Engineering Science

BT/EE/21/25
LO1

01

i. Aluminium

Light Weight

Aluminum is a very light metal with a specific weight of 2.7 g/cm3, about a third of that of steel. This
cuts the costs of manufacturing with aluminum. Again, its use in vehicles reduces dead-weight and
energy consumption while increasing load capacity. This also reduces noise and improves comfort
levels

Corrosion Resistance

Aluminum naturally generates a protective thin oxide coating which keeps the metal from making
further contact with the environment. It is particularly useful for applications where it is exposed to
corroding agents, as in kitchen cabinets and in vehicles. In general, aluminum alloys are less
corrosion-resistant than pure aluminum, except for marine magnesium-aluminum alloys. Different
types of surface treatment such as anodising, painting or lacquering can further improve this
property

Ductility

Aluminum is ductile and has a low melting point and density. It can be processed in several ways in a
molten condition. Its ductility allows aluminum products to be formed close to the end of the
product’s design. Whether sheets, foil, geometrical configurations, tubes, rods or wires, aluminum is
up to them all

ii. Mass – kilogram (kg)

Electric current – ampere (A)
Thermodynamic temperature – Kelvin (K)
Luminous intensity – candela (Cd)
Amount of substances – mole (mol)
Thermal conductivity – Wm-1K-1
Tensile strength – Pascal (Pa)

02.

Thermal Conductivity
(W/mK) Density (g/cm3) Tensile strength (MPa)
Aluminium 236 2.7 90
Iron 79.5 7.874 540
Steel 50.2 8.05 400
03.

 Purpose / Question – Find the right ratio of adding fly ash for compressive strength

 Research – Have to conduct a cube test to study compressive strength of normal concrete and
concrete with fly ash by varying percentage of fly ash as 5%, 10%, 15%, 30% and 45% of weight
of cement.

 Hypothesis – The compressive strength is more highest than by adding a small amount of fly
ash.

 Experiment
 Independent variables - temperature, time, pressure, density, mass
 Dependent variables – quantity of adding fly ash, quantity of adding cement, quantity of
adding water

 Data analysis –
% of fly ash Compressive strength (N/mm2)
0 23.13
5 27.025
10 28.17
15 20.67
30 12.28
45 9.66

 Conclusion – According to the above data the highest compressive strength is in the percentage
of 10% fly ash of weight of cement.
04.

The scientific method is an empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the
development of science. It involves careful observation, applying rigorous skepticismabout what
is observed, given that cognitive assumptions can distort how one interprets the observation. It
involves formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental and
measurement-based testing of deductionsdrawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or
elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings. These are principles of the
scientific method, as distinguished from a definitive series of steps applicable to all scientific
enterprises. Critical thinking is a key component of the scientific method.
The basic steps of the scientific method are: make an observation that describes a problem,
create a hypothesis, test the hypothesis, and draw conclusions and refine the hypothesis. A
hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while seeking answers to the question.
To evaluate the hypothesis of the scientific method various scientific tools and concepts are
used. Hypothesis that were created using those tools and concepts are further evaluated to
exclude false hypothesis. Scientific method is usable to clarify the correctivity of the hypothesis.

05.

i.
% of fly ash Duplicate 1 (N/mm2) Duplicate 2 (N/mm2) Avarage (N/mm2)
0 23.28 22.98 23.13
5 26.96 72.09 27.025
10 28.4 27.94 28.17
15 20.3 21.04 20.67
30 12.2 12.36 12.28
45 9.44 9.87 9.66

ii. Replicates can be used to measure variation in the experiment so that statistical tests can be
applied to evaluate differences. Averaging across replicates increases the precision of gene
expression measurements and allows smaller changes to be detected.
 iii.

iv. The right ratio of the using fly ash is the percentage of fly ash as 10% of weight of cement.

LO2

1. F = ma
RA + RB = 7.5 + 5 + 12 + 20 + 8

= 52.5 kN

RA = 0

-755.5 - 510 - 82 - 1212 + RB16 =0

16RB = 41.25 +50 +16 +144

16RB = 251.25

RB = 15.7 N

RA = 52.5 – 15.7

RA = 36.9 N
2.  = I 
400  1 = 1500 
 = 0.26
a=r
= 1  0.266
= 0.266 ms-2

3.
2.76
I. Material weight =
9.81
= 2.81  10-1
u = 2.76 – 1.925
= 0.835 N

u = vρg
0.835 = v  1000  9.81
8.35  10−4
v= 9.81
= 0.851  10-4
= 8.51  10-5 m3

mass
d = volume
2.81  10−1
= 8.51  10−5
= 0.3301  104
= 3301 kgm-3

II. u = mg
vρg = mg
vρg = 223
560  420  10-6  h  1030  9.81 = 223
223 × 103
h = 9.81 ×103 × 56 × 42
= 0.093 m
= 93 mm

4.
i. l300 = l20 (1 + ∆𝜃)
= 20 (1 + 12 10-6  282)
= 20 ( 1+ 0.003384 )
= 20  1.003384
= 20.06768
= 20.07 m
ii. ∆v = v∆𝜃
2 = 476  1.8 10-4  ∆𝜃
2
∆𝜃 =
0.08568
= 23.34

∆𝜃 = 𝜃 - 15
𝜃 = ∆𝜃 + 15
= 23.34 + 15
= 38.34 °𝑐

iii. The thermal efficiency of a heat engine is the percentage of heat energy that is
transformed into work. Thermal efficiency is defined as. The efficiency of even the
best heat engines is low; usually below 50% and often far below. So the energy lost to
the environment by heat engines is a major waste of energy resources .
The thermal efficiency of boiler system is affected by excess air coefficient, inlet gas
and exhaust gas temperature, etc. ... As the exhaust gas temperature or cold air
temperature improved 10-15ć, the boiler exhaust heat loss decreases by 0.8%-1 %
and the boiler thermal efficiency increases by 0.8%-1%, respectively.