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General Chemistry CHEM 1012 Chapter 1 An PDF
General Chemistry CHEM 1012 Chapter 1 An PDF
SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
GENERAL CHEMISTRY
(CHEM.1012)
By:- Yibrehu Bogale (MSc)
FOR FIRST YEAR
1 April 12, 2021
CHAPTER ONE
Essential Ideas in Chemistry
Course Outline
Chemistry in Context Extensive and Intensive
Chemistry as the Central
Property
Science Measurements and Units
The Scientific Method Measurement Uncertainty
Significant Figures in
The Domains of Chemistry Measurement
State and Classification of Significant Figures in
Calculations
Matter
Accuracy and Precision
Physical and Chemical Conversion Factors and
Properties Dimensional Analysis
As Central Science
Understanding most other fields of science requires an
understanding of Chemistry.
Figure 1.15: To measure the volume of liquid in this graduated cylinder, you
must mentally subdivide the distance between the 21 and 22 mL marks into
tenths of a milliliter, and then make a reading (estimate) at the bottom of the
37 meniscus. April 12, 2021
Cont …
The last digit written in a measurement is the number that is
considered to be uncertain.
All of the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last
digit, are called significant figures or significant digits.
Rules for Counting Significant Figures
Nonzero integers are always significant
Zeros
• Leading zeros never count as significant figures
• Captive (embedded) zeros are always significant
• Trailing zeros are significant if the number has a decimal
point
Exact numbers have an unlimited number of significant figures
molecular formula
Moseley
62 April 12, 2021
Cont …
The first periodic table of the elements developed by
Mendeleev, which had eight groups and twelve periods.
ions, that is, they are ions formed from only one atom.
oxygen atoms.
Nomenclature Prefixes
are different from ionic compounds and they are named using a
different system as well.
Greek prefixes.
When only one atom of the first element is present, the prefix
dioxide.
usually dropped.