.
5. Formulate the research methodology in a complete format for qualitative and
quantitative studies.
6. Write in the references of the studies cited in APA format.
7. Craft a research questionnaire for the quantitative method and an interview guide for
the qualitative method on the chosen study.
8. Present a complete research proposal on qualitative and quantitative methods in
accordance with the format of the research office of the university.
================================================================
Let Us Discover!
I. Multiple Choice
Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the correct
answer by encircling the letter of your choice.

A. Directions: Read and understand each question carefully. Choose the letter that
correspond to your answer in the LMS or any platform agreed with your subject
instructor.
1. It is a type of research which describes the scope of the crime problem or policy
response to the problem?
A. Applied
B. Descriptive
C. Exploratory
D. Explanatory
2. If the researcher wishes to know the reason why a particular event is happening, what
type of research should the researcher conduct?
A. Descriptive
B. Exploratory
C. Applied
D. Explanatory
3. In the study entitled, “Academic Performance of the students of the Biliran Province
State University vis-à-vis board Examination Performance”, what is the population of
this research?
A. Academic Performance
B. Biliran Province State University
C. Students of BiPSU
D. Board Examination Performance
4. Complete the sentence. There are 2 general types of sampling technique, the non-
probability and ________.
A. Non-possibility
B. Possibility
C. Non-positively
D. Probability
5. Which of the following is an example of a homogenous sample?
A. A group of students composed of the Laboratory high school and the college
students
B. A group of students composed of the BSCriminology students
C. A group of students composed of the BiPSU main campus and Biliran campus
D. A group of students composed of the CAS, COE, COT, COEd and CIICT
6. If the researcher wishes to have a heterogeneous sample of the students of BiPSU, but
want to have a proportionate and equal representation in each college, what type of
sampling technique will he use?
A. Disproportionate Stratified
B. Cluster Sampling
C. Stratified
D. Systematic Random
7. Which among the following is classified under Non-probability sampling technique?
A. Disproportionate Stratified
B. Quota
C. Stratified
D. Systematic Random
8. In selecting a sample, Mr. A tried to get the list of all the residents in Brgy. PI Garcia,
Naval, Biliran. At first, he gathers the name of the streets in the said barangay, and
then selected blocks. In the selected blocks, he grouped the households per street and

there the researcher picked one in every street to be his respondents. What sampling
technique was shown?
A. Multistage Cluster Sampling with Stratification
B. Multistage Cluster Sampling
C. Disproportionate Stratified Sampling
D. Stratified Sampling
9. What sampling technique was shown? Mr. X went to Kanto Nueve, and randomly
selects any persons who passes by the intersection as his respondent.
A. Simple random
B. Convenience
C. Snowball
D. purposive
10. A sampling technique in which the researcher selects a sample based on his
knowledge of the population. The researcher has created a set of criteria or
qualifications as to who will be his/her respondent.
A. Purposive
B. Quota
C. Snowball
D. Simple random
Test II. Identification
Directions. Each of the statements below is an example of a research title. Read each of
them carefully and classify them according to the type of research. The choices for the
answers are inside the box. Answer each item by writing the letter of your choice in the blank
provided before the number.
Exploratory Research
Descriptive Research
Explanatory Research
Applied - Evaluative Research
Applied – Problem Analysis Research
_______________ 11. Level of Implementation of the Curfew Ordinance in Naval, Biliran

_______________ 12. Living la Vida Loca: Voices of the Drug Surenderee in Biliran
Province
_______________ 13. Crime Incidence in Naval, Biliran: SY 2010-2019: A longitudinal
study
_______________ 14. Reasons for change of sexual preference phenotype of male prisoners
incarcerated in Muntinlupa

_______________ 15. Effects of the Oplan Double Barrel implementation to crime rate in the
Philippines
_______________ 16. Experiences of the Lupong Tagapamayapa in resolving cases in the
Barangay Level
_______________ 17. Assessment on the implementation of the Juvenile Justice Welfare Act
of 2006 involving children-in-conflict-the-law (CICL)
_______________ 18. Causes of domestic violence incidence in Biliran Province: A Crime
Triangle Theory Analysis
_______________ 19. Anatomy of cybercrime in the Philippines: perpetrators’ reasons of
Crime Causation
_______________ 20. The correlates of Homicide in the global scenario: A fractal statistical
analysis
================================================================
Forget Me Not!
Content Analysis
the study of recorded communications
Secondary analysis
research in which the data collected and processed by one researcher are analyzed by
another.
Ethnography
a report on social life that focuses on detailed and accurate description rather than
explanation
Focus group
a group interview or a guided discussion with a small group of participants
Interview Schedule

the structure of an interview that may have predetermined questions or topical areas
to be discussed with participants
Qualitative interview
a verbal interaction between an interviewer and a participant that follows a general
plan of inquiry but not necessarily a specific set of questions
Interview survey
using a questionnaire in a systematic way to interview a large number of people
Survey
a data collection method that applies a standard instrument in a systematic way to
take measures from a large number of units
Non-probability sampling
sampling in which the probability that an element will be included in a sample is
not known.
Probability sampling
sampling in which the probability that an element will be included in a sample is
known
Sampling
selecting some units of a larger population for study
Quasi-experiment
research design that includes most but not all, elements of an experimental design
Informed consent
agreement to participate in research after being informed about goals, procedures
and potential risks
Ethical
conforming to a norms or standard of a group
Impact assessment
an evaluation to determine whether a program achieved its intended result
Problem analysis
an analytic method to help officials plan and select alternative actions

================================================================
Unit One
CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Research is an intentional, systematic, and scientific process that collects, analyzes,

classifies, organizes, presents, and interprets data for the solution of a problem with the
intention of the discovery of the truth for the expansion or verification of existing knowledge
for the conservation and improvement of the quality of human life (Arnilla, 2017). While,
criminological research is defined as a careful and systematic study of knowledge in the field
of criminology or criminal justice, undertaken to discover or establish facts or causes of
crime. It is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing crime and victimization data to
find an answer to a question or solution to the criminological or victimization problem and to
validate or test existing criminological and victimization theories (Soriano, 2011).
Criminological research is central to criminological theory, influencing the development of
social policy and informing the practice of criminal justice. The ability to collect, analyze,
and present empirical data is a fundamental skill that every student of criminology must
acquire (Chamberlain, 2013).
Research is the primary tool for advancing any body of knowledge, including the field
of criminal justice. The research helps students, scholars, criminal justice professionals, and
government policymakers identify what works in law enforcement, corrections, and crime
prevention. Criminal justice learning research helps students think critically and ultimately
helps formulate evidence-based criminal justice policy and practice. Strong research skills in
the criminal justice profession, especially among newcomers to the field, can help bridge the
gap between the practice of criminal justice professions and the advances in knowledge that

come from research properly conducted. Therefore, laws and policies should tend to evolve
to become more effective and efficient over time. (Sisk, 2020).
SAMPLE OF A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ARTICLE

SAFETY AND SECURITY OF THE EVACUEES IN THE DESIGNATED EVACUATION
CENTERS IN BILIRAN PROVINCE
Abstract
Prior to the occurrence of natural disasters, the primary concern of local government
units is the safety and security of the people. They see to it that all people living in disaster-
prone areas are evacuated to a safer place. This study attempted to determine the safety and
security of the evacuees in the designated evacuation centers in the five (5) municipalities of
Biliran Province, which are disaster prone areas in terms of facilities and services. In
relation to this, the researchers used a descriptive survey to find out how safe and secure the
evacuees were in the evacuation centers. A survey questionnaire was used to gather the data.
The results showed that the evacuation centers are safe and secure as temporary
shelters for the evacuees during and after calamities. Although the local government units of
Biliran Province are prepared to serve the residents, they still need to further improve the
facilities and services they offer in the evacuation centers to better respond to the needs of
large numbers of evacuees.
Keywords: Safety, Security, Evacuees, Evacuation Centers
1. Introduction
The Philippines is experiencing many kinds of disasters like earthquakes, typhoons,

and other calamities that make people suffer and sometimes cause death. Santos [8] said that
over the past two decades, the Philippines has endured a total of 274 natural calamities,
making it the fourth most disaster-prone country in the world.
The Eastern Visayas region is one of the most calamity-prone areas in the country due
to its geographic location, facing the Pacific Ocean in the eastern portion and within the
Pacific Ring of Fire (Meniano) [5]. According to Dela Cruz [2], Typhoon Yolanda (Hyan) is
one of the world's strongest and deadliest typhoons, prompting a rare public storm signal
number 4 in the Visayas. This caused massive devastation that killed 6,300 people. Gabieta
[4] also added that five of six provinces in the Eastern Visayas region were placed by their
respective provincial boards under a state of calamity as Tropical Storm "Urduja"
(international name: Kai-tak) swept through the central Philippines, dumping heavy rains that

triggered flash floods and landslides. The declaration covered the provinces of Biliran, Leyte,
and Samar.
Based on the UNISDR Private Sector Alliance for Disaster Resilient Societies [7],
Tanauan Leyte was one of the hardest hit towns by Super Typhoon Yolanda. In many
localities, the designated evacuation centers were completely destroyed. With stronger
typhoons expected due to climate change, Tanauan, like many other municipalities, will need
typhoon-resilient infrastructure and facilities in place to help reduce the municipality’s
overall vulnerability to potential hazards. In partnership with the United Methodist
Committee on Relief (UMCOR), the local government unit of Tanauan constructed a two-
story, four-classroom building that can be used as an evacuation center in case of
emergencies. The evacuation center has been regarded as a model for safer, hazard-resilient
design.
The local government units learned a lesson from the experiences of the different
calamities that struck the places in Region VIII. Hence, the local authorities built evacuation
centers that could withstand typhoons and other calamities.
1.1 Background
Biliran is an island province located on the eastern part of the Visayas group of
islands. This province is composed of eight (8) municipalities, such as Almeria, Biliran,
Cabucgayan, Caibiran, Culaba, Kawayan, Maripipi, and Naval. Based on the Biliran Province
Enhanced-Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan 2011-2016 [3], there are
eighty-one (81) barangays prone to landslides, forty-three (43) barangays prone to
earthquakes, and twenty-seven barangays prone to liquefaction. In fact, the province was also
hit by super typhoon Yolanda and tropical depression Urduja. These two typhoons brought
more damage to agriculture and infrastructure in the province.
Due to these calamities, residents, especially those who are living in landslide-prone
and coastal areas, are always advised to evacuate to the designated evacuation centers and
other safer places. However, an incident happened in Barangay Sabang, Naval, Biliran
wherein the elementary school that should be the evacuation center for the residents was
swamped by mud due to a landslide (Abunales) [1]. Fortunately, the residents were not able
to evacuate immediately to the said place since the assigned teacher of the school lost the
key. Since there is no study conducted to determine the safety and security of the evacuees in
the evacuation centers, the researchers conducted this study in the five (5) municipalities of
Biliran Province.
1.1.1 Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study was to determine the security and safety of
evacuees in the designated areas in Biliran Province. Specifically, this study focused on
determining the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and the facilities in terms of
building, lighting, water systems, and services offered such as foodpacks, health services,
transportation, and guards for the safety and security purposes of the evacuees in the
designated evacuation centers.
2. Methods
Research Design
10 | C r i m i n o l o g i c a l R e s e a r c h 1 ( C r i m i n o l o g y 7 )
The descriptive survey method was utilized in the study. The researchers would like
to check the security and safety of the evacuees in the designated evacuation centers in five
(5) municipalities in Biliran Province, Philippines.
Research Instrument
A researcher-made survey questionnaire was utilized to gather the data on the safety
and security of the evacuees in the designated evacuation centers in Biliran Province. The
survey questionnaire determined whether the evacuees were safe and secure in the evacuation
centers. An interview was also conducted to obtain more reliable data. The instrument was
based on the disaster preparedness minimum standards, volume 2 of the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) [6].
Research Respondents
The respondents of this study were the three hundred thirty (330) evacuees in the
designated evacuation centers after Tropical Storm Urduja in the five (5) municipalities of
Biliran Province. The criteria for selecting the respondents are (1) those who were in the
evacuation centers during Tropical Storm Urduja, (2) those who are residents in the province
of Biliran, and (3) those who are willing and available.
Scope and Delimitation

This study will be applicable to the safety and security of the evacuees in the
evacuation centers in the municipalities of Naval, Almeria, Kawayan, Biliran, and
Cabucgayan in Biliran Province.
Data Collection
Before the conduct of the study, permission was sought from the municipal mayors of
the five (5) municipalities in Biliran Province, Philippines. After permission was granted,
survey questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and collected after they filled them
in with the required information.
Statistical Treatment Data

After the researchers had collected the data, they tallied it. The percentage was used to
obtain the profile of the respondents. In order to assess the safety and security of the evacuees
in the designated evacuation centers, the following means were computed using the five-point
likert scale:
Range Description
1 -1.80 Very Poor
1.81- 2.60 Poor
2.61- 3.40 Fair
3:41- 4:20 Good
4:21-5:00 Very Good
3. Results
Table 1. Age of the Respondents
Age Frequency Percentage
Young
15-24 years’ old 85 25.8%
Young Adult
24-47 years’ old 115 34.8%
Adult
47-60 years’ old 108 32.7%
Senior Citizen
60 years’ old and above 22 6.7%
Total 330 100%
Table 2. Sex of the Respondents

Sex Frequency Percentage
Male 132 40%
Female 198 60%
Total 330 100%
Table 3. Civil Status of the Respondents

Civil Status Frequency Rating
Single 62 18.8%
Married 246 74.5%
Separated 3 0.91%
Widow 18 5.5%
Widower 1 0.30%
Total 330 100%
Table 4. Educational attainment of the Respondents

Educational Attainment Frequency Rating
Elementary level 91 28%
Elementary Graduate 16 5%
High School Level 108 33%
High School Graduate 50 15%
College Level 11 3%
College Graduate 54 16%
Total 330 100%
Table 5. Occupation of the Respondents

Occupation Frequency Percentage
House keeper 145 44%
Farmer 57 17%
Fisherman 48 15%
Vendor 17 5%
Self employed 49 15%
Government employee 14 4%
Total 330 100%
Safety and Security of the Evacuees in the Designated Evacuation Centers in terms of Its
Facilities
Table 6. Evacuation Center Building
Indicator 5 4 3 2 1 Mean Description
1. Site is accessible, preferably within 104 116 85 25 0 3.89 Good
walking distance of affected
community.
2. Permanent and disaster-resilient 109 107 60 42 12 3.76 Good
evacuation center (multi-purpose
center) at the
provincial/municipality/city
3. The facility is likely be caring for 104 154 53 16 3 4.00 Good
those with limited physical mobility
including those in wheelchairs,
those using mobility aid and those
with very young children in prams.
4. Building is designed in accordance 102 108 100 17 3 3.84 Good
with national construction standards
5. Building is highly durable 103 126 70 28 3 3.79 Good
6. Building interior provides access to 103 113 75 37 2 3.62 Good
a natural light and ventilation
Over All Mean 3.81 Good
Table 7. Water Facilities of the Evacuation Centers

1. There is a level 2 or (e.g. artesian 86 102 103 36 3 3.6 Good
rain collector well)
2. There is WASH facilities inside 83 126 88 33 0 3.7 Good
evacuation center to ensure
availability, accessibility, orderly
use, proper maintenance and
cleaning of common and gender
disaggregated WASH facilities
such as water taps, latrine
facilities, hand washing, bathing
facilities and laundry areas (as
indicated in the JMC 01 series
2013)
Table 8. Lightings of the Evacuation Centers

1. 24 Hour available lighting 77 135 91 27 0 3.77 Good
Generator
Solar Panel
Safety and Security of the Evacuees in the Designated Evacuation Centers in terms of
Its Services
Table 9. Food Packs Offered in the Evacuation Centers
1. Food packs-good for 5 persons (per 111 130 65 18 6 3.95 Good
family) for 3 days from the list
below or equivalent calorific food
items (culturally appropriate) at the
minimum:
 6 kg. rice
 4 cans corned beef
 4 cans sardines
 6 packs noodles
 6 cereals
 6L drinking water
Table 10. Health Services Offered in the Evacuation Centers
 Basic drugs, 43 129 108 49 1 3.48 Good
medicines,
medical supply
and equipment
inside evacuation
center
 Medical teams on 67 102 96 65 0 3.5 Good
duty:(Doctor,
nurses and
midwife)
 Ambulance with 59 130 87 54 0 3.57 Good
complete facilities
 Barangay Health 51 124 101 50 4 3.49 Good
Emergency
Rescue Teams or
BHERTs
(1:5,000)
(Expand duties
and responsibilities).
Table 11. Transportation Offered in the Evacuation Centers

1. Vehicle for delivery of goods 109 150 56 15 0 4.05 Good
2. Vehicles (Evacuees) 62 167 83 18 0 3.8 Good
Table 12. Guards Assigned in the Evacuation Centers

1. One (1) Police Officer is assigned 62 106 106 50 6 3.48 Good
at the evacuation center.
2. Twenty (20) Tanods (Barangay 70 95 90 64 11 3.43 Good
Peacekeeping Action Team or
BPAT/Barangay Emergency
Rescue Team BERT) are also
present and helping the police
officer assigned for the security of
the evacuees.
Table 13. Status of Safety and Security of the Evacuees in the Designated Evacuation
Centers
Indicators Weighted Mean Description
Facilities 3.74 Good
Services 3.70 Good
Over all Weighted Mean 3.74 Good
4. Discussions
Profile of the Respondents
Table 1 shows that 34.8% of the respondents are young adults. It reveals that most of
the evacuees are mature enough to understand, decide, and avoid dangers brought by
calamities. For this reason, they decided to evacuate and stayed in the evacuation centers for
their safety and security. While table 2 reveals that 60% of the respondents are females, they
were given priority to be evacuated, secured and saved during calamities. It could be inferred
that males are usually left at home to guard their belongings or properties. In addition, table 3
shows that 74.5% of the respondents are married. It means that most of the evacuees have
families and children whom they want to protect and secure from any harm brought by the
calamity.
Moreover, table 4 shows that 33% of the respondents are from high school level. It
indicates that the majority of the evacuees should always be informed and warned about the
possible effects of any calamity that will hit their place. Whereas, table 5 shows that 44% of
the respondents are housekeepers. It implies that the majority of the evacuees are women who
are often left at home to take care of their families. So, whenever there is an instruction
coming from the local authorities to evacuate, they are obliged to do so in order to secure the
safety of their family.
Its Facilities
With regards to the safety and security of the evacuees in the evacuation centers in
terms of their facilities, table 6 reveals that the majority of the respondents rated the
evacuation building as good (AOM-3.81). It indicates that the evacuation centers are
moderately accessible to all evacuees and also located near their homes. Then, the buildings
were also built as permanent and disaster-resilient evacuation centers. In addition, the
evacuation centers accommodate evacuees who need extra care and attention, such as people
with disabilities in wheel chairs and young children in strollers. Moreover, the buildings were
designed in accordance with national construction standards, are durable and provide access
to natural light and ventilation. But despite the good results, it can be inferred that the
evacuees are still hesitant that they are fully safe and secured in the evacuation centers.
While table 7 shows the water facilities of the evacuation centers, the results reveal
that the majority of the respondents rated good (OAM-3.65) in terms of water supply and
wash facilities available in the evacuation centers. It indicates that not all evacuees can
immediately use the water facilities because of the larger numbers of users and that they need
to wait their turn to use them.
Furthermore, table 8 presents the lighting of the evacuation centers. It shows that the
majority of the respondents rated it good (OAM-3.77). It implies that the evacuation center
has a standby source of lighting in case of an electric interruption, but the evacuees are not
fully satisfied with it since the only source of lighting is a generator that will only be used
during the nighttime.
Its Services
In terms of the services offered in the evacuation centers, table 9 shows that the
majority of the respondents rated the food packs given to them as good (AOM-3.95). It
means that most of the evacuees who received food packs from the local government units
are not totally satisfied since some of the families have more than three (3) children. So the
food packs they had received would not last until three (3) days.
And table 10 shows that the majority of the respondents rated the health services
offered in the evacuation centers as good (AOM-3.51). It means that basic drugs, medicine,
medical supplies, and equipment are not all available in the evacuation centers. Medical
teams and the barangay health emergency rescue teams who are supposedly on duty to look
after the health of the evacuees, especially those injured and sick evacuees, are not always
present in the evacuation centers.
While table 11 illustrates the transportation offered in the evacuation centers, it
indicates that the majority of the respondents rated it good (OAM-3.92). Although there are
vehicles for the delivery of goods (M-4.05) and transporting evacuees (M-3.8), they are not
fully equipped with them. It implies that vehicles are not readily available to deliver goods
and transport evacuees whenever evacuation is necessary.
In relation to the security in the evacuation centers, table 12 reveals that the majority
of the respondents rated it good (OAM-3.45). It means that respondents believed they were
not completely safe and secure from crimes such as theft, rape, and other crimes in the
evacuation centers, despite the presence of police officers and barangay police.It means that
the police officer and barangay police assigned to the evacuation center did not fully exert
their effort in safeguarding the lives and properties of the evacuees.
In getting the status of the safety and security of the evacuees in the five (5)
municipalities of Biliran Province, table 13 reveals that the facilities and services offered in
the evacuation centers did not fully meet the needs of the evacuees even though they had a
good result (OAM-3.74).
5. Conclusions
The five (5) municipalities of Biliran Province, such as Almeria, Biliran, Cabucgayan,
Kawayan, and Naval, are ready and prepared whenever calamities like typhoons hit the place.
Each municipality has built an evacuation center that will be used during emergencies. These
evacuation centers served as temporary shelters for the evacuees. Although the evacuation
centers provide facilities such as durable buildings, water facilities, lighting and services like
food packs, transportation and guards as security, these do not fully meet the needs of the
evacuees. Evacuees are not fully safe and secured in the evacuation centers with regards to
the facilities and services.
6. References
[1] Abunales, Daniel. (2018). Photos: Students, teachers help in massive cleanup of
classrooms in storm-hit Biliran Retrieved December 9, 2018 from
http://verafiles.org/articles/photos-students-teachers-help-massive-cleanup-
classrooms-sto
[2] Dela Cruz, Gwen (2014). Worst National disasters in Philippines. Retrieved December 8,
2018 from https://www.rappler.com/move-ph/issues/disasters/64916-worst-natural-
disasters-philippines
[3] Disaster Risk Reduction Climate Change Adaptation Enhanced Provincial Development
and Physical Framework Plan 2011-2016. Retrieved December 5, 2018 from
https://biliran.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Enhanced-PDPFP.pdf
[4] Gabieta, Joey A., et. al. (2017). 5 Visayas Provinces Under state of Calamity. Philippine
Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 6, 2018 from
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/953735/5-visayas-provinces-under-state-of-calamity
[5] Meniano, Sarwell. (2018). Eastern Visayas reaps gains from absence of disasters.
Philippine News Agency. Retrieved December 21, 2018 from
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1057238
[6] NDRRMC. Disaster Preparedness Minimum Standards Volume 2, 2015. Retrieved
December 5, 2018 from https://lga.gov.ph/media/uploads/2/Knowledge
%20Exchange/SCPLG-DRR%20Workshop/NDPP%20Vol%202%20Minimum
%20Standards.pdf
[7] Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation. (2016). Safe Places, Safe Communities (An
Evacuation Shelter for the People of Tanauan). Retrieved from
https://www.unisdr.org/files/49466_pdrf.tanauan.pdf
[8] Santos, Eimor P. (2016). Philippines Among World’s Most-Disaster-Prone Areas. Metro
Manila CNN Philippines.
SAMPLE OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ARTICLE
PEACE AND ORDER LOCAL FRONTLINERS: BRGY. TANOD'S EXPERIENCES IN THE

BiPSU-SCJE EXTENSION SERVICES CAPABILITY TRAINING PROGRAM
Abstract
Public safety is a shared responsibility. At this point, a capability training program, which is the
Barangay Police Skill Enhancement Project of the School of Criminal Justice Education of Biliran
Province State University, was implemented to capacitate the barangay police in peace and order
maintenance. This study aimed to explore the experiences of the barangay police in the Barangay
Police Skill Enhancement Project (BaPSEP) of the School of Criminal Justice Education. In relation
to this, the researchers used a qualitative phenomenology approach. An interview guide was used to
gather data.
Based on the results and findings of the study, seventeen (17) cluster themes were identified, of which
eight (8) emergent themes were determined. Three (3) emergent themes described the experiences of
the barangay tanod on the BaPSEP, namely: happiness and satisfaction; developed self-confidence;
self-transformation; and personal growth. The five (5) emergent themes for the impact of the BaPSEP
on the work of the barangay tanod are: improved work performance, gained trust and respect, safety
and security, supportive and aware community, and peaceful and harmonious community. The
Barangay Police Skills Enhancement Project, conducted by the School of Criminal Justice Education
Extension Program, brought affirmative experiences on the part of the barangay tanod that helped
them improve their performance in carrying out their duties and responsibilities to maintain peace
and order in their locality.
Keywords: Peace and Order, Capability Training Program, BaPSEP, Barangay Police,
Experiences
1. Introduction
Peace maintenance, or peacekeeping, is one of the main tasks of the police. Visibility through
patrolling is one way of maintaining a peaceful community. However, the police force cannot bear the
weight of the responsibility alone. They need the help of the members of the community. Community
cooperation and support are important in the fight against crime. In fact, the basic mission of the PNP
expressly states that peace, order, and public safety can be assured only with the active involvement
of the community.
In order to maintain a peaceful community, the local government unit established the
barangay tanod (Chapter 2, Sec. 387 of the Local Government Code). They are an aid to the police
force in crime prevention and the maintenance of peace and order in the vicinity. Moreover, the
Philippine National Police established the Barangay Peace Action Team (BPAT) to conduct
peacekeeping activities in order to have a peaceful and orderly community. However, the barangay
tanod should have ample training in peacekeeping so that they can perform their duties and
responsibilities effectively. Herewith, the Department of Interior and Local Government
Memorandum Circular No. 2003-4 issued guidelines for professionalizing the barangay tanod to
strengthen their capability as front-liners in addressing peace and order in the locality. In addition, the
local government units were mandated to conduct skills enhancement projects as stated in the DILG
Memorandum Circular No. 2003-21. This capacity-building and skills training activity was designed
for the barangay tanod to ensure that they can fulfill their commitment as peace and public safety
officers.
As Peace and Order Committee of Biliran Province State University Extension Program, the
faculty members of the School of Criminal Justice Education together with the Barangay Local
Government Units of Barangay Langgao and Talibong, Cabucgayan, Biliran implemented the
Barangay Police Skills Enhancement Project (BaPSEP) that trained the barangay tanod on patrol
techniques, crime prevention, disarming techniques, VIP security, emergency response, citizen’s
arrest and crime scene preservation. The different trainings conducted would enhance the capability of
the barangay police so that they could be more effective and efficient in carrying out their task. Many
studies have shown that barangay tanod should attend workshops and training to help them fulfill
their duties. One of these is the study of Etcuban, et al., (2018), suggesting that the Barangay Peace
Action Team's awareness and skills be strengthened through training and seminars involving barangay
tanod who are also members of BPATs. Anuddin (2013) discovered that the training they provided
improved the awareness and skills of barangay tanods, allowing them to perform their duties and
responsibilities more effectively. Laruan and Penny (2015) also stated that barangay police officers
who received more training performed substantially better than those who only received a few hours
of training.
On this premise, the researchers explored the experiences of the barangay tanod in the
BaPSEP and how the capability training program influenced the improvements in their work as
barangay tanods after they had attended the different training sessions of the BaPSEP.
1.1 Objectives of the Study
This study aimed to explore the experiences of the barangay tanod in the Barangay Police
Skill Enhancement Project (BaPSEP) of the School of Criminal Justice Education in Barangay
Langgao and Talibong Cabucgayan, Biliran. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following:
What are the experiences of the informants on the Barangay Police Skills Enhancement Project? How
does the Barangay Police Skills Enhancement Project impact the work of the informants?
2. Methods
Research Design
This study used a qualitative-phenomenological method. Phenomenology is a methodological
space in social science research that can be used to study human phenomena at a deeper level of
consciousness to understand the experience of life (Qutoshi, 2018). A phenomenological analysis
examines a concept's or phenomenon's general sense for many people based on their lived experiences
(Creswell, 2013). So, the researchers will use the qualitative phenomenological method to explore the
experiences of barangay tanod after they have undergone the Barangay Police Skills Enhancement
Project, which is the phenomenon to be studied.
Research Environment
This study was conducted in Barangays Langgao and Talibong Cabucgayan, Biliran. These
two (2) barangays are the extension partners of the School of Criminal Justice Education Extension
Services of Biliran Province State University (BiPSU).
Research Informants
Ten (10) informants were identified to participate in the conduct of the interview. Three (3)
informants were individually interviewed as to their experiences and the impact of the implementation
of the Barangay Police Skills Enhancement Project on their work performance. While six (6) of the
informants were interviewed through focused group discussion. All of the informants are participants
and regularly attend the activities of the BaPSEP. In determining the number of informants, Creswell
(1998) suggests five to twenty-five participants, while Morse (1994) suggests at least six, as cited by
Moran (2013). However, I have chosen 10 participants in order to make assertions regarding the
phenomenon of interest.
Research Instrument
The researcher used an interview guide as an instrument in the conduct of this study to extract
needed information through personal interviews and focused group discussion with the informants.
The interview guide was divided into two parts. The first part was all about the experiences of the
barangay tanod in the barangay police skills enhancement project, while the second part is about the
effect of the barangay police skills enhancement project on the work of the barangay tanod.
Research Procedures
The researcher continued with the study by adhering to the procedures for data collection,
data analysis, and ethical considerations.
Data Collection. It is noted that the collected data or information was through interviews.
Prior to the start of data gathering, permission to conduct interviews with the informants was obtained
first from the Barangay Chairpersons for approval through a letter request. After the approval of the
letter request, an interview was set and the researcher informed and explained to the informants the
contents and purposes of this study. Before an interview started, the researcher asked permission to
record audio while they were being interviewed. The request was granted and the discussion started
and was documented using an audio recorder. The interviews were conducted in a language known
and comfortable to the informants and were conducted in the barangay hall. Immediately after the
completion of the interview, the recorded conversation between the researcher and informants was
transcribed accordingly and translated.
Data Analysis. The researcher used Colaizzi’s approach in analyzing the data. The
transcription and translation of languages, as well as the informants' experiences, were done with
caution. The interview transcript was read and analyzed many times. Then the next step is the coding
of significant statements from the interview transcript of the informants. These significant statements
were translated into formulated meanings, and new meanings were generated. These formulated
meanings were grouped and analyzed to form cluster themes. From the cluster themes, emergent
themes were identified. Emergent themes are the final themes that describe the impact of the
Barangay Police skill enhancement project on the work performance of the informants and their
clientele.
Ethical Considerations. The researcher wholeheartedly considered the ethical aspects of all
informants involved in the conduct of the study. Consent and approval from the informants were
considered prior to the conduct of the interview. The researcher also explained to the informants the
process and purpose of the interview and made sure that they participated voluntarily in the
interviews.
Trustworthiness of Research. In his article, Nowell et al. (2017) stated that there are four
aspects to be considered in conducting qualitative research; these are credibility, dependability,
transferability, and confirmability of the study.
Credibility. As a researcher, I made sure that my study was credible from the preparation and
utilization of the interview guide, collection of data, and verification of the data collected. To prove
the reliability of my study, I personally conducted an interview with each of the informants. The
interviews were properly documented through the utilization of an audio recorder, and the transcribed
interviews were reviewed. For these reasons, I am confident that this study complied with the
principle of credibility.
Dependability. Moreover, I also believed that this study was dependable since it was properly
documented. The collected data was carefully analyzed, and the findings of the study were
dependably identified.
Transferability. It was also transferable in the sense that the study was based on the actual
experiences of the informants, and I have suggested some possible topics related to the study in order
for future researchers to conduct in-depth inquiry. During the interviews, sufficient significant data
was extracted to determine their experiences in relation to the purpose of this study.
Confirmability. Lastly, it was also claimed that this study followed the idea of confirmability
because the results and findings of this inquiry were considered by the informants.
3. Results
As noted, there were seventeen (17) cluster themes in which eight (8) emergent themes were
determined. Three emergent themes described the experiences of the barangay police, while five (5)
emergent themes described the impact of the BaPSEP on the work of barangay police.
The following are the emergent themes, to wit:

I. Experiences of the Barangay Tanod on the Barangay Police Skills enhancement
Project
1. Happiness and Satisfaction
2. Developed Self-confidence
3. Self-Transformation and Personal Growth
II. Impact of the BaPSEP to the Work of the Barangay Tanod
1. Improved Work Performance

2. Gained Trust and Respect.
3. Safety and Security
4. Aware and Supportive Community
5. Peaceful and Harmonious Community
4. Discussions
The researcher used Colaizzi’s methodological approach to phenomenological inquiry in making

this study. Hence, explaining the experience of barangay police and the impact of the Barangay Police
Skills Enhancement Project (BaPSEP) on the work of the barangay police is best presented through
emergent themes. This study was anchored on the following theories: Learning theory explains how
an individual shows his behavior due to his past experiences through the learning theory process,
which includes classical and operant conditioning. These processes describe why the barangay police
actively participated in every activity of the project. This is because the barangay police were
conditioned by the two stimuli, which are the training of the BaPSEP and the implementers of the
project. This combination created a response which was the active participation of the barangay tanod.
While the Theory of Experience by John Dewey explains that it is only through experience that
man learns about the world and only by the use of his experience that man can maintain and better
himself in the world, in other words, the experiences of the barangay police on the different activities
of the BaPSEP implemented will turn them into an effective and efficient barangay tanod.
Moreover, the Theory of Social Impact by Jeffrey M. Jackson explicates that the social impact felt
by an individual should be a function of the strength, immediacy, and number of source persons that
are present. Thus, these three elements, or descriptions, of source persons should all directly affect the
social force felt by a target person. Therefore, the impact of the implementation of the activities of the
BaPSEP will be based on how the implementers, who are the faculty members of the School of
Criminal Justice Education Extension Services and the barangay officials, implement the project. If
the project is successfully implemented, then a positive impact can be expected. On the other hand,
failure to implement the project will have a negative impact on the recipients, which are the barangay
police and the community.
I. Experiences of the Barangay Tanod on the Barangay Police Skills enhancement Project
Themes were identified that describe the experiences of the barangay tanod on the Barangay
Police Skills Enhancement Project (BaPSEP). All of these themes imply the experiences of
the participants in the implementation of the Barangay Police Skills Enhancement Project
(BaPSEP).
1. Happiness and satisfaction
This theme describes the satisfying experience of the participants. All of the participants said
that they were happy, satisfied, and contented with the activities of the BaPSEP. This
indicates that once an individual is happy and satisfied, he will be interested in and actively
participate in a program that will enhance their skills and knowledge.
2. Developed self-confidence
This theme explains how the participants developed their self-confidence. The majority of
participants stated that they are now more confident in carrying out their duties and
responsibilities as barangay police officers because they are now more knowledgeable about
peace and order issues. The knowledge and skills they have acquired from attending the
activities of the BaPSEP have developed their confidence to perform their work.
3. Self-Transformation and Personal Growth
This theme explicates the self-transformation and personal growth of the participants. Most
of the participants disclosed that the BaPSEP turned them into knowledgeable barangay
tanods because of the knowledge and skills imparted to them. They have also shared the
differences before and after the implementation of the BaPSEP. The majority of them said
that they only learned the information needed for their work after they had attended and
participated in the BaPSEP.
II. Impact of the BaPSEP to the Work of the Barangay Tanod
Themes on the impact of the Barangay Police Skill Enhancement Project (BaPSEP)
on the work performance of the barangay tanod were identified. These themes describe the
influence of the BaPSEP on the community.
1. Improved Work Performance
This theme elucidates the improvement that happened in the participants’

performances. Most of the participants revealed that there was an improvement in their
performance since they could now function effectively. They have shared that they were
hesitant before to respond to conflicts or troubles in their barangay. However, after they have
learned the proper procedures for responding to and handling conflicts, they can now
immediately respond and help solve the problems or conflicts within their area of
responsibility.
2. Gained trust and respect.
This theme clarifies how the participants gained the trust and respect of the people.
According to them, most of the people in their place trust and respect them. These happened
after they attended the BaPSEP. Whenever there is a problem, the people involved will listen
and respect them.So, they can immediately settle the conflicts.
3. Safety and Security
Personal safety and security are also one of the concerns of the barangay tanod. Especially
when responding to troubles in their place, which will put their lives in danger or at risk.
However, after they have attended the BaPSEP, they can now defend themselves since they
have learned self-defense and disarming techniques. So, they now have the courage to
respond to emergencies and troubles in their place because they already know how to protect
themselves from harm or danger.
4. Community that is aware and supportive
This theme explains that the community became aware and supportive of the
barangay tanod after the implementation of the BaPSEP. The majority of the participants said
that the people are now aware that the barangay tanod are knowledgeable and well-informed
on peace and order matters. The people realized the important role of the barangay tanod in
maintaining peace and order in their place. For this reason, the people support the aim of the
barangay tanod and barangay officials, which is to maintain peace and order in their area.
5. A Peaceful and Harmonious Community
Supportive people and efficient and effective barangay tanod made the community
peaceful and harmonious. This theme elucidates that the participants are now experiencing a
peaceful and harmonious community because of the support of the people. Most of them
revealed that troubles or conflicts have been minimized and only a few troublemakers would
attempt to cause troubles within their area of responsibility. This only shows that the
participants are doing their best to perform their duties and responsibilities as barangay
tanods.
5. Conclusion
The Barangay Police Skills Enhancement Project, conducted by the School of Criminal Justice
Education Extension Program, brought affirmative experiences on the part of the barangay tanod that
helped them improve their performance in carrying out their duties and responsibilities in maintaining
peace and order in their locality.
6. Implications
Implications for Practice

The research findings imply that the following entities are important for the peaceful and
harmonious community in maintaining the peace and order of the locality.
Through its Extension Services, the School of Criminal Justice Education of the Biliran
Province State University has the capacity to train barangay tanods not only in Brgy. Langgao and
Talibong Cabucgayan, Biliran, but also in all other municipalities in Biliran Province.
The Department of Interior and Local Government has a big role in monitoring and
supervising the peace and order of the locality by ensuring that the barangay police have the capacity
or ability to perform their assigned duties and responsibilities.
The Local Government Unit has the responsibility to ensure that the local front-liners are
performing their duties and responsibilities as barangay tanod.
The Philippine National Police should work hand in hand with the local government unit in
capacitating the barangay tanods.
Implications for Future Study

The results of the study suggest conducting further study into maintaining peace and order in
the locality.
Experiences of the community on the work performance of the barangay tanod This is to
determine the people's experiences with the performance of the barangay police in maintaining peace
and order in their area.
6. References
Department of Interior and Local Government Unit (2003). MC 2003-42 Guidelines for
professionalizing the barangay tanod. https://bit.ly/2SVsUa7 on January 9, 2021.
Department of Interior and Local Government Unit (2004). MC 2004-21 Conduct of barangay tanod
skills enhancement project (2nd phase of barangay tanod professionalization program).
https://bit.ly/2TUeCGZ on January 9, 2021.
Directorate for Police Community Relations (2009). Barangay Peacekeeping Operations and
Barangay Peacekeeping Action Team “BPAT Manual.
Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2019). Theories of Development. www.britannica.com
Experience and Reflective Thinking, Learning, School and Life, Democracy and Education (n.d).
https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1914/Dewey-John-1859-1952.html
IS. Gallagher. (2012). Phenomenology. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057%2F9781137283801_2
Jackson J.M. (1987). Social Impact Theory: A Social Forces Model of Influence. In: Mullen B.,
Goethals G.R. (eds) Theories of Group Behavior. Springer, New York, NY.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4634-3_6
Laru-an, Nelson G. and Penny L. (2015). Performance of barangay tanod. International Journal of
Multidisciplinary Research and Development. Retrieved from https://bit.ly/3zMJCsD
Phenomenology (n.d). https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/phenomenology/
================================================================
Let Us Find Out!

Activity A
Directions:
1. Develop one qualitative or quantitative title from the following topics:
a. crimes
b. causes of crimes
c. victims
d. offenders, and
e. other societal phenomena
2. Make sure your research title includes
A. the study's topic,
B. the technique,
C. the sample, and
D. the findings
3. Avoid jargon and superfluous words. Make your title statement as short as feasible.
You want a title that even individuals who aren't specialists in your area will
understand. A full list of things to avoid while writing an effective research title may
be found in our post.
4. Your title should be between 5 and 15 words long.
5. Use a descriptive term to effectively communicate the goal of your research.
6. Most essential, use important keywords in the title to improve your article's
discoverability.
==============================================================
Let Us Analyze!
Analysis
1. Why did you choose this topic?
2. What have you considered in developing your title?
3. Why do you think your title is an interesting study?
4. How will you conduct your research?
5. What could benefit from your study and what could it contribute to the Philippine
Criminal Justice System?
================================================================
Let Us Learn!
WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A. TITLE
Here are some other tips you can use to make sure the title is part of an effective
study. Make sure the study title has a description.
1. topic
2. method
3. sample, and
4. the results of your study
You can use the following formula:
A [method] study of [topic] among [sample].
Example: Safety and Security of the Evacuees in the Designated Evacuation Centers in
Biliran Province
Avoid unnecessary words and jargon. Keep the title statement as concise as
possible. You want a title that will be comprehensible even to people who are not experts in
your field. Make sure your title is between 5 and 15 words in length. Use a descriptive
phrase to convey the purpose of your research efficiently. In particular, use important
keywords in the title to increase the discoverability of your article.
B. INTRODUCTION
An introduction has several purposes. It presents the background of your research,
introduces your topic and your goals, and gives you an overview of your work. A good
referral provides a solid foundation and encourages readers to move on to the methods,
results, and discussions that are a key part of your work (Zepernick, n.d).
1st Part: Overview of The Topic
 Give a brief history of the variable or phenomenon under investigation.
 In two paragraphs (5 to 6 sentences per paragraph), present an overview of the topic
you are going to study.
 This should be in your own words. However, you have to cite the source since it is
not your idea; somebody has already published an article about it.
 Proper APA citation and referencing formats should be followed.
 Each paragraph may have 1 or 2 citations.
2nd Part: Facts, Statistics and Figures About the Topic
 Provide up-to-date information, statistics, or figures about the variable or
phenomenon.
 For this part, you may have 2 to 3 paragraphs (5 to 6 sentences per paragraph).
 The first paragraph must focus on the global context and present key facts, statistics,
or figures about the research topic; these are the most recent findings of published
research (properly cite the source).
 The 2nd paragraph must focus on the ASEAN setting (with proper citation).
 The 3rd paragraph must focus on the national setting (with proper citation).
 Do not copy-paste; you have to summarize your readings if they're too long and
paraphrase them if they're too short (with proper citation).
3rd Part: Situation in the Research Environment or Locale
 Present your observations of your study's variable or phenomenon as they occur in
your research environment or locale.
 Present clearly the situation in your research environment (it could be a problem, an
issue, or even something new that needs to be documented for analysis).
 Since this is your personal observation, there is no need for citation.
4th Part: Justification to Conduct the Study
 Present here your personal background or connection to the research environment.
 Present here your reasons for conducting this study.
 Present the future output of the study based on the findings. It could be an action
plan, enhancement plan, intervention plan, etc.
 You can use 1 or 2 paragraphs for this part. This part can be presented in 1 or 2
paragraphs.
C. A PROBLEM STATEMENT
A "problem statement" is a statement of a current issue or problem that requires timely
action to improve the situation. This statement concisely explains the barrier the current
problem places between a functional process and/or product and the current (problematic)
state of affairs. This statement is completely objective, focusing only on the facts of the
problem and leaving out any subjective opinions (Editorial Team, 2021)
Things to Considered Before Writing the Research Problem

1. Have you searched the internet for related research articles of your chosen research
topic?
Answer: If no, you have to do it first.
2. Have you found a good number of related research articles?
Answer: If yes, more likely you conduct quantitative study. If only few, better to conduct
qualitative study. If none, better change your research topic.
3. Have you made a review matrix of the articles you found?
Answer: If yes, you have clear idea on what to include in your research problem. If no,
you have to do it first. Do not write a research questions if you don’t have bases.
Sample Review of Literature Matrix
Plan of Action The study will determine

Object of Action Assessment on the Disciplinary
Punishments
Participants of Prisoners
locale in Biliran Provincial Jail
Time frame SY 2021-2022
Intended output Proposed action Plan
Main Problem: Assessment on the Disciplinary Punishments of Prisoners in Biliran

Provincial Jail
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The Main Problem (Purpose Statement)
 The plan of action

 The object of the plan (variable or phenomenon)
 The participants (respondents, subjects or informants)
 The locale (place or environment of the study)
 The time frame of the study (fiscal year, school year, school term, etc.)
 The intended output (for quantitative research only)
The Sub-Problems (Research Questions)
 For Quantitative Research
1. Profiling Questions
2. Demographic
3. Perception/Performance/Evaluation/Preference
4. Problems or Difficulties Encountered
5. Inference Questions (Comparison or Correlational)
6. Output Questions (Action plan, Intervention plan, Enhancement plan)
 For Qualitative Research
1. Question starting with WHAT but answerable by a broad statement
2. Question starting with WHY
3. Question starting with HOW
D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The meaning of the degree is part of the introduction of the treatise. It needs to be
determined who will benefit from the study and how that particular target group will benefit
from the findings (Cueva, 2020).
Look at the overall contribution of your research and note its importance. Their
importance to society as a whole, and then lower your path to the individual level, which can
include you as a researcher. They start broad and then gradually decline towards a
particular group or individual. It's like an inverted pyramid, a deductive approach. So you
write from the general benefits of your research results to the specific benefits (Regoniel,
2015).
E. THEORETICAL & CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
The terms "theoretical framework" and "conceptual framework" are often used
interchangeably to mean the same thing. Both of these are used to understand research
issues and guide the development, collection, and analysis of research results, but it is
important to understand the difference between the two. When working on a coursework or
treatise study, be sure to clarify the requirements of a particular course or program and what
is required. (Welden University, n.d).
Theoretical framework
The theoretical framework is a single formal theory. When research is designed around a
theoretical framework, theory is the primary means of understanding and investigating
research issues. Theoretical frameworks are typically used in quantitative studies, but
qualitative studies also see this approach (Walden University, n.d.).
Conceptual framework
The conceptual framework contains one or more formal theories (in whole or in part),
as well as empirical evidence from other concepts and literature. It is used to show the
relationship between these ideas and how they relate to research. Conceptual frameworks
are common in qualitative research in the social and behavioral sciences. For example,
theory is frequently incapable of fully explaining the phenomenon under investigation
(Walden University, n.d.).
The Conceptual Framework shows the relationships between variables in research.
This includes a visual diagram or model summarizing the concepts of the study and a
description of the model presented (Fabula, 2022).
Conceptual Framework Template #1: Independent-Dependent Variable Model.
[insert here your

[Insert your research’s research’s dependent
independent variable variable (the variable that
here (variables that responds and depends on
you can manipulate)]
the independent variable)]
Conceptual Framework Template #2: Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

[Insert here the inputs of [Insert here your
your study (i.e. variables research process, you
you can manipulate to may refer to your [Insert here the output of
obtain your research)] research’s Chapter 3 your research]
or research
methodology for
Conceptual Framework Template #3 Concept Map
[Insert a [Insert a [Insert a

specific specific specific
29 | C r i m[Insert
i n o al o g i c a l R e svariable]
earch 1 (Crimin o variable]
logy 7) variable]
specific
variable]
[insert here
a variable,
indicator, [insert here
or factor] a variable,
indicator,
or factor]
F. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Writing an Effective Methodology (Research.Com, 2021)
1. Present the method. Present a methodological approach that will be used in

investigating your research problem. The methodological approach is either quantitative,
qualitative, or mixed.
2. Establish methodological connections. Explain the relevance of methodological
approaches to overall study design. Remember that the relationship between your
method and your research question must be clear. This means that your methodology
must be appropriate to achieve your research goals-to tackle the research problem you
have presented. Therefore, if you need help writing a research question, check out the
article on what a research question is.
3. Introducing musical instruments. Shows the tools used to collect data and explains
how to use them. These tools and tools can be surveys, interview surveys, observations,
and more. If the method involves an archive survey or analysis of existing data, it
provides background information on the document, such as who the original researcher
was and how the data was originally created and collected.
4. Discuss your analysis. Explain how you are going to analyze the results of your data
gathering process. Depending on the methods you use, you can use statistical analysis
or explore theoretical perspectives to support your explanation of observed behaviors.
5. Provide background information. When using methods that your readers may be
unfamiliar with, make sure to provide background information about these methods.
6. Discuss sampling process. Explain the reason behind your sampling procedure. For
example, if you are using statistics in your research, indicate why you chose this method
as well as your sampling procedure. If you are going to do interviews, describe how are
you going to choose the participants and how the interviews will be conducted.
7. Address research limitations. Be sure to consider the limitations that you may
encounter in your research, such as: practical limits that may affect the data collection
process. If you have potential problems that you expect to occur in your process, please
provide a reason to choose to use the methodology, despite the risks (SHU library, n.d).
What to avoid in writing the methodology section of your research?
 Avoid irrelevant details.

 Keep the method section simple and thorough.
 Do not include details in the methods section that will not help you understand the
method your choice.
 Inappropriate information contains unnecessary instructions for basic steps. The
basic steps should only be explained if they are unconventional and unfamiliar to the
reader.
 Do not ignore issues that may occur during the data collection process. Instead of
closing your eyes, please explain how you dealt with it (SHU library, n.d).
Ethical Consideration
Researchers must adhere to ethical norms to ensure trust, accountability, mutual
respect and impartiality (Resnik, 2015). According to Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2003,
p. 131), there are some ethical considerations that researchers need to be aware of,
especially in the process of collecting and presenting research data.
 Right to the privacy of stakeholders.
 The nature of participation in the study must be voluntary and the parties must have
the right to partially or completely withdraw from the process.
 All participants must first give their consent.
 Maintain the confidentiality of data provided by individuals and the anonymity of
identifiable participants.
 How will participants react to the researcher's method when trying to collect data?
 How will participants be affected by the way data is analyzed and reported?
 Researcher behavior and objectivity.
G. REFERENCES
APA 7th Referencing (Victoria University, n.d)
All references in the text should be listed in the bibliography at the end of the
document. The purpose of the reading list entry is to provide all the information that readers
of your work need to follow up on your source.
Journal article
A basic reference list entry for a journal article in APA must include:
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.
 Year of publication of the article (in round brackets).
 Article title.
 Journal title (in italics).
 Volume of journal (in italics).
 Issue of journal (no italics).
 Page range of article.
 DOI (presented as a hyperlink, for example https://doi.org/xxxxx).
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7
spaces.
Example:
Ruxton, C. (2016). Tea: Hydration and other health benefits. Primary Health Care, 26(8), 34-
42. https://doi.org/10.7748/phc.2016.e1162
Book
A basic reference list entry for a book from a library database in APA must include:
 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

 Year of publication of the book (in round brackets).
 Book title (in italics).
 Edition (in round brackets), if other than first edition.
 Publisher.
 DOI (where a book has a DOI this must be included, even if you are referring to a
print book).
 The first line of each citation is left adjusted. Every subsequent line is indented 5-7
spaces.
Example: Arnott, G. D. (2017). The disability support worker (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.
social media
Because most social media posts are unnamed, utilize the first 20 words in italics as a title. In
square brackets, insert any relevant information about the type of post as well as any
multimedia components (e.g. videos, photos, sound, links).
Example
Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of post [Description of

Format
multimedia aspects] [Type of post]. Site Name. URL
American Psychological Association. (2020, October 14). When adjusted for
inflation, the largest median salary increase between 2014 and 2018 was for
Reference psychology doctorate recipients who expected [Link with thumbnail attached]
entry [Status update]. Facebook.
https://www.facebook.com/AmericanPsychologicalAssociation/posts/10158794
205682579
In-text (American Psychological Association, 2020)
citation
================================================================
CONNECT!
Directions: Please read the statement and answer the questions below.
Research is considered the primary means of advancing any body of

knowledge, including the field of criminal justice.
Questions:
1. How does research help the government?
2. What is the major role of criminological research in the Philippine Criminal Justice
System?
3. What do you think is the area (crime, crime causation, victims, offenders, etc.) that
needs to be given attention or be studied? Why?
4. If you are conducting a study, what particular topic will you choose and why?
5. What preparation will you do for conducting your research study?
===========================================
Assess your Learning!
Directions:
1. Work on your group members. Help your group members write a research proposal
using quantitative and qualitative methods on crimes, causes of crimes, victims,
offenders, and other societal phenomena in accordance with the research format of
the university.
2. Below is the format for writing a qualitative and quantitative proposal.
3. Write your proposal in a short-sized word document. For all sides, use Arial, 11 font
size, double space, and 1- inch margin.
Quantitative Study Format
Title
Preliminary Pages
Chapter 1
a. INTRODUCTION
 Nature and Importance of the Study
b. Objectives
 General Objective
 Specific Objectives
c. Significance of the study
d. Definition of Terms
e. Framework of the Study
f. Review of Related Literature
g. Hypothesis
h. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
Chapter 2
a. METHODOLOGY
 Research Design and Sampling
 Research Respondents
 Data Collection
 Data Analysis
b. REFERENCES
c. APPENDICES
 Transmittal letter
 Research Instrument
 curriculum vitae
Qualitative Study Format

Chapter 1
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
Rationale
Theoretical Background
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Environment
Research Informants
Research Instrument
Research Procedures
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Ethical Consideration
Trustworthiness
Credibility
Dependability
Transferability
Conformability
DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A: Transmittal Letter
B: Sample Consent Form.
C: Interview Guide & Validation of Interview Guide...…
D: Location Map…………………………………………
CURRICULUM VITAE…………………………………..
RESEARCH PROPOSAL RUBRICS
CRITERIO NEEDS
COMPETENT EXCELLENT RATING
N IMPROVEMENT
4 5
3
CHAPTER 1
1. Title The title is irrelevant or The title is relevant, as it The title is informative
provides little information provides information about the and short, and it provides
about the educational study. particular information
issue, variables, setting, or about the educational /5
study approaches. issue, factors, context,
and planned research
methodologies.
2. Introduction: The research problem is It identifies a relevant research The research questions
Problem, identified, but the problem. Research questions relate to an important
Significance, & statement is either overly are formulated succinctly, research problem related
Purpose of the broad or fails to illustrate related to the research problem to the topic with clear
Study the problem's importance. and supported by the literature. and reasonable research
The research goal, Variables and controls have questions given the study
questions, hypotheses, been identified and described. purpose, design, and
definitions, variables, and Links to the literature are methods. All variables /15
controls are poorly written, established. and controls have been
confusing, or logically appropriately defined.
disconnected from the Proposals are clearly
problem description. There substantiated through
are no obvious references research and theoretical
to literature. literature. All elements
support each other.
3. Literature A key element was The key elements of the search The narrative
Review unrelated to the research were related to relevant and incorporates critical and
literature. The literature reliable theoretical and logical details from peer-
selected was from research literature. reviewed research and
unreliable sources. The theoretical literature.
literary support was vague Every key piece of
/15
or ambiguous. research is rooted in the
literature. Attention is
paid to different
perspectives, threats to
validity, and opinions
versus evidence.
CHAPTER 2
4. Research Design The research design is The study design was defined Purpose, question, and
unclear or incomplete and described in sufficientlydesign are all consistent
given the research detailed terms. Severaland supportive of one
questions and strategy. No limitations and assumptions another.Particular
major limitations or have been identified. attention is paid to the
assumptions were elimination of alternative /15
identified. explanations and control
for outliers. Relevant and
important limits and
assumptions have been
stated.
5. Instruments Purpose, question, and Observation tools and Describe the tools and /15
design are all consistent protocols were identified by techniques, including
and supportive of one name and description. protocols and replicas.
another. Particular Proofs of validity and
attention is paid to the reliability were presented.
elimination of alternative
explanations and control
stated.
6. Methods: Procedures that are Research procedures have The procedures are
Procedures confusing, incomplete, or been appropriately identified complete, consistent, and
lacking in relation to the and described. powerful in generating
/15
purpose, research question, valid and reliable data.
or sampling strategy. The procedure is
reproducible.
================================================================
Remember!
Criminological research is defined as a careful and systematic study of knowledge in
the field of criminology or criminal justice, undertaken to discover or establish facts or causes
of crime. It is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing crime and victimization data to
find an answer to a question or solution to the criminological or victimization problem and to
validate or test existing criminological and victimization theories (Soriano, 2011).
Criminological research is central to criminological theory, influencing the development of
social policy and informing the practice of criminal justice. The ability to collect, analyze,
and present empirical data is a fundamental skill that every student of criminology must
acquire (Chamberlain, 2013).
SUGGESTED READINGS
[1] Bryman, Allan (2012) Social Research Methods, 4th Edition. Oxford University Press,
Oxford.
[2] CMO No. 21 series of 2005. Criminal Justice Education: Policies and Standards from the
Criminology Program. Retrieved from
https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/CMO-No.21-s2005.pdf
[3] Foronda, Mercedes A. (2012). Criminological Research and Statistics. Quezon, City,
Wiseman’s Book Trading.
[4] Maxfield, M. G. & Babbie, E. R. (2018). Research Methods for Criminal Justice and
Criminology (8th Edition). Boston, USA. Cenage Learning.
[5] O’Leary Z (2005) Researching Real-World Problems. London, SAGE Publications.
[6] Research Office Stylistic Format (for process of copyrighting) (n.d). Biliran Province State
University
[7] Soriano, Oscar G. (2011). Criminological Research and Basic Statistics. Quezon city,
Great Books Publishing Company
[8] Uy, C., Cabauatan, R., de Castro, B. and Grajo, J., (2016) Practical Research 2. Vibal
Group Inc., 1253 Gregorio Araneta Avenue, Quezon City Philippines. pp. 62-89
[9] Wincup, Emma (2017). Criminological Research: Understanding Qualitative Methods,
2nd Edition. London SAGE Publication Ltd.
[10] Arnilla, Arvin Kim (2017). Criminological research and statistics. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/kim2009/criminological-research-and-statistics-80302463
================================================================
Test!
Directions:
1. Prepare a slide presentation of your research proposal of no more than 15 slides.
2. Prepare 5 hard copies of your research proposal 1 week before the scheduled
presentation.
3. Present your proposal before the core members of the SCJE during the scheduled
time.
RESEARCH PROPOSAL RUBRICS
Name: ________________________________ Date & Time of Presentation: ______________________
Title of the Study: ___________________________________
CRITERIO NEEDS
COMPETENT EXCELLENT RATING
N IMPROVEMENT
4 5
3
CHAPTER 1
7. Title The title is irrelevant or The title is relevant, as it The title is informative
provides little information provides information about the and short, and it provides
about the educational study. particular information
issue, variables, setting, or about the educational /5
study approaches. issue, factors, context,
and planned research
methodologies.
8. Introduction: The research problem is It identifies a relevant research The research questions
Problem, identified, but the problem. Research questions relate to an important
Significance, & statement is either overly are formulated succinctly, research problem related
Purpose of the broad or fails to illustrate related to the research problem to the topic with clear
Study the problem's importance. and supported by the literature. and reasonable research
The research goal, Variables and controls have questions given the study
questions, hypotheses, been identified and described. purpose, design, and
definitions, variables, and Links to the literature are methods. All variables /15
controls are poorly written, established. and controls have been
confusing, or logically appropriately defined.
disconnected from the Proposals are clearly
problem description. There substantiated through
are no obvious references research and theoretical
to literature. literature. All elements
support each other.
9. Literature A key element was The key elements of the search The narrative
Review unrelated to the research were related to relevant and incorporates critical and
literature. The literature reliable theoretical and logical details from peer-
selected was from research literature. reviewed research and
unreliable sources. The theoretical literature.
literary support was vague Every key piece of
/15
or ambiguous. research is rooted in the
literature. Attention is
paid to different
perspectives, threats to
validity, and opinions
versus evidence.
CHAPTER 2
10. Research Design The research design is The study design was defined Purpose, question, and
unclear or incomplete and described in sufficientlydesign are all consistent
given the research detailed terms. Severaland supportive of one
questions and strategy. No limitations and assumptions another.Particular
major limitations or have been identified. attention is paid to the
assumptions were elimination of alternative /15
identified. explanations and control
stated.
11. Instruments Purpose, question, and Observation tools and Describe the tools and
design are all consistent protocols were identified by techniques, including
and supportive of one name and description. protocols and replicas.
another. Particular Proofs of validity and
attention is paid to the reliability were presented.
elimination of alternative /15
explanations and control
stated.
12. Methods: Procedures that are Research procedures have The procedures are
Procedures confusing, incomplete, or been appropriately identified complete, consistent, and
lacking in relation to the and described. powerful in generating
/15
purpose, research question, valid and reliable data.
or sampling strategy. The procedure is
reproducible.
PRESENTATION
13. Oral The presenters have little Presenters have eye contact, The presenters have
Presentation eye contact, read more enough knowledge about the excellent eye contact and
Delivery notes and/or reports, and subject, and a reference to a demonstrate a remarkable
show excessive anxiety note or proof of memorization. understanding of the
through deep memorization, subject by addressing the /15
rigid distribution, and/or audience with rare
rote learning. references to the notes.
They are calm and
comfortable deliveries.
14. Slide Show The slide show is poorly It mainly involves integrating Integrate spoken and
Layout and organized, not attractive to oral and visual presentations visual presentations
Presentation the eye, and has too many with an attractive organization. effectively with a high
/5
extras (e.g., forwarding). degree of originality,
organization, and visual
appeal.
Total: _____/ 100

Comments:
Recommendation (check one):
__________ The presentation was satisfactory and I recommend the rating above for the overall rating.
__________ Presentation is not satisfactory and must be repeated.
_______________________________
Signature of the Panel Member
================================================================
REFLECTION
Directions: Please feel free to write down all the things you
have learned from the lesson and those that you think are
hard for you to understand.
A. Things that I have learned from the lesson:

__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
40 | C r i m i n o l o g i__________________________________________________
cal Research 1 (Criminology 7)
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
REFERENCES
Cueva, Draven (2020). Significance of the Study Samples | Writing Tips. Retrieved March
26, 2022 from https://topnotcher.ph/writing-the-best-significance-of-the-study/
Editorial Team (2021). How to Write a Problem Statement Step by Step (with an Example)?
Retrieved March 26, 2022 from https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-
development/how-to-write-a-problem-statement
Regoniel, Patrick (2015). Two Tips on How to Write the Significance of the Study. Retrieved
March 26, 2022 from https://simplyeducate.me/2015/02/09/significance-of-the-study/.
Research. Com (2021). How to Write Research Methodology: Overview, Tips, and
Techniques. Retrieved March 26, 2022 from https://research.com/research/how-to-
write-research-methodology
Resnick, David B. (2015). What is Ethics in Research & Why is it Important? Retrieved
March 26, 2022 from https://online225.psych.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/225-
Master/225-UnitPages/Unit-10/Resnik_NIH_2015.pdf
SHU Library (2020, January 28). Research guides: Organizing academic research papers:
6. The methodology. SHU Library Research GuidesFairfield, CT: Sacred Heart
University.
Victoria University (n.d). APA 7th Referencing: Getting Started in APA 7 th. Retrieved March
26, 2022 from https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7GettingStarted
Walden University (n.d). Theoretical & conceptual frameworks. Retrieved March 26, 2022
from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/library/theory
Zepernick, John (n.d). 10 tips for writing an effective introduction to original research papers.
Retrieved March 26, 2022 from https://thinkscience.co.jp/en/articles/effective-
introductions-to-original-research

MODULE Criminology 7

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MODULE Criminology 7

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Criminological

Daiselyn Cabatingan Solayao-Palconit, MPM, MSCJ

This learning module is entitled "Research Method with Applied Statistics”

2|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Formulate qualitative and quantitative titles on crimes, causes of crimes, victims,

3|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

4|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

Test II. Identification

_______________ 11. Level of Implementation of the Curfew Ordinance in Naval, Biliran

5|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

6|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

7|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

Research is an intentional, systematic, and scientific process that collects, analyzes,

8|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

SAMPLE OF A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH ARTICLE

The Philippines is experiencing many kinds of disasters like earthquakes, typhoons,

9|Criminological Research 1 (Criminology 7)

1.1.1 Objectives of the Study

Scope and Delimitation

Statistical Treatment Data

Table 2. Sex of the Respondents

Table 3. Civil Status of the Respondents

Table 4. Educational attainment of the Respondents

Table 5. Occupation of the Respondents

Table 7. Water Facilities of the Evacuation Centers

Table 8. Lightings of the Evacuation Centers

Table 11. Transportation Offered in the Evacuation Centers

Table 12. Guards Assigned in the Evacuation Centers

SAMPLE OF A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ARTICLE

PEACE AND ORDER LOCAL FRONTLINERS: BRGY. TANOD'S EXPERIENCES IN THE

The following are the emergent themes, to wit:

II. Impact of the BaPSEP to the Work of the Barangay Tanod

1. Improved Work Performance

The researcher used Colaizzi’s methodological approach to phenomenological inquiry in making

1. Happiness and satisfaction

3. Self-Transformation and Personal Growth

II. Impact of the BaPSEP to the Work of the Barangay Tanod

1. Improved Work Performance

This theme elucidates the improvement that happened in the participants’

2. Gained trust and respect.

3. Safety and Security

4. Community that is aware and supportive

5. A Peaceful and Harmonious Community

Implications for Practice

Implications for Future Study

Let Us Find Out!

Things to Considered Before Writing the Research Problem

Plan of Action The study will determine

Main Problem: Assessment on the Disciplinary Punishments of Prisoners in Biliran

 The plan of action

D. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

[insert here your

Conceptual Framework Template #2: Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

[Insert a [Insert a [Insert a

1. Present the method. Present a methodological approach that will be used in

What to avoid in writing the methodology section of your research?

 Avoid irrelevant details.

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

 Author or authors. The surname is followed by first initials.

Example: Arnott, G. D. (2017). The disability support worker (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning.

Last name, Initials. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of post [Description of

Name: __________ Date & Time of Presentation: